Organizational Behavior, 16e
Organizational Behavior, 16e (Robbins/Judge) (Robbins/Judge) Chapter
Chapter 6 6 Perception Perception and and Individual Decision Individual Decision MakingMaking
1) ________ is the process by
1) ________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressionswhich individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to
in order to give meaning to their environment.their environment. A) Sensation A) Sensation B) Impression B) Impression C) Apprehension C) Apprehension ) Attribution ) Attribution !) "erception !) "erception Answer# ! Answer# ! !$planation#
!$planation# !) "erception is de%ined as !) "erception is de%ined as a process by which indivia process by which individuals organize and interpretduals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their env
their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their env ironment. "eople&s behavior isironment. "eople&s behavior is based on their perception o% what reality is' and not on reality itsel%. (
based on their perception o% what reality is' and not on reality itsel%. (hat a person perceives canhat a person perceives can be substantially di%%erent %r
be substantially di%%erent %rom obective realityom obective reality.. *+# 1
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i%%iculty# !asy i%%iculty# !asy ,uest.
,uest. Category# Category# ConceptConcept *earning +utcome#
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% Apply the study o% perception and attribution to tperception and attribution to the wor-placehe wor-place ) (hich o% the %ollowing statements is true regarding perception/
) (hich o% the %ollowing statements is true regarding perception/ A) "erception o% reality is independent o% one&s personality.
A) "erception o% reality is independent o% one&s personality. B) +ur perception o% a target is not a%%ected by the
B) +ur perception o% a target is not a%%ected by the conte$t o% the situation in which theconte$t o% the situation in which the perception is made.
perception is made.
C) +ur perception o% reality can be di%%erent %rom the obective reality. C) +ur perception o% reality can be di%%erent %rom the obective reality. ) +ur perception o% reality is independent o% our past e$periences. ) +ur perception o% reality is independent o% our past e$periences. !) (e %
!) (e %orm a perception orm a perception o% a target by o% a target by loo-ing at it loo-ing at it in isolation.in isolation. Answer# C
Answer# C !$planation#
!$planation# C) +ur perception o% reality can be di%%erent %rom tC) +ur perception o% reality can be di%%erent %rom the obective reality. he obective reality. +ur+ur perception o% reality is a%%ected by our personality
perception o% reality is a%%ected by our personality' past e$periences' and the conte$t o% the' past e$periences' and the conte$t o% the situation in which the
situation in which the perception is made. (e do not loo- perception is made. (e do not loo- at targets in isolation.at targets in isolation. *+# 1
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,uest. Category# Category# ConceptConcept *earning +utcome#
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% Apply the study o% perception and attribution to tperception and attribution to the wor-placehe wor-place
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3) (hen two people witness something at the same time and
3) (hen two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret itin the same situation yet interpret it di%%erently
di%%erently' %actors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in ' %actors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________.the ________. A) perceivers A) perceivers B) target B) target C) timing C) timing ) conte$t ) conte$t !) situation !) situation Answer# A Answer# A !$planation#
!$planation# A) Since the time and situation are the same' the %actors tA) Since the time and situation are the same' the %actors that operate to shapehat operate to shape perception must be in the perceivers themselves. "ersonal characteristics that can a%
perception must be in the perceivers themselves. "ersonal characteristics that can a%%ect%ect perception include perceiver attitudes' personality
perception include perceiver attitudes' personality' motives' interests' past e$periences' and' motives' interests' past e$periences' and e$pectations. e$pectations. *+# 1 *+# 1 i%%iculty# !asy i%%iculty# !asy ,uest.
,uest. Category# Category# ConceptConcept *earning +utcome#
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% Apply the study o% perception and attribution to tperception and attribution to the wor-placehe wor-place 4) avid 5yers is o% the opinion that pe
4) avid 5yers is o% the opinion that people who drive S67s are rash drivers. 8e ople who drive S67s are rash drivers. 8e %eels that%eels that people driving S67s do not respect road rules and always violate tra%%i
people driving S67s do not respect road rules and always violate tra%%ic regulations. (hatc regulations. (hat personal %actor is most li-ely to be a%%
personal %actor is most li-ely to be a%%ecting 5yers& perception o% S67 drivers/ecting 5yers& perception o% S67 drivers/ A) his %inancial bac-ground
A) his %inancial bac-ground B) his e$pectations B) his e$pectations C) his interest C) his interest ) his motive ) his motive !) his personality !) his personality Answer# B Answer# B !$planation#
!$planation# B) 5yers e$pects all B) 5yers e$pects all S67 drivers tS67 drivers to be dangerous. 8is e$pectations are o be dangerous. 8is e$pectations are what color what color his perception. 9he e$ample doesn&t e$plain
his perception. 9he e$ample doesn&t e$plain why he e$pects this' although it could why he e$pects this' although it could be %rom abe %rom a previous bad e$perience.
previous bad e$perience. *+# 1
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AACSB# Analytic S-ills AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application ,uest. Category# Application *earning +utcome#
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% Apply the study o% perception and attribution to tperception and attribution to the wor-placehe wor-place
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3) (hen two people witness something at the same time and
3) (hen two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret itin the same situation yet interpret it di%%erently
di%%erently' %actors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in ' %actors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________.the ________. A) perceivers A) perceivers B) target B) target C) timing C) timing ) conte$t ) conte$t !) situation !) situation Answer# A Answer# A !$planation#
!$planation# A) Since the time and situation are the same' the %actors tA) Since the time and situation are the same' the %actors that operate to shapehat operate to shape perception must be in the perceivers themselves. "ersonal characteristics that can a%
perception must be in the perceivers themselves. "ersonal characteristics that can a%%ect%ect perception include perceiver attitudes' personality
perception include perceiver attitudes' personality' motives' interests' past e$periences' and' motives' interests' past e$periences' and e$pectations. e$pectations. *+# 1 *+# 1 i%%iculty# !asy i%%iculty# !asy ,uest.
