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Vol. 5, No. 1 (2015): 931-937

Review Article

Open Access

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Medicinal Plants of Manipur: A Survey

S. Lokhol Singh

1

*, Neema Moirangthem

2

and S. Syamkiran Singh

3

1

Co-Ordinator, Institutional Biotech Hub, Thoubal College, Thoubal

2

Junior Research Fellow, Institutional Biotech Hub, Thoubal College.

3

Assistant Professor & Researcher, W. Mani Girls’ College, Thoubal.

*

Corresponding author: S. Lokhol Singh; e-mail:

swearmanipur@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The aromatic plants have been used for various purposes for a long time by the several ethnic communities of

Manipur, inherited from the forefathers through oral folklores. An attempt has been made to document the precious

traditional knowledge about the uses of 100 plant species in treating various diseases in the state and which

habitat is more suitable to them.

Keywords:

aromatic plants, ethnomedicine, meitei, meitei-pangal, aboriginal tribes, lois, ethnic

communities, Manipur.

1. INTRODUCTION

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that

80% of the population of the developing countries

relies on the traditional medicines, mostly the plant

drugs, and the local health practitioners for their

primary health care needs [1-3]. Also, modern

pharmacopoeia still contains at least 25% drugs

derived from plants and many others that are synthetic

analogues built on prototype compounds isolated from

plants. Thus, there is a revival of interest to the people

in the traditional system of plant based medicines

particularly for the lesser known plants [4] where they

are a major source of therapeutic values.

The state of Manipur lies between 23

o

50’ N to 23

o

30’ N

and 93

o

10’ E to 94

o

30’ E, as a part of the North-East

India and a major part of the INDO-BURMA HOT-SPOT

[5]. The state with a vast number of different ethnic

groups and communities also possess a huge diversity

of economically and therapeutically important flora

which forms an integral part of the communities.

Traditional medicines which are a part of an ethnic

group, a culture and a community have been in

existence since time immemorial in the area. The plant

species used may vary from a domestically grown to

the weeds on the road side to those rare species in the

hills, forests and lakes. These were administered to the

patients orally in their crude form or by mixing with

other species of plants.

In recent times, the survey and study of such

techniques, methods and the plants used have become

very important for our future generations. The

indigenous know how of the tribal communities needs

to be studied closely and documented, based on their

properties, habitats and uses.

2. Methodology

Information of herbal remedies practiced by different

ethnic communities of the state was collected through

field visits [6,7]. The procedure for obtaining the

information differs from person to person and place to

place. The data of the habitats and the uses of these

medicinal plants were collected from the local

medicine–men of different ethnic groups [8-11]. The

plants were grouped according to the habitat they were

found at and their mode of cultivation.

The collected plant species which were used by the

ethnic groups were identified by comparing them with

the published works on the flora of the region, for the

authentic identification. After identification, the correct

nomenclature, common and English names were

written on herbarium sheets and deposited in the

herbarium center of Manipur University, Manipur.

(2)

3. Observation:

Different plant species from different families with

different herbal applications were selected and studied.

The studies were based on their habitat as well as their

market availability in and around Manipur. Regular

exploration trips and correspondence with the

medicine man of the different areas were conducted for

the period of 1 year. For each plant species their

scientific name, local Manipuri name and English names

are given along with other data. The plant species were

found to grow both in the hill and valley, usually as

wild. The most common application of most plant

species were found to be for treating injuries/wounds,

dysentery/ diarrhea/ dyspepsia, asthma/bronchitis

and fever/cough.

Table 1:

Habitat and Market scene

Sl.

No. Scientific name/ family Local name English name Habitat Cultivation type Marketing

1. Acanthopanax trifoliatus ,

f: araliaceaea Singli nouree mana Three leaved acanthopanax Hills Wild Non marketable

2. Acorus calamus,

f: araceae Ok-hidak Sweet flag Wetlands, marshy areas Wild and cultivated Non-marketable

3. Adenostemma lavenia,

f: asteraceae Lalu-kok Sticky Valley Wild Non marketable

4. Adhatoda vasica,

f: acanthaceae Nongmangkha Malabar nut Both hill and valley Wild and cultivated Non marketable

5. Adiantum capillus-veneris,

f: adiantaceae Mayur pambi Maiden hair fern Humid area in hills and valleys Wild Non marketable

