Clinical Practice Guideline: Prevention of Blood Specimen Hemolysis in Peripherally-Collected Venous Specimens Full Version

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Clinical Practice Guideline:

Prevention of Blood Specimen Hemolysis in

Peripherally-Collected Venous Specimens

Full Version

Which pre-analytic variables related to peripheral venous blood specimen collection and transportation decrease hemolysis?

Authored by the 2012 ENA Emergency Nursing Resources Development Committee Jean A. Proehl, MN, RN, CEN, CPEN, FAEN

Judith Young Bradford, DNS, RN, FAEN Sherry Leviner, MSN, RN, CEN

Andrew Storer, DNP, RN, ACNP, CRNP, FNP

Susan Barnason, PhD, RN, APRN-CNS, CEN, CCRN, FAAN Carla Brim, MN, RN, CEN, CNS

Judith Halpern, MS, RN, APRN Cathleen Lindauer, MSN, RN, CEN

Vicki C. Patrick, MS, RN, SRPN, ACNP, CEN, FAEN Jennifer Williams, MSN, RN, CEN, CCRN, CNS 2012 Board of Directors Liaison:

Deena Brecher, MSN, RN, APRN, ACNS-BC, CEN, CPEN

ENA’s Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) are developed by ENA members to provide emergency nurses with evidence-based information to utilize and implement in their care of emergency patients and families. Each CPG focuses on a clinical or practice-based issue, and is the result of a review and analysis of current information believed to be reliable. As such, information and recommendations within a particular CPG reflect the current scientific and clinical knowledge at the time of publication, are only current as of their publication date, and are subject to change without notice as advances emerge.

In addition, variations in practice, which take into account the needs of the individual patient and the resources and limitations unique to the institution, may warrant approaches,

treatments and/or procedures that differ from the recommendations outlined in the CPGs. Therefore, these recommendations should not be construed as dictating an exclusive course of management, treatment or care, nor does the use of such recommendations guarantee a particular outcome. CPGs are never intended to replace a practitioner’s best nursing judgment based on the clinical circumstances of a particular patient or patient population. CPGs are published by ENA for educational and informational purposes only, and ENA does not approve or endorse any specific methods, practices, or sources of information. ENA assumes no liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to the use of or reliance on any CPG.

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Collection of peripheral venous blood specimens is a common daily practice in many health care settings. Hemolysis of blood samples can lead to inaccurate results and repeat draws causing additional pain, delaying treatment decisions, and increasing length of stay (Tanabe, Kyriacou, & Garland, 2003). Hemolysis accounts for 40 to 60% of blood specimen rejections by the

laboratory (Soderberg, Jonsson, Wallin, Grankvist, & Hultdin, 2009). Hemolysis rates from 3.3% to 77% have been reported, and have varied depending on the method of blood sample

collection (Halm & Gleaves, 2009). No substantiated benchmark for hemolysis rate was found in the literature. This Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) evaluates the scientific evidence for the prevention of hemolysis in the pre-analytic phase (i.e. prior to laboratory analysis).

Methodology

This CPG is based on a thorough review and critical analysis of the literature following ENA’s Requirements for the Development of: Clinical Practice Guidelines, Clinical Practice Guidelines Synopsis, and Translation into Practice (TIP) Recommendations. All articles relevant to the topic were identified via a comprehensive literature search. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, eTBlast, Ovid, Cochrane Library, Agency for

Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ; www.ahrq.gov), Specimen Care

(www.specimencare.com), and the National Guideline Clearinghouse (www.guidelines.gov). Searches were conducted using various combinations of key words including hemolysis, phlebotomy technique, and blood samples. Initial searches were limited to English language articles from January 2002 – October 2012. This search limit was found to be inadequate and, therefore, the time frame was extended to begin with January 1990. In addition, the reference lists in the selected articles were scanned for pertinent research articles. Research articles from emergency department settings, non-emergency department settings, position statements and guidelines from other sources were also reviewed.

Articles that met the following criteria were chosen to formulate the Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG): research studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and existing guidelines relevant to the topic of blood specimen hemolysis. Articles included in meta-analyses or systematic reviews were not considered independently unless there were factors not addressed in the meta-analysis/systematic review. Other types of reference articles and textbooks were also reviewed and used to provide additional information. The CPG authors used a standardized reference table to collect information and assist with preparation of tables of evidence ranking each article in terms of the level of evidence, quality of evidence, and relevance and applicability to practice. Clinical findings and levels of recommendations regarding patient management were then made by the ENA 2012 Emergency Nursing Resources Development Committee according to ENA’s classification of levels of recommendation for practice, which include: Level A High, Level B Moderate, Level C Weak or Not recommended for practice (Table 1).