,uest. Category# Category# ConceptConcept *earning +utcome#
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% Apply the study o% perception and attribution to tperception and attribution to the wor-placehe wor-place 4) avid 5yers is o% the opinion that pe
4) avid 5yers is o% the opinion that people who drive S67s are rash drivers. 8e ople who drive S67s are rash drivers. 8e %eels that%eels that people driving S67s do not respect road rules and always violate tra%%i
people driving S67s do not respect road rules and always violate tra%%ic regulations. (hatc regulations. (hat personal %actor is most li-ely to be a%%
personal %actor is most li-ely to be a%%ecting 5yers& perception o% S67 drivers/ecting 5yers& perception o% S67 drivers/ A) his %inancial bac-ground
A) his %inancial bac-ground B) his e$pectations B) his e$pectations C) his interest C) his interest ) his motive ) his motive !) his personality !) his personality Answer# B Answer# B !$planation#
!$planation# B) 5yers e$pects all B) 5yers e$pects all S67 drivers tS67 drivers to be dangerous. 8is e$pectations are o be dangerous. 8is e$pectations are what color what color his perception. 9he e$ample doesn&t e$plain
his perception. 9he e$ample doesn&t e$plain why he e$pects this' although it could why he e$pects this' although it could be %rom abe %rom a previous bad e$perience.
previous bad e$perience. *+# 1
*+# 1
AACSB# Analytic S-ills AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application ,uest. Category# Application *earning +utcome#
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% Apply the study o% perception and attribution to tperception and attribution to the wor-placehe wor-place
2) !$tremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most li-ely to be
2) !$tremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most li-ely to be noticed in a group.noticed in a group. (hich o% the %ollowing statements best describes the reason behind this/
(hich o% the %ollowing statements best describes the reason behind this/ A) +ur perception o% reality depends on
A) +ur perception o% reality depends on our past e$periences.our past e$periences. B) +ur perception o% reality depends on our personality. B) +ur perception o% reality depends on our personality. C) (e don&t loo- at targets in isolation.
C) (e don&t loo- at targets in isolation.
) 9he time at which we see an obect can in%luence our perception o% the obect. ) 9he time at which we see an obect can in%luence our perception o% the obect. !) +ur motives and e$pectations a%%ect our perception o% a
!) +ur motives and e$pectations a%%ect our perception o% a target.target. Answer# C
Answer# C !$planation#
!$planation# C) Characteristics C) Characteristics o% the target we obsero% the target we observe can a%%ect what we ve can a%%ect what we perceive. *oudperceive. *oud people are more li-ely to be noticed in a group than :uiet ones. So' too' are e$tremely attractive people are more li-ely to be noticed in a group than :uiet ones. So' too' are e$tremely attractive
or unattractive individuals. Because we don&t loo-
or unattractive individuals. Because we don&t loo- at targets in isolation' the relationship o% aat targets in isolation' the relationship o% a target to its bac-ground in%luences our perception o% the
target to its bac-ground in%luences our perception o% the target.target. *+# 1
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i%%iculty# 5oderate i%%iculty# 5oderate ,uest.
,uest. Category# Category# ConceptConcept *earning +utcome#
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% Apply the study o% perception and attribution to tperception and attribution to the wor-placehe wor-place ;) uring team meetings Amber owning always notices that <hona *aw tends to ;) uring team meetings Amber owning always notices that <hona *aw tends to as- as-innumerable :uestions and suggest ideas at each
innumerable :uestions and suggest ideas at each discussion. 8owever' *aw stands out in thediscussion. 8owever' *aw stands out in the meetings only because she is the o
meetings only because she is the only one ma-ing suggestions. I% both o% nly one ma-ing suggestions. I% both o% them were part o% teamthem were part o% team meetings where almost all members made suggestions and as-ed
meetings where almost all members made suggestions and as-ed :uestions' *aw would not have:uestions' *aw would not have drawn as much attention %rom owning. (hich o% the
drawn as much attention %rom owning. (hich o% the %ollowing %actors has most li-ely%ollowing %actors has most li-ely in%luenced owning&s perception o% *aw/
in%luenced owning&s perception o% *aw/ A) e$pectation A) e$pectation B) interest B) interest C) past e$perience C) past e$perience ) conte$t ) conte$t !) motive !) motive Answer# Answer# !$planation#
!$planation# ) A ) A number o% %actors operate to shape and sometimes distort perceptinumber o% %actors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. 9heseon. 9hese %actors can reside in the perceiver' in the obect or target being p
%actors can reside in the perceiver' in the obect or target being p erceived' or in the conte$t o% erceived' or in the conte$t o% thethe situation in which the perception is made.
situation in which the perception is made. *+# 1
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AACSB# Analytic S-ills AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application ,uest. Category# Application *earning +utcome#
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% Apply the study o% perception and attribution to tperception and attribution to the wor-placehe wor-place
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=) 5onica (a
=) 5onica (alden %eels that people who use lden %eels that people who use plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment.plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment. She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should ta-e it She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should ta-e it upon themselves to protect and preserve
upon themselves to protect and preserve it. (hich o% the %ollowing %actors has most li-elyit. (hich o% the %ollowing %actors has most li-ely in%luenced (a
in%luenced (alden&s perception o% lden&s perception o% plastic bag users/plastic bag users/ A) location
A) location B) time B) time
C) characteristic o% the target C) characteristic o% the target ) e$pectation ) e$pectation !) conte$t !) conte$t Answer# Answer# !$planation#
!$planation# ) A ) A number o% %actors operate to shape and sometimes distort perceptinumber o% %actors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. 9heseon. 9hese %actors can reside in the perceiver' in the obect or target being p
%actors can reside in the perceiver' in the obect or target being p erceived' or in the conte$t o% erceived' or in the conte$t o% thethe situation in which the perception is made.
situation in which the perception is made. *+# 1
*+# 1
AACSB# Analytic S-ills AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application ,uest. Category# Application *earning +utcome#
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% Apply the study o% perception and attribution to tperception and attribution to the wor-placehe wor-place >) (hich o% the %ollowing is a %actor present in a
>) (hich o% the %ollowing is a %actor present in a target which may a%%ect a person&s perception/target which may a%%ect a person&s perception/ A) attitude A) attitude B) motive B) motive C) interest C) interest ) novelty ) novelty !) e$perience !) e$perience Answer# Answer# !$planation#
!$planation# ) ?actors present in a target which may a%%) ?actors present in a target which may a%%ect perception are novelty' mect perception are novelty' motion'otion' sound' size'
sound' size' bac-ground' pro$imity' and similarity.bac-ground' pro$imity' and similarity. *+# 1
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i%%iculty# !asy i%%iculty# !asy ,uest.
,uest. Category# Category# ConceptConcept *earning +utcome#
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% Apply the study o% perception and attribution to tperception and attribution to the wor-placehe wor-place @) (hich o% the %ollowing is a %actor present in a
@) (hich o% the %ollowing is a %actor present in a situation which may a%%ect a person&ssituation which may a%%ect a person&s perception/ perception/ A) similarity A) similarity B) size B) size C) e$pectation C) e$pectation ) time ) time !) e$perience !) e$perience Answer# Answer# !$planation#
!$planation# ) ?actors present i) ?actors present in a situation which may a%n a situation which may a%%ect perception are wor- set%ect perception are wor- setting'ting' social setting' and time.
social setting' and time. *+# 1
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*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% Apply the study o% perception and attribution to tperception and attribution to the wor-placehe wor-place
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1) (hich o% the %ollowing is a %actor present in a perceiver which may a%%ect perception/ A) interest B) similarity C) sound ) pro$imity !) bac-ground Answer# A
!$planation# A) ?actors present in a perceiver which may a%%ect perception are attitudes' motives' interests' e$perience' and e$pectations.