6. Aegle marmelos,

f: rutaceae Hei-khagok Beal tree Foothills Cultivated in sacred areas Marketable

7. Ageratum conyzoides,

f: asteraceae Khongjai napi Goat weeds Valley, swampy areas Wild Non-marketable

8. Albizia odoratissima,

f: mimosaceae Uil Siris tree Both hill and valley Wild Non-marketable

9. Albizia ndiante, f: mimosaceae Khok Chinese albizia Both hill and valley Wild Non-marketable

10 Alocasia macrorrhiza, f: araceae Hong-ngoo Giant taro Valley Wild/cultivated Non marketable

11 Aloe barbadensis, f: liliaceae Ghritakumar Indian aloe Both hill and valley Cultivated Non-marketable

12

Alpinia allughas,

f: zingiberaceae Pullei Shell ginger

Wet-lands and riversides of both hills and valleys

Wild and

cultivated Marketable

13 Alpinia galangal, f: zingiberaceae Kanghu Greater galangal Valley, Wild and cultivated Marketable

14 Amaranthus spinosus , f: amaranthaceae Chengkruk- thing-khang-panbi Spiny amarnath Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

15 Amaranthus viridis , f: amaranthaceae Chengkruk Slender amarnath Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

16 Aphanamixis polystachya, f: meliaceae Heirankhoi Pitraj tree Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

17 Aralia armata, f: araliaceae Naoseknum Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

18 Argyreia nervosa , f: convolvulaceae Pungding uri/ pung-ding-lei Wooly morning glory Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

19 Artemisia nilagirica, f: asteraceae Laibak-ngou Mugwort Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

20 Azadirachta indica, f: meliaceae Neem Margosa tree Valley Cultivated Non marketable

21 Bambusa arundinaceae, f: poaceae Saneibi Thorny bamboo Both hill and valley Wild and cultivated Non-marketable/ marketable

22 Barleria albostellata, f: acanthaceae Hanu-khulam Grey bush barleria Both hill and valley Wild and cultivated Non-marketable

23 Basella alba , f: basellaceae Urok shumbal Indian spinach Valley Wild Non marketable

24 Benincasa hispida, f: cucurbitaceae Torbot Ash gourd Both hill and valley Cultivated Marketable

25 Bidens pillosa, f: asteraceae Hameng-sampakpi Quick weed Wastelands and road sides Wild Non-marketable

26 Bixa orellana, f: bixaceae Urei-rom, Annatto Hills Cultivated Non-marketable/ marketable

27 Blumea balsamifera, f: asteraceae Langthrei Ngai camphor Both hill and valley Wild and cultivated Non-marketable

28

Blumea hieracifoliav,

(3)

29 Blumeopsis flava ,

f: asteraceae Haochak Lettuce hump

Wet-lands and riversides of both hills and valleys

Wild Non marketable

30 Bombax ceiba , f: bombacaceae Tera Silk cotton tree Roadsides, valley Cultivated Marketable

31 Buddleja asiatica , f: buddlejaceae Shamei/ ngamurei White butterfly bush Hills Wild Non marketable

32 Cajanus cajan, f: papilionaceae Mairongbi Pigeon pea/ red gram Both hill and valley Cultivated Marketable

33 Calamus floribundus, f: arecaceae Lee Tiger palm Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

34 Cannabis sativa, f: cannabinaceae Gan-ja Marijuana/ true hemp Both hill and valley Wild/cultivated Marketable

35 Capsella bursapastoris, f: brassicaceae Chantruk Shepherds purse Both hill and valley Cultivated Marketable

36 Carthamus tinctorium, f: asteraceae Kusum-lei Safflower Both hill and valley Cultivated Marketable

37 Cassia bicapsularis, f: caesalpiniaceae Thaonam-nashangbi Money bush, rambling cassia Road sides, river banks Wild Non marketable

38 Cassia fistula, f: caesalpiniaceae Chou-hui Amaltas Foothills Wild Non marketable

39 Catharanthus roseus, f: apocynaceae Sahib lei Periwinkle Both hill and valley Cultivated Non marketable

40 Cedrela toona, f: meliaceae Tairen Red cedar Both hill and valley Wild/cultivate Wood is marketable

41 Celtis australis, f: ulmaceae Heigreng Hackberry, nettle tree Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

42 Centella asiatica, f: apiaceae Peruk Asiatic pennywort Both hill and valley Wild Marketable

43 Chenopodium album, f: chenopodiaceae Monsaobi Lamb’s quarters Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Marketable