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Table 1. Levels of Recommendation for Practice Level A recommendations: High

• Reflects a high degree of clinical certainty

• Based on availability of high quality level I, II and/or III evidence available using Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt grading system (Melnyk & Fineout-Fineout-Overholt, 2005)

• Based on consistent and good quality evidence; has relevance and applicability to emergency nursing practice

• Is beneficial

Level B recommendations: Moderate

• Reflects moderate clinical certainty

• Based on availability of Level III and/or Level IV and V evidence using Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt grading system (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2005)

• There are some minor or inconsistencies in quality evidence; has relevance and applicability to emergency nursing practice

• Is likely to be beneficial

Level C recommendations: Weak

• Level V, VI and/or VII evidence available using Melnyk & Overholt grading system (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2005) - Based on consensus, usual practice, evidence, case series for studies of treatment or screening, anecdotal evidence and/or opinion

• There is limited or low quality patient-oriented evidence; has relevance and applicability to emergency nursing practice

• Has limited or unknown effectiveness Not recommended for practice

• No objective evidence or only anecdotal evidence available; or the supportive evidence is from poorly controlled or uncontrolled studies

• Other indications for not recommending evidence for practice may include: o Conflicting evidence

o Harmfulness has been demonstrated

o Cost or burden necessary for intervention exceeds anticipated benefit o Does not have relevance or applicability to emergency nursing practice

• There are certain circumstances in which the recommendations stemming from a body of evidence should not be rated as highly as the individual studies on which they are based. For example:

o Heterogeneity of results

o Uncertainty about effect magnitude and consequences, o Strength of prior beliefs

o Publication bias

Evidence Table and Other Resources

The articles reviewed to formulate the CPG are described in the Evidence Table. Other articles relevant to blood specimen hemolysis were reviewed to serve as additional resources

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Summary of Literature Review

Reliable laboratory results are dependent on quality throughout the three phases of laboratory testing: pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic (Plumhoff, 2008). Of the three phases, most errors occur in the pre-analytic phase (i.e., prior to laboratory analysis) and are related to specimen collection, specimen handling and patient variables (Plumhoff, 2008). Due to the importance of the pre-analytic phase on specimen quality, the literature review centered on identifying pre-analytical variables associated with hemolysis.

Reliability of laboratory results affect treatment decisions and repeat blood draws due to hemolysis increase length of stay, workload, and can affect clinical outcome. A variety of factors have been studied for their association with hemolysis including anatomic site, tourniquet time, equipment, technique, transport, personnel, education, monitoring and feedback, and

phlebotomy workload. There is limited evidence regarding the number of intravenous (IV) or venipuncture attempts or the phlebotomy workload. Only one study was found that evaluated the number of attempts for venipuncture which found no difference in hemolysis between one attempt and greater than one attempt (Saleem et al, 2009). One study looked at the total number of venipunctures performed in a setting and found that a lower volume phlebotomy workload may be associated with increased hemolysis (Hawkins, 2010).

Anatomic Site

The anatomic site used for blood collection can have an impact on hemolysis of blood samples (Fang et al., 2008; Halm & Gleaves, 2009; Tanabe et al., 2003). In a descriptive, cross-sectional study, Fang et al. found that the risk of hemolysis was 3.35 times less likely than other sites when the antecubital space was used (p=0.001). Higher hemolysis rates have been linked to sites on the non-dominant extremity or below the antecubital space (Halm & Gleaves, 2009). Tanabe et al. (2003) in a prospective cohort study found that when specimens were obtained at sites other than the anetcubital site, the risk of hemolysis increased two to three times (RR 2.61; 95% CI [1.39, 4.9]). Heyer et al. (2012) in a meta-analysis of four studies found a 55% reduction of hemolysis (RR=0.45, 95% CI [0.35, 0.57]) when the antecubital site was used.