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*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
11) Alicia A-ers wor-s as a mar-eting e$ecutive. She always tal-s in a high pitch and o%ten draws a lot o% attention wherever she is. (hich o% the %ollowing statements best e$plains the reason behind people noticing A-ers/
A) "erception o% reality depends on the perceiver&s past e$periences. B) "erception o% reality depends on the perceiver&s personality. C) Characteristics o% the target a%%ect people&s perception. ) 9he time at which we observe behavior a%%ects perception.
!) 5otives and interests o% the perceiver a%%ects perception o% behavior. Answer# C
!$planation# C) Characteristics o% the target we observe can a%%ect perception. *oud people are more li-ely to be noticed in a group than :uiet ones. !ven e$tremely attractive or unattractive individuals are more li-ely to be noticed. Since people do not loo- at targets in isolation' the relationship o% a target to its bac-ground in%luences one&s perception o% the target.
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,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
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1) ________ e$plains the ways in which we udge people di%%erently' depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior.
A) Attribution theory B) !:uity theory
C) +bect relations theory ) Attachment theory !) Cultural schema theory Answer# A
!$planation# A) Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual&s behavior' we attempt to determine whether it was internally or e$ternally caused. etermination however' depends largely on three %actors' namely' distinctiveness' consensus' and consistency.
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13) Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual&s behavior' we attempt to determine whether it was internally or e$ternally caused. 9hat determination' howeve r' depends largely on three %actors. (hich o% the %ollowing is one o% these three %actors/
A) traceability B) consistency C) veri%iability ) relatedness !) a%%ect intensity Answer# B
!$planation# B) Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual&s behavior' we attempt to determine whether it was internally or e$ternally caused. etermination however' depends largely on three %actors' namely' distinctiveness' consensus' and consistency.
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*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
14) (hich o% the %ollowing is an e$ample o% internally caused behavior/ A) An employee was late %or a team meeting because o% a heavy downpour.
B) An employee was laid o%% because the company was attempting to cut costs by laying o%% employees.
C) An employee was %ired %rom wor- because he violated a company policy. ) An employee could not attend an interview because o % a delayed %light. !) An employee could not come to wor- because he met with an accident. Answer# C
!$planation# C) Internally caused behaviors are those we believe to be under the personal control o% the individual.
*+#
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place 12) (hich o% the %ollowing is an e$ample o% e$ternally caused behavior/
A) An employee postpones a meeting because he overslept. B) An employee is late to wor- because o% a punctured tire.
C) An employee was %ired because he violated a company policy.
) An employee was promoted when he achieved more than the assigned obectives. !) An employee closed a sale with an important corporate client because o% his e$cellent negotiation s-ills.
Answer# B
!$planation# B) !$ternally caused behavior is what we imagine the situation %orced the
individual to do. ?or instance' i% an employee is late %or wor-' and you attribute his arriving late to an automobile accident or a %lat tire' then you are ma-ing an e$ternal attribution.
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AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
=
1;) According to the attribution theory' ________ is one the three main %actors which attempt to determine an individual&s behavior.
A) distinctiveness B) perverseness C) %le$ibleness ) resilience !) timorousness Answer# A
!$planation# A) Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual&s behavior' we attempt to determine whether it was internally or e$ternally caused. etermination' however' depends largely on three %actors' namely' distinctiveness' consensus' and consistency.
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i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
1=) (hen individuals observe another person&s behavior' they attempt to determine whether it is internally or e$ternally caused. (hich o% the %ollowing attempts to e$plain this pheno menon/ A) "ygmalion e%%ect B) emotional dissonance C) attribution theory ) two%actor theory !) %raming e%%ect Answer# C
!$planation# C) Attribution theory is an attempt to determine whether an individual&s behavior is internally or e$ternally caused. (e udge people di%%erently' depending on the meaning we
attribute to a given behavior. Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual&s behavior' we attempt to determine whether it was internally or e$ternally caused.
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,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
1>) (ith re%erence to the attribution theory' which o% the %ollowing terms indicates the e$tent to which an individual displays di%%erent behaviors in di%%erent situations/
A) %le$ibility B) integrity C) consensus ) consistency !) distinctiveness Answer# !
!$planation# !) istinctiveness is one o% three determining %actors that contribute to attribution theory perceptions. istinctiveness re%ers to whether an individual displays di%%erent behaviors in di%%erent situations.
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i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
1@) I% a person responds to a particular situation in the same way over a long time period' then the attribution theory states that the behavior demonstrates ________.
A) distinctiveness B) consensus C) consistency ) discontinuity !) traceability Answer# C
!$planation# C) Consistency in a person&s actions means that the person responds in the same way to the same situation over a long period o% time. ?or instance' an employee who has not been late %or several months is perceived di%%erently %rom an employee who is late two or three
times a wee-. 9he regularly late employee demonstrates high consistency in tardiness. *+#
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
) According to the attribution theory' i% a behavior scores ________' we tend to attribute it to e$ternal causes. A) low on distinctiveness B) low on adaptability C) low on consistency ) high on stability !) low on consensus Answer# C
!$planation# C) Consistency indicates that the person responds the same way over time. 9he less consistent the behavior' the more we are inclined to attribute it to e$ternal c auses.
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i%%iculty# 5oderate ,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
@
1) anice oder wor-s in an environmental campaigning organization and o%ten needs to interact with a large team %or proect implementation activities. 8owever' she always %inds it di%%icult to wor- as a part o% a team. She always seems to have maor disagreements with team members which lead to antagonistic relations between them. 9hough she has moved %rom one team to another' her relations with colleagues always seem to be hostile and cold. 8ow would the attribution theory describe this behavior/
A) low on consensus B) high on reliability C) high on adaptability ) high on consistency !) low on distinctiveness Answer#
!$planation# ) Consistency in a person&s actions means that the person responds the same way over time to the same situation. oder has had hostile relationships with colleagues over a long period o% time. 9hus' her behavior shows consistency.
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AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
) According to the attribution theory' i% everyone who %aces a similar situation responds in the same way' we can say the behavior shows ________.
A) distinctiveness B) tractability C) consensus ) consistency !) manageability Answer# C
!$planation# C) I% everyone who %aces a similar situation responds in the same way' we can say the behavior shows consensus.
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*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
3) anice is late %or wor- each day by about ten minutes. 8ow would attribution theory describe this behavior/ A) It shows consensus. B) It shows similarity. C) It shows consistency. ) It shows reliability. !) It shows distinctiveness. Answer# C
!$planation# C) Consistency in a person&s actions means that the person responds the same way over time to the same situation. An employee who hasn&t been late %or several months is
perceived di%%erently than an employee who is late two or three times a wee-. anice demonstrates high consistency in tardiness.
