Traditions and innovations: An exploration of the governance structure, business strategy and historical development of the Chinese Shanxi piaohao, 1820s to 1930s

Draft enforcement Absence of commercial and customary law in late Qing China Centralized vertical management structure Areas of risk—the central planners’ dilemma Exploring the malfunction of the piaohao’s governance structure in its later Factors determining the remittance fees Estimates of the volume of annual remittances, deposits and loans Expansion of foreign banks Difference between the modern Chinese banks and the Shanxi piaohao Contributions and future work