Glossary - Power Definitions

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Glossary - Power Defi nitions

Satellite

Switched

Monitored

Basic & Metered

Software Environmental Accessories Brackets Resources Educational

What is an Amp?

An Amp (or Ampere) is the standard measure of electrical current. Much like water fl owing through a pipe, the Amp is a measure of how much electricity is moving through a wire at a given time. The Amp draw of a circuit is dependent on the needs of the devices plugged into it, and is limited by the branch circuit protection.

What is a Volt?

A Volt is the standard measure of electrical potential and a fi xed value for every circuit. Voltage is measured with respect to a reference point (usually between the two respective conductors of the circuit). Voltage is analogous to pressure in a water pipe. Higher pressures, or higher voltages, allow more energy to fl ow within a given amount of time for a given wire size. Standard voltages present in most data centers are 120V and 208V in the U.S., and 230V in continental Europe. Some newer U.S. data centers are being designed to utilize 230V.

What is a Watt?

A Watt is the measure of total work performed by the energy consumed in a system. The calculation is: Watts = Volts x Amps x Power Factor.

What is a Energy?

Energy is electricty as a raw material, measured in Volts and Amps available to do work.

What is AC?

Alternating Curent, or AC, is energy delivered in a form that can travel the long distances necessary from generating plants to homes and businesses. The term AC refl ects the fact that the voltage and current are always changing in value, or alternating between a positive and negative threshold over a centerline.

What is DC?

Direct Current, or DC, is energy that does not alternate over a fi xed period of time, but rather has a steady value with reference to zero. DC does not travel great distances well.

What does RMS mean?

RMS stands for Root-Mean-Squared. It is used in conjunction with AC Volts and AC Amps to express an average value. A true RMS calculation takes into account the shape and phases of the wave forms being delivered to a circuit. AC voltage and current are ever-changing values. Using RMS measurements provides useful values.

Additional power charts and calculations available on

What is Apparent Power?

Apparent Power is the instantaneous calculation of Volts x Amps.

What is Real Power?

Real Power is the RMS value of Watts.

What is Power Factor?

Power Factor is the ratio of Real Power to Apparent Power. Its value ranges from 0 to 1. A value of 1, or 100% is unity power. Lower values of Power Factor indicate that the circuit is wasting energy. Any diff erence between the RMS value of Watts and the Volt-Amps value indicates ineffi ciencies in the way power is being used by the equipment on the circuit.

What is PUE?

PUE stands for Power Use Eff ectiveness. PUE is a measure of how effi ciently power is being used in a data center, and is becoming the standard benchmarking metric in most data centers. PUE is determined by dividing the total facility power use (Building Watts) by the IT equipment load (IT Watts). The power distribution within the building has several points where losses occur (UPS, transformers, wire runs), so the ideal place to measure the IT power load is at the cabinet level within the power strip. These readings can be collected and aggregated to determine the IT power load. Once an initial assessment of PUE has been made, eff orts can be made to improve PUE by applying various methods to improve operational effi ciencies in the data center.

What is EUE?

Unlike the commonly used Power Usage Eff ectiveness metric, EUE is based on energy rather than power. The EPA Energy Star program focuses measurements on energy rather than power. The new Energy Star certifi cation is a rating for data centers and is based on Energy Usage Eff ectiveness (EUE). A data center’s EUE, normalized for a variety of the facility’s characteristics, calculates the 1-100 rating for that facility. Data centers in the top 25 percentile qualify for Energy Star certifi cation. EUE is calculated by dividing the total source energy (ITVA) by total UPS energy (UPS VA). Some factors will not be a part of the calculation, such as heating and cooling degree days, data center type (traditional, hosting, Internet, etc) and UPS utilization. The EPA plans to launch the new rating system in April of 2010.

What is DCiE?

DCiE stands for Data Center Infrastructure Effi ciency. DCIE is IT Power divided by Total Facility Power, expressed as a percent (%). DCIE is the inverse of PUE.

Building Watts _____________ IT Watts

=

IT VA _____________ UPS VA

=

IT Watts _____________ Building Watts

=

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Glossary - Power Defi nitions

Satellite Monitored Basic & Metered Switched Educational Software Environmental Accessories Brackets Resources

What is 3 Phase DELTA?

3 Phase DELTA from 208V Source

L15-20P Plug

A 3 Phase DELTA is a 4 wire confi guration consisting of 3 phase conductors (X, Y and Z) and a Ground. Without the neutral present, only phase to phase wiring is possible. The potential between any two phase conductors is typically 208V.

What is 3 Phase WYE?

3 Phase WYE from 120/208V Source

L21-20P Plug

A 3 Phase 120/208V WYE is a 5 wire confi guration consisting of 3 Phase conductors (X, Y and Z), Neutral and Ground. The potential between any 2 phase conductors is 208V. The potential between any phase and neutral is 120V. This confi guration can be wired to provide 120V, 208V or a combination of both voltages within one PDU.