Tourniquet time

Tourniquets are applied before blood draws and a longer length of tourniquet time can increase the risk of hemolysis. Saleem, Mani, Chadwick, Creanor, & Ayling (2009) in a prospective study found that the odds ratio (OR) for hemolysis with a tourniquet time of greater than one minute was 19.5 (95% CI [5.6, 67.4%]).

Equipment

Equipment used for blood collection has been associated with hemolysis. The equipment studied included needleless connectors, extension tubing, needles and IV catheters made of different materials and in different gauges, vacuum tubes, and syringes.

In a randomized, single-blinded control trial, Dwyer, Fry, Somerville, & Holdgate (2006) compared hemolysis rates when specimens were drawn directly from the IV or with an Interlink® device and found no significant difference. The subjective determination of ease of aspiration was the only significant predictor of hemolysis (p<0.0001) in their study.

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The type of catheter used has been identified as a potential contributor to hemolysis. Sharp & Mohammad (2003) performed in vitro experiments to evaluate various catheters, connectors, needle sizes, syringes, and vacuum tubes and found that the greatest level hemolysis for a sample was 43 mg/dl and the average was less than 12 mg/dl. They concluded that no combination of equipment produced hemolysis that would impact common clinical assays (Sharp, 2003). Tanabe et al. (2003) compared the type and gauge of needle and catheter. They found an increased risk of hemolysis for samples drawn from VialonTM_{catheters 20 gauge or} smaller (RR 7.42; 95% CI [1.8, 30.52]) and no relationship between the size of steel gauge needles and hemolysis. The hemolysis rate was 10% with VialonTM_{catheters and 1.5% for steel} needles (Tanabe et al., 2003). Raisky, Gauthier, Marchal, & Blum (1994) in a randomized, prospective study, compared different materials for collecting blood samples from patients in the ED. Blood samples collected with stainless steel needles were 12% less likely to be

hemolyzed when compared to IV catheters. In a comparison of blood samples drawn with teflon FEP (Cathlon®) and polyurethane VialonTM_(InsyteTM_{) catheters, hemolysis was less likely with} samples drawn from teflon catheters. Sharp & Mohammad (1998) found no consistent trend in hemolysis related to cannula material.

The needle gauge is often considered a cause of hemolysis but studies reveal conflicting results about the relationship of needle or catheter size to hemolysis. Sharp & Mohammad (1998) found that hemolysis increased with increases in cannula diameter and driving pressure

differences between Vacutainer® and syringe draws. In comparing 18 gauge to 22 gauge needles with use of connectors, 18 gauge caused the most hemolysis and 22 gauge the least (p=0.0008; Sharp & Mohammad, 2003). In contrast, an observational study found that more of the hemolyzed specimens had been drawn through smaller catheters (20 gauge = 61.5% v. 18 gauge = 26.9%; Schwarzer et al., 2001).

Seguin, McEachrin, & Murphy (2004) in a prospective, cross-sectional design found that there was no difference in hemolysis between the use of vacuum tube versus syringe, but did find that there was increased hemolysis with smaller sizes of both butterfly and IV catheters. Heyer et al. (2012) in a meta-analysis of three studies that compared hemolysis with use of 21 gauge and smaller needles found an mean risk ratio that was substantial for 21 gauge or smaller needles (RR=0.037;95% CI [0.27, 0.52]) but the individual study effect size was inconsistent.

A prospective, two group randomized study was used to compare the use of extension tubing connected to the IV catheter hub to no extension tubing when blood was drawn (Stauss et al., 2012). Stauss et al. found no significant difference in hemolysis with or without the extension tubing (p = 0.84).

Vacuum tubes and syringes are used to collect blood specimens. There is conflicting evidence as to whether vacuum tubes or syringes are more likely to cause hemolysis. Sharp & Mohammand (2003) compared syringe drawn samples to vacuum tube drawn samples and found less

hemolysis with vacuum tubes than syringes (p=0.023).

Halm & Gleaves (2009) performed a systematic review and evaluated eight studies about the causes of hemolysis. Hemolysis incidence was compared in samples drawn from IV catheters, IV catheters into vacuum tubes or syringes, and separate venipuncture sites. Halm & Gleaves found that less hemolysis occurs with a separate venipuncture site using vacuum tubes and

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straight needles for blood collection. They also recommend that if vacuum tubes cannot be used, a 3 to10 ml syringe should be used.