44 Citrus macroptera , f: rutaceae Heiribob Wild orange Hill Wild/ cultivated Marketable

45 Clerodendrum indicum, f: verbenaceae Ku-thap Turk’s turban Valley Wild Non marketable

46 Clerodendrum siphonanthes, f: verbenaceae Charoi utong Turk’s turban Foot hills, roadsides Wild Non marketable

47 Costus speciosus , f: zingiberaceae Khongban takhelli Spiral ginger Wetlands Wild Non marketable

48 Cuscuta reflexa , f: cuscutaceae Uri –sanamanbi, Akashbell Wild Non marketable

49 Cynodon dactylon, f: gramineae Tingthou Dog-grass Valley Wild/ cultivated Non marketable

50 Cyperus rotundus, f: cyperaceae Sembang kaothoom Nut grass Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

51 Dactyloctenium acgypticum,

f: cyperaceae Pungphai Crow foot Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

52 Datura stramonium, f: solanaceae Sagol hidak amuba Thorn apple/ jimson weed Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

53 Dillenia indica , f: dilleniaceae Heigri Elephant apple Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Marketable

54 Drymaria cordata , f: caryophyllaceae Tandal pambi West ndian chickweed Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

55

Erythrina variegate,

f: papilionaceae Kurao angouba Coral tree Both hill and valley

Wild/

cultivated Non marketable

56 Euphorbin hirta, f: euphorbiaceae Pakhang-leiton Asthma weed Valley Wild Marketable

57 Ficus auriculata, f: moraceae Hei-it Fig Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Marketable

58 Ficus hispida, f: urticaceae Asi heibong Rough-leaved fig Valley Wild Non marketable

59 Fragaria indica f: rosaceae Heirongkak Indian strawberry Valley Wild Non marketable

60 Fragaria nilgerrensis, f: rosaceae Heirongkak mana ahum panbi Strawberry Valley Wild Non marketable

61

Glycosmis arborea,

f: rutaceae Yong- komla Ban nimboo Humid areas of hills and valley Wild Non marketable

62

Goniothalamus sesquipedalis , f:

annonaceae Leikham Kham Hill Wild Marketable

(4)

64 Hedychium marginatum , f: zingiberaceae Takhelli anganba Red bginger lily Wetlands of both hills and valley Wild/ cultivated Marketable

65 Hedychium spicatum, f: zingiberaceae Takhelli hangamapan Spiked ginger lily Wetlands of both hills and valley Wild/ cultivated Marketable

66 Hedyotis auricularia, f: rubiaceae Langban koukha Er cao ( chinesse) Wasteland of valleys Wild Non marketable

67 Hibiscus sabdariffa f: malvaceae Shilosougr Red sorrel Valley Cultivated Marketable

68 Juglans regia, f: juglandaceae Heijuga Akhrot Hills Wild Marketable

69 Kalanchoe pinnata, f: crassulaceae Mana-hidak Zakham haiyat Hills Cultivated Non marketable

70 Leucas lavandulaefolia f: labiatae Mayang lemboom Guma Hills Wild Non marketable

71 Litsea polyantha, f: lauraceae Tumitla Maida lakri Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Non marketable

72 Litsea sebifera, f: lauraceae Thang hidak Maida lakri Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Non marketable

73 Melanorrhoea usitata , f: anacardiaceae Khe-u Burmese lacquer tree Hills Wild/ cultivated Wood is marketable

74 Melothria purpusilla f: cucurbitaceae Lamthabi Chirati / musmusa Both hill and valley Wild Marketable

75 Mesua ferrea, f: clusiaceae Nageshor Iron wood Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Wood is marketable

76 Meyna laxiflora f: rubiaceae Heibi May-nuh Both hill and valley Wild Marketable

77 Mikania cordata , f: asteraceae Uri hingchabi Climbing hemp weed Hills Wild Non marketable

78 Mimosa pudica, f: mimosaceae Kangphal-ikaithabi Touch me not Valley Wild Non marketable

79 Muscari commutatum, f: liliaceae Napi Baby breath Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

80 Mussaenda roxburghii , f: rubiaceae Hanulei Sonarupa Valley Wild Non marketable

81 Neptunia oleracea, f: mimosaceae Ishing ikai thabi Water mimosa Valley Cultivated Marketable

82 Ocimum basilicum, f: lamiaceae Naosek-lei Sweet basil Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Marketable/ non marketable

83 Oroxylum indicum, f: bignoniaceae Shamba Broken bone plant Hills and foothills Wild Non marketable

84 Phlogacanthus jenkinsii, f: acanthaceae Nongmangkha-asinba Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Marketable

85 Plumbago auriculata, f: plumbaginaceae Telhidak –amuba Blue plumbago Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Non marketable