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AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
4) According to the attribution theory' which o% the %ollowing behaviors is most li-ely to be attributed to an e$ternal cause/
A) a behavior that scores high on consensus B) a behavior that scores low on distinctiveness C) a behavior that scores high on consistency ) a behavior that scores low on traceability !) a behavior that scores high on rigidity Answer# A
!$planation# A) According to the attribution theory' i% a behavior scores high on consensus' we tend to attribute it to e$ternal causes.
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i%%iculty# 5oderate ,uest. Category# Concept
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2) Samantha is never late %or wor-' but last 5onday she arrived an hour late because o% heavy tra%%ic. According to the attribution theory' Samantha&s behavior on that day scores ________. A) high on reliability B) low on distinctiveness C) high on traceability ) low on consistency !) high on stability Answer#
!$planation# ) I% a person responds the same way over time then his or her behavior displays consistency. Since Samantha is generally in the o%%ice on time' her behavior scores low on consistency.
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AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
;) 5egan Cardova' who wor-s as a sales e$ecutive at +rbit Ban-' has been %ailing to meet her sales targets %or the last 1 months. <ecently' she had a %aceto%ace discussion with her manager where she said that the unrealistic targets were the reason %or her underper%ormance. 9he
manager' however' noticed that all the other team members were achieving their targets and sometimes were even achieving more than the set numbers. (hich o% the %ollowing is Cardova&s behavior most li-ely to be characterized as according to the attribution theory/
A) low distinctiveness B) high rigidity C) high traceability ) low consensus !) low consistency Answer#
!$planation# ) I% everyone who %aces a similar situation responds in the same way' we can say that the behavior shows consensus.
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AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
=) According to the attribution theory' i% a behavior scores ________' we tend to attribute it to internal causes. A) low on consistency B) high on rigidity C) low on distinctiveness ) high on consensus !) low on con%ormity Answer# C
!$planation# C) istinctiveness re%ers to whether an individual displays di%%erent behaviors in di%%erent situations. According to the attribution theory' i% a behavior scores low on
distinctiveness' we tend to attribute it to internal causes. *+#
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
>) (hich o% the %ollowing terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the in%luence o% e$ternal %actors and overestimate the in%luence o% internal %actors when ma-ing udgments about the behavior o% others/
A) %undamental attribution error B) bandwagon e%%ect
C) contrast e%%ect
) emotional dissonance !) sel%%ul%illing prophecy Answer# A
!$planation# A) 9he tendency to underestimate the in%luence o% e$ternal %actors and
overestimate the in%luence o% internal %actors when ma-ing udgments about the behavior o% others is re%erred to as the %undamental attribution error.
*+#
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
13
@) Daomi ?isher' a sales manager at "ure' a water puri%ier company' had a new member' *eah 5arshall' oin her team. 9hough during *eah&s interview' Daomi %elt she would be a productive sales e$ecutive' her per%ormance has o%ten been below the mar-. Consistently in the past three months' *eah has been unable to reach her targets and is %alling substantially behind on her annual targets. Daomi assumes that *eah is not determined and motivated enough to do what it ta-es. (hich o% the %ollowing' i% true' wea-ens Daomi&s assumption/
A) *eah has o%ten arrived late %or team meetings conducted in the morning.
B) *eah has been assigned a sales territory where consumers are %rom low income groups. C) *eah has good interpersonal s-ills and gets a long well with her customers.
) <esearch showed that the company&s largest competitor had a lower turnover than they did. !) Daomi recently received %eedbac- %rom other team members that *eah is o%ten uncooperative. Answer# B
!$planation# B) 9he tendency to underestimate the in%luence o% e$ternal %actors and
overestimate the in%luence o% internal %actors when ma-ing udgments about the behavior o% others re%ers to the %undamental attribution error. I% *eah is assigned a sales territory where consumers are %rom low income groups' this shows that she do es not necessarily lac- the ability to per%orm and that e$ternal constraints are the reason %or her underper%ormance. It thus wea-ens Daomi&s assumption. I% *eah o%ten arrives late %or meetings' it strengthens Daomi&s assumption because it indicates that *eah is not motivated. Eood interpersonal s-ills do not necessarily mean
that a person is motivated' and hence' this does not wea-en Daomi&s assumption. <esearch
showing that the company&s largest competitor had a lower turnover than them is irrelevant to the assumption.
*+#
AACSB# <e%lective 9hin-ing i%%iculty# 8ard
,uest. Category# Critical 9hin-ing
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
3) ohanna 5urray' a climate campaigner at 9he Dational ?ootprint ?oundation' is -nown in her organization to be a campaigner o% caliber and high per%ormance. She recently wor-ed on a campaign against global warming during which she wor-ed e$tremely hard to achieve proect milestones. 8owever' the campaign %ailed as it could not achieve the desired obective. ue to this' her manager' Brenda +wens' gave her a poor per%ormance appraisal. In the appraisal' Brenda said that ohanna was not motivated and %ailed to reach out to 2' people through Internet media to spread awareness about climate change. (hich o% the %ollowing' i% true' wea-ens Brenda&s statement/
A) ohanna lac-s e$perience in publicizing campaigns using Internet media.
B) Brenda was unable to ma-e time %or ohanna to brie% her on the tas-s involved in carrying out the campaign&s media strategy.
C) ohanna recently moved %rom the agriculture campaign to the climate campaign.
) ohanna&s previous ob involved an e$tensive amount o% researching on environmental issues. !) Brenda is -nown in the organization to be a %air and unbiased manager.
Answer# B
!$planation# B) Individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal %actors such as ability or e%%ort and place the blame %or %ailure on e$ternal %actors such as bad luc- or unproductive cowor-ers. 9his is -nown as a sel%serving bias. I% Brenda were unable to ma-e time %or ohanna to brie% her on the tas-s involved in carrying out the campaign&s media strategy' then this wea-ens the argument because it shows that it was not entirely ohanna&s %ault and that Brenda is partly to blame. I% ohanna lac-s e$perience in publicizing campaigns using Internet media' it strengthens Brenda&s statement. 9he %act that ohanna recently moved %rom the agriculture campaign to the climate campaign and that ohanna&s previous ob involved an
e$tensive amount o% researching on environmental issues is irrelevant to Brenda&s argument. Brenda&s argument is strengthened i% she is -nown to be a %air and unbiased manager because it indicates that her evaluation o% ohanna is most li-ely true.
*+#
AACSB# <e%lective 9hin-ing i%%iculty# 8ard
,uest. Category# Critical 9hin-ing
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
12
31) ohanna Springer' who wor-s as a sales e$ecutive at "ascal&s Ban-' is upset at the way her manager' !mma (omac-' always calls her in %or oneonone meetings to discuss her
underper%ormance. 9hough Springer ma-es a higher number o% sales calls and wor-s longer hours than last year' her sales %igures are still low. She -nows that the main reason behind her underper%ormance is the recent economic meltdown in the country. 8owever' her manager %eels that Springer&s underper%ormance is the result o% her laidbac- attitude and has nothing to do with e$ternal %actors. In this situation' (omac-&s behavior is characterized by aFn) ________.