In contrast, Ong et al. (2009) found vacuum tube use caused significantly more hemolysis (OR 4.1; 95% CI [1.8, 9.4]). Other studies have found no difference in hemolysis when using a needle and syringe or IV catheter and a vacuum tube (Sequin et al., 2004; Ong et al., 2009; Saleem et al., 2009; Bush, Mueller, Sumwalt, Cox, & Hilfiker, 2012).

Specific vacuum tubes have been associated with the risk of hemolysis. Heyer et al. (2012) in a meta-analysis of two studies found the use of low (partial) vacuum tubes in place of full vacuum tubes resulted in a 89% reduction in hemolysis (RR=0.11; 95% CI [0.02, 0.52]). Schwarzer et al. (2001) also found that “soft draw” tubes were less likely to be hemolyzed than full draw tubes (2.9% v. 21.7% incidence).

In an evaluation of tube volumes, Unger, Filippi, & Patsch (2007) found that EDTA influences fHb and hemolytic index (HI) in a concentration-dependent manner. They concluded that if vacuum tubes were filled adequately with the required amount of blood, no differences were identified for free hemoglobin (fHb) and HI in comparing EDTA- or lithlum-heparinate plasma. In the study by Ong et al. (2008), the blood sample volume was not associated with a significant difference in hemolysis rates. Halm et al. identified that transport of under-filled tubes via a pneumatic tube system is associated with hemolysis (2009).

Tamechika, Iwatani, Tohyama, & Ichihara (2006) evaluated insufficient filling of tubes and the effect of hemolysis on basic analytes and found that hemolysis was dependent on the length of exposure of the blood to the vacuum in the under-filled tube before centrifugation. They hypothesized that the length of time the red blood cell is exposed to the vacuum remaining in the tube increases fragility of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane causing increased hemolysis. Tamechika et al. (2006) recommend that sample volumes match the draw volume of the vacuum tube. They also recommended that if a tube is not completely filled, the cap should be removed as soon as possible to release the vacuum and help prevent hemolysis.

Technique

Blood samples are most frequently drawn from either an IV catheter when the IV is started, or from a separate venipuncture. The advantages of drawing blood via an IV catheter are obvious: the patient has fewer needle sticks and therefore less pain and anxiety, staff members have less potential for exposure to blood, and the laboratory specimens are generally obtained more quickly. Berger-Achituv, Budde-Schwartzman, Ellis, Shenkman, & Erez (2010), and Saleem (2009) found no significant difference in hemolysis rates with venipuncture or peripheral intravenous (PIV) catheter. Berger-Achituv et al. performed a paired, within subject study on children age 1 to 16 years of age and compared nine hematology and chemistry indices for differences between samples from venipuncture or IV. Only one venipuncture sample had significant hemolysis. No other samples exceeded their standard for significant hemolysis (HI of 25 or serum hemoglobin [Hgb] 51/dl). There were no significant differences for hemolysis between venipuncture and PIV catheter on the serum fHb levels or HI (20.7 + 10mg/dl versus 19.6 + 10.7 mg/dl, p= 0.64). Saleem et al. (2009) evaluated blood sampling and found no significant difference in hemolysis associated with the method used for obtaining the blood sample. Heyer et al (2012) in a metaanalysis of 11 studies found the use of straight needle venipuncture reduced hemolysis by 84% (RR=0.16, 95% CI [0.11, 0.24]).

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In other studies, venipuncture has been associated with less hemolysis when compared to obtaining samples from PIV catheters (Halm & Gleaves, 2009; Bush, Mueller, Sumwalt, Cox, & Hilfiker, 2010). Bush et al. (2010) found an increased risk of hemolysis with PIV catheters (16%) as compared to venipuncture samples (6%; p=0.04).

The rate of blood flow was not found to be a factor in hemolysis in a study by Ong et al. (2008). The association of the perceived difficulty of the IV catheter insertion with a risk of hemolysis has also been studied. Ong et al. (2008) found no difference in perceived difficulty of catheter insertion and the risk of hemolysis. However, Stauss et al. (2012) found a significant difference in hemolysis when the nurses perceived the IV catheter insertion to be difficult and there were problems with blood flow (P = 0.00021).