86 Plumbago zeylanica, f: plumbaginaceae Telhidak –angouba White-wild plumbago Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Non marketable

87 Polygonum posumba f: polygonaceae, Fakpai Knotgrass Foot hills and valley Cultivated Marketable

88 Sagittaria sagittifolia, f: alismaceae, Koukha Arrowhead Wet-lands Cultivated / wild Marketable

89 Scutellaria discolor, f: lamiaceae Yenakhat Bicolor skullcape Hill Cultivated Marketable

90 Solanum nigrum f: solanaceae, Leipung khangnga Indian night shade Valley and foot hills Wild Marketable

91

Solanum surattense,

f: solanaceae Singkhang Yellow berried night shade Valley and foot hills Wild Marketable

92 Thunbergia alata, f: acanthaceae Sambal sana khudop Black eyed susan vine Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

93 Thunbergia grandiflora , f: acanthaceae Sambal khudop Blue sky vine Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

94 Tinospora cordifolia, f: menispermaceae Ningthoukong-li Gulancha tinospora Valley and foot hills Wild/ cultivated Non marketable

95 Tithonia diversifolia, f: asteraceae Lam numitlei Maxican sunflower Valley and foot hills Wild Non marketable

96 Trapa bispinosa, f: trapaceae, Heikak Water chestnut. Lakes and ponds Wild/ cultivated Marketable

97 Xylosma longifolia, f: flacourtiaceae Nong-leishang Dandal Both hill and valley Wild Non marketable

98

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium, f: rutaceae

Mukthrubi-tingkhang-panbi Darmar Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Marketable

99 Zanthoxylum alantum, f: rutaceae Ngairong Tejphal Hills and foot hills Wild / cultivated Marketable

(5)

Table 2:

Medicinal Uses

Sl.

No. SCIENTIFIC NAME/ FAMILY

M en str ua l/ re pr od uct io n An ti sep ti c W or m Li ver Ca rdi o vas cu lar In di ge st io n M us cl e D ia

betes Lung

H ai r pr ob le m Co ug h, fe ve r Sk in Pi les N er ve K id ney St on e pr ob le m s U lc er Jo in ts Pois on Br ai n O the rs

1 Acanthopanax

trifoliatus, * *

2 Acorus calamus * * * * *

3 Adenostemma

lavenia, * *

4 Adhatoda vasica * * * * *

5 Adiantum

capillus-veneris * * *

6 Aegle marmelos * * * *

7 Ageratum

conyzoides * *

8 Albizia

odoratissima * * * * *

9 Albizia stipulata * *

10 Alocasia

macrorrhiza * * *

11 Aloe barbadensis * * *

12 Alpinia allughas * * *

13 Alpinia galangal * * * * * *

14 Amaranthus

spinosus * * *

15 Amaranthus

viridis * * *

16 Aphanamixis

polystachya * * *

17 Aralia armata *

18 Argyreia nervosa * *

19 Artemisia

nilagirica * * *

20 Azadirachta

indica * * * * * * * * * * * *

21 Bambusa

arundinaceae * * *

22 Barleria

albostellata, * * * *

23 Basella alba * * * *

24 Benincasa hispida * *

25 Bidens pillosa * * *

26 Bixa orellana * * *

27 Blumea

balsamifera * * * *

28 Blumea

hieracifoliav *

29 Blumeopsis flava * * *

30 Bombax ceiba * * *

31 Buddleja asiatica * * * *

32 Cajanus cajan * * *

33 Calamus

floribundus * *

34 Cannabis sativa * * *

35 Capsella

bursapastoris * *

36 Carthamus

tinctorium * *

37 Cassia

bicapsularis * *

38 Cassia fistula * * * *

39 Catharanthus

roseus * *

40 Cedrela toona * *

41 Celtis australis * *

42 Centella asiatica * * *

43 Chenopodium

album * *

44 Citrus macroptera * *

45 Clerodendrum

(6)