A) anchoring bias B) contrast e%%ect
C) %undamental attribution error ) sel%%ul%illing prophecy
!) "ygmalion e%%ect Answer# C
!$planation# C) 9he tendency to underestimate the in%luence o% e$ternal %actors and
overestimate the in%luence o% internal %actors when ma-ing udgments about the behavior o% others is re%erred to as the %undamental attribution error.
*+#
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
3) ________ bias indicates the tendency o% an individual to attribute his or her own successes to internal %actors while putting the blame %or %ailures on e$ternal %actors.
A) Status :uo B) Sel%serving C) istinction ) Congruence !) Anchoring Answer# B
!$planation# B) Individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal %actors such as ability or e%%ort and place the blame %or %ailure on e$ternal %actors such as bad luc- or unproductive cowor-ers. 9his is -nown as a sel%serving bias.
*+#
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
33) ane Allen' a campaign manager at a nonpro%it organization' o%ten ta-es %ull credit %or proect successes even when her team members& contributions play a big role in achieving
milestones. 8owever' when proects receive setbac-s' she blames her team members and
sometimes states that the situation was beyond her control. Allen&s behavior is an e$ample o% aFn) ________ bias. A) impact B) anchoring C) con%irmation ) distinction !) sel%serving Answer# !
!$planation# !) Individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal %actors such as ability or e%%ort and place the blame %or %ailure on e$ternal %actors such as bad luc- or unproductive cowor-ers. 9his is -nown as a sel%serving bias.
*+#
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
34) *aura Simpson' a campaign manager at a child rights organization in a-arta' planned a marathon %or celebrities to raise money %or underprivileged children. 9hough all arrangements %or the event had been made' a %ew days be%ore the event she realized that on the same day there was a political rally happening in the city which would bloc- access to the route on which the marathon was supposed to be underta-en. In such a situation' what is Simpson' wh o su%%ers %rom a sel%serving bias' most li-ely to say/
A) I did not do su%%icient research on public events in the city. B) 5y colleagues did not in%orm me about the rally.
C) 9he director had warned me o% this. I should have -nown better. ) I should have weighed %easibility options %or the event.
!) I should have established better contacts to -now about this update. Answer# B
!$planation# B) A sel%serving bias places the blame %or %ailure on e$ternal %actors such as bad luc- or unproductive cowor-ers rather than ta-ing personal responsibility %or the %ailure.
*+#
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
1=
32) Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible %or them to assimilate everything they see and can ta-e in only certain stimuli.
A) selective perception B) cognitive dissonance C) sel%serving bias ) emotional labor !) sel%%ul%illing prophecy Answer# A
!$planation# A) Any characteristic that ma-es a person' an obect' or an event stand out will increase the probability we will perceive it. Since we can&t observe everything going on about us' we engage in selective perception.
*+# 3
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place 3;) ou are more li-ely to notice a car li-e your own due to ________.
A) stereotyping B) sel%serving bias C) halo e%%ect ) selective perception !) contrast e%%ect Answer#
!$planation# ) Because we can&t observe everything going on about us' we engage in selective perception. Selective perception allows us to GspeedreadG others. ue to selective perception'
we are more li-ely to notice cars li-e our own. *+# 3
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
3=) 8arriet Hirby' a %und raising manager at a women&s rights organization' e$perienced a bad incident last year with the public relations manager o % a ban-ing company who had committed to sponsor a charity event. 9he ban- bac-ed out at the last minute. 9his year' when a renowned international ban- e$ecutive showed interest in sponsoring the organization&s upcoming annual event' Hirby reected their participation. She %elt that ban- s have a casual approach toward charity events and it is ris-y to involve them in the event. (hich o% the %ollowing best characterizes Hirby&s decision/
A) selective perception B) cognitive dissonance C) sel%serving bias ) bandwagon e%%ect !) sel%%ul%illing prophecy Answer# A
!$planation# A) Because we cannot assimilate all that we observe' we ta-e in bits and pieces. But we don&t choose randomly rather' we select according to our interests' bac-ground'
e$perience' and attitudes. 9his is -nown as selective perception. *+# 3
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
3>) ________ re%ers to the tendency o% people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis o% a single characteristic.
A) Con%irmation bias B) Sel%serving bias C) <andomness error ) 8alo e%%ect !) 8indsight bias Answer#
!$planation# ) (hen we draw a general impression about an individual on the basis o% a single characteristic' such as intelligence' sociability' or appearance' a halo e%%ect is operating. A single trait is allowed to in%luence the overall impression o% the person b eing udged.
*+# 3
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
1@
3@) Amanda (inter wor-ed as a public engagement coordinator at Sa%e ?ood Alliance until three months ago when her manager' *aura 5orris' promoted her to the position o% a sustainable %ood campaigner. 8owever' soon a%ter this' *aura noticed that Amanda was %acing maor di%%iculties in achieving campaign milestones and the proect was %alling behind schedule due to her lac- o% per%ormance. (hich o% the %ollowing' i% true' would most strengthen the argument that *aura
was in%luenced by the halo e%%ect in her decision to promote Amanda/ A) *aura is -nown to micromanage most o% her proects.
B) *aura uses cultural stereotyping in order to speed u p the process o% decision ma-ing. C) *aura has made good hiring decisions in the past and is -nown to be an unbiased udge o% character.
) *aura sat in on only one o% Amanda&s presentations prior to giving her the promotion. !) *aura wor-ed closely with Amanda over a period o% > months.