Specimen Transport

Blood samples may be hand carried or sent by pneumatic tube system to the laboratory for evaluation, and the method of transport can have an impact on hemolysis rates. Some studies have reported no statistically significant difference in hemolysis between samples that were hand carried as compared to those sent by pneumatic tube system (Stair, Howell, Fitzgerald, Bailey, & Bastasch, 1995; Saleem et al., 2009). Fang et al. (2008) found that hemolysis was 8.7 times more likely when the specimen was hand transported by ward assistants when compared to hand transport by laboratory personnel (p=0.01). Ellis (2009) and Fang et al. (2008) studied the impact of the tube system on hemolysis. Ellis (2009) found that increased hemolysis was associated with a malfunctioning pneumatic tube system; however causation was not proven. Streichert et al. (2011) found a positive correlation between pneumatic tube speed and accelerations to the degree of hemolysis (p < 0.05), and that the changes were critical for potassium, phosphate, aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) because they exceeded minimum standards for deviation. Evilyaoglu et al. (2012) found a positive correlation between faster tube speed, the longer distance the pneumatic tube traveled and hemolysis in samples transported at 4.2m/sec, and 3.1 m/sec for more than 2200m (r=0.774 and r=0.766 respectively). Evilyaoglu et al. (2012) tracked potassium (K+_{) and lactic}

dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and found a positive correlation between distance and the levels of K+_{and LDH in non-centrifuged serum samples at rates of 4.2m/sec. However, when serum} samples were centrifuged prior to transport through the pneumatic tube system, there was no effect on hematology and coagulation results.

Personnel

The type of personnel drawing the blood specimen has been evaluated for impact on hemolysis rates. A higher incidence of hemolysis was found in blood drawn by ED personnel when

compared to that drawn on medical units by trained phlebotomists (Halm & Gleaves, 2009). Bush et al. (2010) found no statistical difference in hemolysis whether a registered nurse or laboratory technician collected the blood sample (p = 0.07). Harrison, Speroni, Dugan, & Daniel (2010), Saleem et al. (2009) and Ong et al. (2008) found no statistical difference in rates of hemolysis among the type staff drawing the blood samples. Harrison et al. (2010) compared blood drawn in the field by emergency medical services to blood drawn in the ED, and found no statistical difference in the number of redraws that were required for hemolysis.

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Education is used to increase awareness, improve techniques, and teach new procedures to emergency staff. Halm & Gleaves (2009) found that staff education about phlebotomy decreases hemolysis. Ong et al. (2009) delivered a 15 minute educational program that led to changes in operator behavior (increased use of syringes) and a decrease in hemolysis from 19.8% to 4.9% (p<0.001). Corkill (2012) found a positive impact with a reduction of 19.72% in hemolysed samples with the use of educational posters placed in toilet stalls over a 12 month study period.

Monitoring and Feedback

Monitoring staff hemolysis rates and providing feedback has been used to decrease hemolysis rates. McGrath, Rankin, & Schendel (2012) posted each staff member’s hemolysis rates on a secure intranet site. The display encouraged staff to review individual techniques and the literature in an attempt to lower rates. Hemolysis rates decreased when individual rates were publicized. However, no statistical analysis was performed, and thus the effectiveness of the intervention is not clear (McGrath et al., 2012).

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Description of Decision Options/Interventions and the Level of Recommendation

Please note that the references listed after each recommendation represent the evidence considered when making the recommendation. This does not mean that the evidence in each individual reference supports the recommendation.

1. Education of the staff performing phlebotomy may decrease hemolysis. Level C – Weak (Halm, 2009; Ong, 2009; Corkill, 2012)

2. The type of personnel performing phlebotomy does not influence hemolysis. Level C – Weak (Halm, 2009; Bush, 2010; Harrison, 2010; Saleem, 2009; Ong, 2008)

3. Hemolysis is less likely when blood is drawn from the antecubital fossa. Level B – Moderate (Tanabe, 2003; Fang, 2008; Heyer, 2012)

4. Minimize tourniquet time by removing the tourniquet after identifying the venipuncture site while preparing equipment and as soon as good blood flow is established. Level C – Weak (Saleem, 2009)

5. There is insufficient evidence to determine if the number of venipuncture attempts affects hemolysis. Level – I/E (Saleem, 2009)

6. There is insufficient evidence as to whether intravenous catheter insertion perceived to be difficult is associated with an increased risk of hemolysis. Level – I/E (Stauss, 2012; Ong, 2008)