46 Clerodendrum

siphonanthes * * * *

47 Costus speciosus * * *

48 Cuscuta reflexa * * *

49 Cynodon dactylon * * *

50 Cyperus rotundus * * * *

51 Dactyloctenium

acgypticum * *

52 Datura

stramonium * * * * * *

53 Dillenia indica * * *

54 Drymaria * * *

55 Erythrina

variegate *

56 Euphorbin hirta * * * *

57 Ficus auriculata * * * * *

58 Ficus hispida * * * *

59 Fragaria indica * * *

60 Fragaria

nilgerrensis * * *

61 Glycosmis

arborea, * * * * * *

62 Goniothalamus

sesquipedalis * *

63 Hedychium

coronarium *

64 Hedychium

marginatum * *

65 Hedychium

spicatum * * * *

66 Hedyotis

auricularia * * * *

67 Hibiscus

sabdariffa * *

68 Juglans regia * *

69 Kalanchoe

pinnata * * * * *

70 Leucas

lavandulaefolia * * *

71 Litsea polyantha * * *

72 Litsea sebifera *

73 Melanorrhoea

usitata *

74 Melothria

purpusilla * * * *

75 Mesua ferrea * * * * *

76 Meyna * * * *

77 Mikania cordata *

78 Mimosa pudica * * * *

79 Muscari

commutatum *

80 Mussaenda

roxburghii *

81 Neptunia

oleracea * *

82 Ocimum

basilicum * * *

83 Oroxylum indicum * * *

84 Phlogacanthus

jenkinsii * * *

85 Plumbago

auriculata * *

86 Plumbago

zeylanica * * * *

87 Polygonum

posumba, * * *

88 Sagittaria

sagittifolia *

89 Scutellaria

discolor * *

90 Solanum nigrum * * *

91 Solanum

surattense * * *

92 Thunbergia alata * * *

(7)

4. Discussion

The existing tradition of treating different plants used

as medicine in the various ethnic communities of

Manipur has been collected. Each community has their

own medicine man called

Maiba

or

Maibi

who conduct

different rituals for the prescription of these herbal

medicines. Different communities also have different

medium of prescriptions and preparation of these

plants. People living in rural areas still undergo these

treatments. Even without definite proof of their actual

benefits we can find instances when the person

recovers without any side effects. Only a few

individuals still carry on this knowledge for the future

while the younger generation does not believe in it.

This kind of knowledge is considered old-aged by the

young peoples, who get influenced by the modern

medicines, and the practices decline. Excessive

extraction of herbal raw material in the recent time has

also resulted in the decline of availability of some of

these plant species.

5. Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Department of Biotechnology (DBT),

Government of India, New Delhi, for funding; The Principal,

Thoubal College, Thoubal, Manipur for providing laboratory

and equipments and teaching and non-teaching staffs of the

Chemistry Department, Thoubal College, Thoubal for their

maximum co-operation.

6. REFERENCES

1. Vijayan K, Vetriselvi J and Balu S, Plant medicines for human ear disease, J Econ Tax Bot, 27 (2003) 851-856.

2. Hooker JD, The Flora of British India, Vol. 1-7, London, 1872-1897.

3. Kattamani KN, Munikrishnappa PM, Hussain SA and Reddy PN, Use of plants as medicine under semi-arid tropical climate of Raichur district of north Karnataka, J Med Aromat Pl Sci, 22-23 (200) 406-410

4. Tripathy YC, Ethnomedicinal treasure of tribal Rajasthan, J Non Timber Forest Products, 7 (1/2) (2000) 77-84

5. Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GA and Kent J, Biodiversity hotspot for conservation priorities, Nature, 403 (2000) 853-856.

6. Jain SK and AK Goel , A Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur,1995, pp.142-153.

7. Balakrishnan NP and M Sanjappa (Eds.), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Deep Printers, New Delhi, Vol. II, 1993b.

8. Bor NL, Flora of Assam, Vol 5, (Geamineae), (Government of Assam, Shillong), 1940

9. Kanjilal UN, Kanjilal PC, Das A and Bor NL, Flora of Assam, Vol 1-4 (Government of Assam, Shillong), 1934-1940. 10. Sharma BD, Balakrishnan NP and Sanjappa M, Flora of India,

Vol II, (Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Deep Printers, New Delhi), 1993.

11. Sharma BD, Balakrishnan NP, Rao RR and Hajra PK, Flora of India, Vol I, (Rununculaceae- Barclayaceae), (Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Deep Printers, New Delhi), 1993.

*****

grandiflora

94 Tinospora

cordifolia * * * * * *

95 Tithonia

diversifolia * *

96 Trapa bispinosa * * *

97 Xylosma

longifolia * *

98 Zanthoxylum

acanthopodium * * * * * *

99 Zanthoxylum

alantum * * * * *

100 Zizania latifolia * * * * * *

© 2015; AIZEON Publishers; All Rights Reserved

Figure

Table 1: Habitat and Market scene
Fig Both hill and valley Wild/ cultivated Marketable

References

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