Answer#
!$planation# ) (hen we draw a general impression about an individual on the basis o% a single characteristic' such as intelligence' sociability' or appearance' a halo e%%ect is operating. A single trait is allowed to in%luence the overall impression o% the person b eing udged. 9he %act that *aura sat in on only one o% Amanda&s presentations prior to giving her the promotion indicates that she was in%luenced by the s-ills that Amanda displayed during that single encounter. 8er decision was not based on a comprehensive evaluation o% Amanda&s abilities and per%ormance. 9he %act that *aura is -nown to micromanage most o% her tas-s wea-ens the argument that *aura e$perienced the halo e%%ect. 9he %act that *aura uses cultural stereotyping in order to speed up the process o% decision ma-ing is irrelevant to the argument because it tal-s about a halo e%%ect and not cultural stereotyping. I% *aura has made good hiring decisions in the past and is -nown to be an unbiased udge o% character' it wea-ens the argument that she was in%luenced by the halo e%%ect. I% *aura wor-ed closely with Amanda' she is most li-ely to -now her strengths and
wea-nesses and would not be in%luenced by the halo e%%ect. *+# 3
AACSB# <e%lective 9hin-ing i%%iculty# 8ard
,uest. Category# Critical 9hin-ing
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place 4) (hich o% the %ollowing describes the halo e%%ect/
A) attributing our own successes to internal %actors and %ailures to e$ternal %actors
B) udging someone on the basis o% our perception o% the group to which he or she belongs C) interpreting a person&s behavior in comparison to others recently encountered
) drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis o% a single characteristic !) underestimating the in%luence o% e$ternal %actors when ma-ing udgments about people Answer#
!$planation# ) (e tend to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis o% a single characteristic' such as intelligence' sociability' or appearance. 9his is -nown as halo e%%ect. *+# 3
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
41) (illiam avies' a guest relations e$ecutive at a %ive star delu$e hotel' regularly interacts
with bureaucrats' politicians' celebrities' and other prosperous individuals. 8e %eels that all rich people are -ind' hardwor-ing' and %riendly. (hich o% the %ollowing best characterizes avies& perception/ A) con%irmation bias B) sel%serving bias C) randomness error ) halo e%%ect !) hindsight bias Answer#
!$planation# ) (hen we draw a general impression about an individual on the basis o% a single characteristic' such as intelligence' sociability' or appearance' a halo e%%ect is operating. A single trait is allowed to in%luence the overall impression o% the person b eing udged.
*+# 3
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
4) ________ re%ers to the evaluation o% a person&s characteristics that is a%%ected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who ran- higher or lower on the same characteristics. A) 8alo e%%ect B) Contrast e%%ect C) Con%irmation bias ) Stereotyping !) Anchoring bias Answer# B
!$planation# B) Contrast e%%ect is the evaluation o% a person&s characteristics that is a%%ected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who ran- higher or lower on the same characteristics.
*+# 3
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
1
43) (hich o% the %ollowing statements is true regarding a contrast e%%ect/
A) It attributes success to internal %actors and blames %ailure on e$ternal %actors.
B) It involves udging a person on the basis o% perception o% the group to which he or she belongs.
C) It involves evaluation o% a person&s %eatures based on comparison with another person. ) It indicates a tendency to draw a general conclusion about a person on the basis o% one %eature.
!) It indicates a tendency to %i$ate on initial in%ormation and %ail to accept subse:uent data. Answer# C
!$planation# C) Contrast e%%ect is the evaluation o% a person&s characteristics that is a%%ected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who ran- higher or lower on the same characteristics.
*+# 3
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
44) essica recently oined a new company and was %irst introduced to 5ichelle' her cubicle neighbor. 5ichelle came across as amiable and cheer%ul. uring lunch she met another
colleague' Carrie' who did not come across as %riendly as 5ichelle. In this situation' essica&s interpretation o% Carrie&s personality is most li-ely to be a%%ected by ________.
A) con%irmation bias B) contrast e%%ect
C) %undamental attribution error ) sel%serving bias
!) bandwagon e%%ect Answer# B
!$planation# B) Contrast e%%ect is the evaluation o% a person&s characteristics that is a%%ected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who ran- higher or lower on the same characteristics.
*+# 3
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
42) udging someone on the basis o% one&s perception o% the group to which the person belongs is called ________. A) con%irmation bias B) stereotyping C) %raming e%%ect ) sel%serving bias !) bandwagon e%%ect Answer# B
!$planation# B) Stereotyping is de%ined as udging someone on the basis o% one&s perception o% the group to which that person belongs. <elying on this type o% generalization helps a person ma-e decisions :uic-ly.
*+# 3
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
4;) (hich o% the %ollowing is a shortcut used in udging others by ma-ing generalizations/ A) hindsight bias B) randomness error C) stereotyping ) illusory superiority !) telescoping e%%ect Answer# C
!$planation# C) Stereotyping is de%ined as udging someone on the basis o% one&s perception o% the group to which that person belongs. <elying on this type o% generalization helps a person ma-e decisions :uic-ly.
*+# 3
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
3
4=) <ose Bu%%ay needs to give a presentation to the board o% directors o% her organization ne$t wee-. She -nows that her presentation will play an important role in her per%ormance a ppraisal in the ne$t :uarter. 8owever' she -nows that two o% her colleagues' ohn <oy and Heith
5athews' will also be giving a presentation on the same issue. She is nervous because she believes that men have a better %lair %or giving presentations. Bu%%ay&s perception o% <oy and
5athews is most li-ely characterized by ________. A) a halo e%%ect B) a contrast e%%ect C) a hindsight bias ) stereotyping !) a con%irmation bias Answer#
!$planation# ) (hen people engage in stereotyping' they are udging someone on the basis o% their perception o% the group to which that person belongs. Bu%%ay is udging all the presenters by their gender group.
*+# 3
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
4>) A manager believes that he should not hire older wor-ers because they can&t learn new s-ills. 9his belie% is an e$ample o% ________.
A) an anchoring bias
B) a %undamental attribution error C) a con%irmation bias
) a sel%serving bias !) stereotyping
Answer# !
!$planation# !) (hen we udge someone on the basis o% our perception o% the group to which he or she belongs' we are using the shortcut called stereotyping.
*+# 3
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
4@) (hich o% the %ollowing terms re%ers to a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives another person and the resulting e$pectations cause the other person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception/
A) con%irmation bias B) sel%%ul%illing prophecy C) attribution theory ) contrast e%%ect !) bandwagon e%%ect Answer# B
!$planation# B) A situation in which a person inaccurately perceives another person and the resulting e$pectations cause the other person to b ehave in ways consistent with the original perception is -nown as a sel%%ul%illing prophecy.
*+# 3
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place 2) Sarah Covington' a sales manager at Synergy Corporation Ban-' o%ten -eeps low
e$pectations o% her team. She %eels that they are under:uali%ied %or their ob and do not have substantial e$perience to sell a large number o% accounts. Covington&s team does not %eel
motivated enough and invariably underper%orms and misses targets on a regular basis. (hich o% the %ollowing concepts best e$plains Covington&s team&s poor per%ormance/
A) hindsight bias B) sel%%ul%illing prophecy C) con%irmation bias ) contrast e%%ect !) bandwagon e%%ect Answer# B
!$planation# B) A situation in which a person inaccurately perceives another person and the resulting e$pectations cause the other person to b ehave in ways consistent with the original perception is -nown as a sel%%ul%illing prophecy.
*+# 3
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
2
21) (hich o% the %ollowing terms re%ers to choices made %rom among two or more alternatives/ A) in:uiry B) decision C) perception ) intuition !) rationalization Answer# B
!$planation# B) A decision re%ers to choices made %rom among two or more alternatives. Individual decision ma-ing is thus an important part o% organizational behavior. But the way individuals ma-e decisions and the :uality o% their choices are largely in%luenced by their perceptions.