7. Direct venipuncture with straight needles is less likely to cause hemolysis than blood collection through intravenous catheters. Level B – Moderate (Tanabe, 2003; Ong, 2009; Bush, 2010; Berger-Achituv, 2010; Heyer, 2012; Saleem, 2009)

8. Stainless steel needles are less likely to cause hemolysis than intravenous catheters; teflon catheters are less likely to cause hemolysis than VialonTM_catheters._{Level C – Weak}_(Raisky, 1994; Sharp, 1998)

9. There is conflicting evidence regarding the influence of needle or catheter gauge on hemolysis. Level: I/E. (Sharp, 1998; Sharp, 2003; Tanabe, 2003; Sequin, 2004; Heyer, 2012) 10. There is conflicting evidence regarding hemolysis with syringes versus vacuum tubes. Level –

I/E (Sharp, 2003; Halm, 2009; Ong, 2009; Bush, 2010; Saleem, 2009; Sequin, 2004) 11. Drawing blood through an extension tubing attached to an intravenous catheter does not

increase hemolysis in adults. Level C – Weak (Stauss, 2012)

12. Drawing blood through needleless connectors does not increase hemolysis. Level – Moderate ( Dwyer, 2006; Sharp, 2003)

13. There is insufficient evidence regarding the impact of the rate of blood flow into a vacuum tube on hemolysis. Level – I/E (Ong, 2008)

14. Low (partial) vacuum tubes result in less hemolysis. Level B – Moderate (Heyer, 2012; Schwartzer, 2001)

15. Filling vacuum tubes to their recommended volume decreases hemolysis. Level C – Weak (Unger, 2007; Tamechika, 2006)

16. Properly functioning pneumatic tube systems do not increase hemolysis. Level C – Weak (Stair, 1995; Fang, 2008; Ellis, 2009; Saleem, 2009; Streichert, 2011; Evilyaoglu, 2012) 17. There is insufficient evidence to determine if the volume of venipunctures performed

influences hemolysis. Level – I/E (Hawkins, 2010)

18. There is insufficient evidence to determine if monitoring hemolysis rates and providing feedback to the staff performing phlebotomy decreases the incidence of hemolysis. Level – I/E (McGrath, 2012)

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References

Berger-Achituv, S., Budde-Schwartzman, B., Ellis, M. H., Shenkman, Z., & Erez, I. (2010). Blood sampling through peripheral venous catheters is reliable for selected basic analytes in children. Pediatrics, 126(1), 179-186. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-2920

Bush, R. A, Mueller, T. Sumwalt, B., Cox, S. A., & Hilfiker, M. L. (2010). Assessing pediatric trauma specimen integrity. Clinical Laboratory Science, 23(4), 219-222.

Corkill, D. (2012). Testing the effects of educational toilet posters: a novel way of reducing haemolysis of blood samples within ED. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 15, 31-36. Doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2011.11.001.

Dwyer, D. G., Fry, M., Somerville, A., & Holdgate, A. (2006). Randomized, single blinded control trial comparing haemolysis rate between two cannula aspiration techniques. Emergency

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Ellis, G. (2009). An episode of increased hemolysis due to a defective pneumatic air tube delivery system. Clinical Biochemistry, 42, 1265-1269.

Evliyaoglu, O., Toprak, G, Tekin, A., Basarali, M.K., Kilinc, C., & Colpan, L. (2012). Effect of pneumatic tube delivery system rate and distance on hemolysis of blood specimens.

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Acknowledgements

ENA would like to acknowledge the following members of the 2012 Institute for Emergency Nursing Research (IENR) Advisory Council for their review of this document:

IENR Director

Lisa Wolf, PhD, RN, CEN, FAEN

IENR Advisory Council Members

Margaret Carman, DNP, MSN, RN, CEN, ACNP-BC Deborah Henderson, PhD, MA, RN

Jane Koziol-McLain, PhD, RN

ENA also would like to acknowledge Jeffrey A. Proehl, PhD, for assistance with the review of statistical analyses and the following clinical experts for their review of this document: Curtis Olson, BSN, BA, RN, EMT-P, CEN

Jennifer Denno, RN, BSN, CEN

Jayne K. McGrath RN, MS, CCRN, CEN, CNS-BC Richard G. Patton, MD

Clinical Practice Guideline: Prevention of Blood Specimen Hemolysis in Peripherally-Collected Venous Specimens Full Version