*+# 4
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
2) AFn) ________ re%ers to a discrepancy between the current state o% a%%airs and some desired state. A) problem B) decision C) instinct ) intuition !) perception Answer# A
!$planation# A) A problem re%ers to a discrepancy between the current state o% a%%airs and some desired state. ecision ma-ing occurs as a reaction to a problem.
*+# 4
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# e%ine organizational behavior and identi%y the variables associated with its study
23) (hich o% the %ollowing is a decisionma-ing model that describes how individuals should behave in order to ma$imize some outcome/
A) rational decisionma-ing model B) %le$ible decisionma-ing model C) distributive decisionma-ing model ) associative decisionma-ing model !) integrative decisionma-ing model Answer# A
!$planation# A) <ational decisionma-ing model re%ers to a decisionma-ing model that describes how individuals should behave in order to ma$imize some outcome. It relies on a number o% assumptions' including that the decision ma-er has complete in%ormation' is able to identi%y all the relevant options in an unbiased manner' and chooses the option with the highest utility.
*+# 2
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations 24) (hich o% the %ollowing statements is true regarding the rational decisionma-ing model/ A) It ta-es into consideration the limited in%ormationprocessing capability o% individuals. B) It involves constructing simpli%ied models without capturing all their comple$ity.
C) It deals with satis%icing decisions by see-ing solutions that are satis%actory and su%%icient. ) It assumes that an individual is able to identi%y all relevant options in an unbiased manner. !) It is an unconscious decisionma-ing process created %rom d istilled e$perience.
Answer#
!$planation# ) 9he rational decisionma-ing model relies on a number o% assumptions' including that the decision ma-er has complete in%ormation' is able to identi%y all the relevant options in an unbiased manner' and chooses the option with the highest utility.
*+# 2
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations
=
22) (hat is the %irst step in the rational decisionma-ing model/ A) developing alternatives
B) de%ining the problem
C) identi%ying the decision criteria ) weighing the decision criteria !) evaluating the alternatives Answer# B
!$planation# B) 9he rational decisionma-ing model %ollows a si$step process. 9he steps are 1) e%ining the problem ) Identi%ying the decision criteria 3) Allocating weights to the criteria 4) eveloping the alternatives 2) !valuating the alternatives and ; ) Selecting the best alternative. *+# 2
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place 2;) Anne (arner' a climate campaigner at an environmental organization' is in charge o%
implementing a campaign activity where she needs to increase the use o% renewable energy in the villages o% 7ietnam. ?or her proect' she uses the rational decisionma-ing model to implement activities. She has ust completed identi%ying an appropriate criteria %or decision ma-ing and has allocated weights to the criteria. (hich o% the %ollowing is (arner most li-ely to underta-e ne$t according to the model/
A) develop options o% wind' solar' and hydro energy B) analyze the problems o% the proect
C) determine goals o% the proect
) select hydro energy as the best option
!) weigh advantages between solar and wind energy Answer# A
!$planation# A) 9he rational decisionma-ing model %ollows a si$step process. 9he steps are 1) e%ine the problem ) Identi%y the decision criteria 3) Allocate weights to the criteria 4)
evelop the alternatives 2) !valuate the alternatives and ;) Select the best alternative. Anne should now develop various alternative solutions.
*+# 2
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
2=) (ith re%erence to decision ma-ing' which o% the %ollowing does satis%icing involve/ A) weighing each criteria be%ore ma-ing a decision
B) see-ing solutions that are satis%actory and su%%icient C) scrutinizing and evaluating each alternative in detail ) selecting the best option with the highest utility !) %inding optimal solutions to problems
Answer# B
!$planation# B) 9he limited in%ormationprocessing capability o% human beings ma-es it impossible to assimilate and understand all the in%ormation necessary to optimize. In addition' many problems li-ely do not have an optimal solution because they are too complicated to be bro-en down into the parameters o% the rational decisionma-ing model. 8ence' people satis%ice'
that is' they see- solutions that are satis%actory and su%%icient. *+# 2
i%%iculty# 5oderate ,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations 2>) !mily Boyce' a proect manager at an insurance %irm' regularly satis%ices while ma-ing decisions. She o%ten comes across complicated problems which would ta-e a long time to resolve. ue to the pressing deadlines' she o%ten meets proect goals by satis%icing a large number o% her decisions. (hich o% the %ollowing is Boyce most li-ely to do/
A) see- complete in%ormation while ma-ing decisions B) search %or solutions that are reasonable
C) identi%y all possible options to solutions
) analyze each alternative in an unbiased manner !) choose the optimal solution to each problem Answer# B
!$planation# B) 9he limited in%ormationprocessing capability o% human beings ma-es it impossible to assimilate and understand all the in%ormation necessary to optimize. In addition' many problems li-ely do not have an optimal solution because they are too complicated to be bro-en down into the parameters o% the rational decisionma-ing model. 8ence' people satis%ice'
that is' they see- solutions that are satis%actory and su%%icient. *+# 2
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations
@
2@) A process o% ma-ing decisions by constructing simpli%ied models that e$tract the essential %eatures %rom problems without capturing all their comple$ity is -nown as ________.
A) optimal decision ma-ing B) intuitive decision ma-ing C) bounded rationality
) active selection
!) incremental decision ma-ing Answer# C
!$planation# C) 9he human mind cannot %ormulate and solve comple$ problems with %ull
rationality. 9hus' they operate within the con%ines o% bounded rationality. 9he process o% ma-ing decisions by constructing simpli%ied models that e$tract the essential %eatures %rom problems without capturing all their comple$ity is -nown as bound ed rationality.
*+# 2
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations ;) ________ is an unconscious process created %rom distilled e$perience.
A) "rocess consultation B) Action research
C) Intuitive decision ma-ing ) Active selection
!) !motional intelligence Answer# C
!$planation# C) Intuitive decision ma-ing is an unconscious process created %rom distilled e$perience. Intuitive decision ma-ing occurs outside conscious thought' relies on holistic associations' is %ast' and engages in emotions.
*+# 2
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations ;1) (hich o% the %ollowing is true about intuitive decision ma-ing/
A) It is a slow process o% decision ma-ing. B) It is devoid o% emotions.
C) It is the most rational way o% ma-ing decision. ) It occurs within conscious thought.
!) It involves ma-ing decisions based on distilled e$perience. Answer# !
!$planation# !) Intuition re%ers to an unconscious process created out o% distilled e$perience. It occurs outside conscious thought and relies on holistic associations' or lin-s between disparate pieces o% in%ormation. It is %ast and is a%%ectively charged' meaning it usually engages the
emotions. *+# 2
i%%iculty# 5oderate ,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations
;) "hyllis Stintson needs to decide whether to start a campaign against de%orestation in
Indonesia. 9hough her research team has provided substantial in%ormation on the high %easibility o% the proect' Stintson does not go ahead with the proect. I% Stintson made her decision by drawing unconscious re%erences %rom several di%%erent e$periences in the past' her de cision is most li-ely in%luenced by which o% the %ollowing/
A) optimization B) intuition
C) %undamental attribution error ) %raming e%%ect
!) anchoring bias Answer# B
!$planation# B) Intuition is a highly comple$ and highly developed %orm o% reasoning that is based on years o% e$perience and learning. 9he -ey to using intuition in decision ma-ing is
neither to abandon nor to rely solely on intuition' but to supplement it with evidence and good udgment.
*+# 2
AACSB# Analytic S-ills i%%iculty# 5oderate
,uest. Category# Application
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations ;3) 9he ________ bias is a tendency to %i$ate on initial in%ormation and %ail to ade:uately adust %or subse:uent in%ormation.
A) hindsight B) overcon%idence C) anchoring ) availability !) sel%serving Answer# C
!$planation# C) 9he anchoring bias is a tendency to %i$ate on initial in%ormation and %ail to ade:uately adust %or subse:uent in%ormation. It occurs because our mind appears to give a disproportionate amount o% emphasis to the %irst in%ormation it receives.
*+# ;
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations
31
;4) eanne !dwards wor-s as a campaign manager at <ain%orest Alliance 9rust' a %orest
protection organization in Indonesia. She is currently wor-ing on the "alm +il Campaign' which aims to establish stringent laws against companies which aggravate de%orestation by e$ tracting palm oil %or commercial use. 8er role is to establish allies with other %orest protection
organizations and companies which use eco%riendly products that set good e$amples %or other companies to %ollow. eanne allied with Eri%%in and " owell' a large multinational company' which' un-nown to eanne' also has strong ties with local logging groups in a-arta. (hich o% the %ollowing' i% true' would strengthen the argument that eanne had an availability bias while establishing an ally with the company/
A) Eri%%in and "owell ensures that all their CS< initiatives on %orests are regularly and substantially publicized.
B) eanne has ade:uate e$perience in leading such campaigns. C) eanne is well ac:uainted with various research techni:ues.
) eanne has access to environmental records maintained by the In%ormation 5inistry. !) <ain%orest Alliance 9rust has strong networ-s with local environmental research organizations.
Answer# A
!$planation# A) 9he tendency %or people to base their udgments on in%ormation that is readily available to them re%ers to availability bias. I% Eri%%in and "owell ensures that all their Corporate Social <esponsibility FCS<) initiatives on %orests are regularly and substantially publicized' then this supports the argument that eanne has an availability bias and made her decision to ally with the company a%ter learning about their CS< initiatives. I% eanne has ade:uate e$perience in leading such campaigns and is well ac:uainted with various research techni:ues' it wea-ens the argument because it would mean that she would tend to be unbiased while ma-ing decisions. I% eanne has access to environmental records maintained by the In%ormation 5inistry' it would imply that she has access to a wide range o% in%ormation and would not ma-e a decision based on readily available in%ormation. I% the <ain%orest Alliance 9rust has strong networ-s with local environmental research organizations' then this would also mean that eanne has access to a wide range o% in%ormation and would not ma-e a decision based on readily available in%ormation. *+# ;
AACSB# <e%lective 9hin-ing i%%iculty# 8ard
,uest. Category# Critical 9hin-ing
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
;2) ohanna 5urray' a climate campaigner at 9he Dational ?ootprint ?oundation' is -nown in her organization to be a campaigner o% caliber and high per%ormance. She has strong networ-s with the 5inistry o% !nvironment and allies with several environmental organizations in the country. +ver the years' she has gained substantial -nowledge on the issue o% climate change. 8owever' recently when she prepared a consolidated report on a con%erence she attended on climate change' it re%lected maor loopholes and limited in%ormation %rom the con%erence. (hich o% the %ollowing' i% true' substantiates that ohanna had an anchoring bias/
A) ohanna was moved by the arguments put %orth by the %irst spea-er.
B) ohanna participated actively in the interactive session conducted at the end.
C) 9he spea-ers at the con%erence consisted o% renowned environmental scientists and activists. ) ohanna has attended several con%erences where the panel consisted o% eminent scientists. !) ohanna was shoc-ed by the startling %acts shown during the concluding session.
Answer# A
!$planation# A) A tendency to %i$ate on initial in%ormation' %rom which one then %ails to ade:uately adust %or subse:uent in%ormation' re%ers to an anchoring bias. I% ohanna were
moved by the arguments put %orward by the %irst spea-er' then this supports the argument that she had an anchoring bias because this may have led her to prepare a report which had limited
in%ormation and %ocused on initial parts o% the con%erence. I% ohanna participated actively in the interactive session conducted at the end' then this wor-s against the argument. It is irrelevant to the argument that the spea-ers at the con%erence consisted o% renowned environmental scientists and activists. I% ohanna has attended several con %erences where the panel consisted o% eminent scientists' it wor-s against the argument because it indicates that she is used to attending similar con%erences and not overwhelmed by the presence o% eminent scientists. 8ence' this wea-en s the argument. ohanna being shoc-ed by the startling %acts shown during the concluding session wea-ens the argument as it shows that she did not %i$ate only on the in%ormation presented at the beginning o% the con%erence.
*+# ;
AACSB# <e%lective 9hin-ing i%%iculty# 8ard
,uest. Category# Critical 9hin-ing
*earning +utcome# Apply the study o% perception and attribution to the wor-place
33
;;) 9he tendency to see- out in%ormation that rea%%irms past choices and to discount in%ormation that contradicts past udgments is -nown as aFn) _____ ___ bias.
A) distinction B) omission C) impact ) con%irmation !) anchoring Answer#
!$planation# ) 9he con%irmation bias represents a speci%ic case o% selective perception. "eople see- out in%ormation that rea%%irms past choices and discount in%ormation that contradicts them. 9hey also tend to accept at %ace value in%ormation that con%irms their preconceived views' while they are critical and s-eptical o% in%ormation that challenges these views.
*+# ;
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations ;=) ________ bias re%ers to the tendency %or people to base their udgments on in%ormation that is easily accessible. A) Anchoring B) Availability C) +vercon%idence ) Con%irmation !) 8indsight Answer# B
!$planation# B) Availability bias re%ers to the tendency %or people to base their udgments on in%ormation that is readily available to them.
*+# ;
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations ;>) (hich o% the %ollowing types o% biases is most li-ely to play a signi%icant role during a
negotiation/ A) impact bias B) normalcy bias C) distinction bias ) anchoring bias !) status :uo bias Answer#
!$planation# ) Any time a negotiation ta-es place' so does anchoring. ?or e$ample' when a prospective employer as-s how much you made in your prior ob' your answer typically anchors
the employer&s o%%er. *+# ;
i%%iculty# !asy
,uest. Category# Concept
*earning +utcome# iscuss the %actors in%luencing individual decision ma-ing in organizations