X PHASE

GROUND

NEUTRAL

Z PHASE

Y PHASE

X PHASE

GROUND

Z PHASE

Y PHASE

X PHASE

Z PHASE

Y PHASE

208V (XY) 208V (ZX) 208V (YZ)

GROUND

X PHASE

NEUTRAL

Z PHASE

Y PHASE

208V (XY) 208V (ZX) 120V (XN) 120V (YN) 120V (ZN) 208V (YZ)

GROUND

Three Phase Load Calculator

Geist has generated a useful tool for calculating phase loads in delta or wye confi gured three phase power distribution units. This tool, located in the Literature Sheets section of the Geist website, allows users to input known load values to determine resulting line currents. This is particularly useful in understanding 20-60 amp three phase units incorporating multiple internal circuits.

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Glossary - Power & Conformance Defi nitions

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What is an IEC Connector?

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a not-for profi t,

non-governmental international standard organization that publishes International Standards for electrical and electronic products. IEC connectors are inlets and sockets used for AC Mains electricity that conform to the IEC 60320 Standard (plugs fall under IEC 60309). The plug and receptacle confi guration chart on page 198 shows IEC confi gurations that are available in Geist products.

What is a NEMA Connector?

NEMA, which stands for the National Electrical Manufacturers Association,

is a standards-setting body for the North American electrical industry. NEMA connectors are plugs and receptacles used for mains electricity that conform to NEMA standards. The plug and receptacle confi guration chart on page 198 shows NEMA confi gurations that are available in Geist products.

What is AWG?

American Wire Gauge standard measurement for the cross sectional area of an electical conductor.

What is a “Plenum Rated” cable?

A “Plenum” is compartment or chamber used for HVAC air distribution. In the data center, this is typically the space below a raised fl oor. A “Plenum Rated” cable refers to structured cabling permitted by building code for use in plenum spaces. Plenum rated cable has a slow-burning, fi re-resistant casing that emits little smoke. Article 645 of the National Electric Code (NEC), titled Information Technology Equipment, discusses the use of power cables under a raised fl oor.

What are Isolated Ground units?

Solid state electronic equipment contain microprocessors that are adversely aff ected by Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). In Geist’s Isolated Ground units, the receptacle ground conductor is permitted to pass through panel boards, junction boxes, etc. without being bonded to the equipment grounding conductor. This isolation minimizes EMI potential within the installation. An external chassis grounding wire is electrically isolated from the receptacle grounding wire. It must be connected to a reliable earth connection to minimize the potential for electrical shock. Isolated Ground PDU’s are especially benefi cial in audio/ video applications. More information on NEC’s codes for isolated ground systems can be found in the NEC Section 250-146(d). Standard Geist Isolated Ground units can be found on pages 11 and 24. Contact Customer Service with your custom requirements.

What is the FCC?

The FCC, or Federal Communications Commission, is a United States Government Agency charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. FCC rules prohibit electronic equipment used in the United States from emitting any Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) that endangers the functioning of a radio navigation service or other safety services or seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts a radio communications service. The FCC has established maximum emission levels for unintentional radiators based on whether they are intended for commercial or household use. Products intended for household use are required to meet Class B limits, while products intended for commercial use are required to meet Class A limits. Representative samples of Geist Manufacturing products are tested by an FCC Registered Lab to the Class A limits. All Geist Manufacturing products are compliant with FCC regulations. CAUTION: CAUTION: CHASSIS CHASSIS GROUND MUST GROUND MUST BE CONNECTED BE CONNECTED TO EARTH GROUND. TO EARTH GROUND.

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drawing courtesy of

www

.plenaform.com

CAUTION: CAUTION: UNIT CONTAINS UNIT CONTAINS ISOLATED GROUND ISOLATED GROUND RECEPTACLES. RECEPTACLES. CHASSIS GROUND CHASSIS GROUND MUST BE CONNECTED MUST BE CONNECTED TO EARTH GROUND TO EARTH GROUND BEFORE BEFORE INSTALLING UNIT. INSTALLING UNIT.

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www.geistmfg.com Made In USA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EQUIPMENT E214832

No user serviceable parts inside.

Ne contient aucun composant pouvant etre repare par l’utilisateur. 48 A, 208-240 VAC, 3~, 50/60 Hz 2ZPRM128-106C19PS15 G C 09110418

Glossary - Conformance Defi nitions

What is UL®?

UL® stands for Underwiters Laboratories, Inc. It is an independent agency approved by NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) to determine the life safety of equipment used in the workplace.

What does “UL® Listed” mean?

The term is used by UL® when it determines that a complete product, such as a personal computer power strip (PDU), is safe for use as intended by the manufacturer. Only UL® can authorize the use of the UL® Listing Mark.

What does the “cULus®” mark represent?

This mark is placed on products that have been tested and evaluated by UL® to both Canadian and US safety requirements.

What does the CE mark represent?

The CE Mark is a required conformance mark that must be placed on certain types of electrical and electronic equipment sold in the European Union. The CE mark is used to indicate that a manufacturer certifi es that a product conforms to all applicable European safety and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) directives.

How Do I Decipher the Geist product label?

1. The model or type designation 2. The rated voltage or voltage range 3. The rated frequency or frequency range 4. The rated current or current range

5. The manufacturer’s name or registered trademark or unique number assigned by testing agency 6. The approval mark of the safety agency that tested the product

7. UL fi le # - more information available at htp://database.ul.com/

8. Safety agencies require documentation of the month and year a product is manufactured. Serial numbers are used by most manufacturers to accomplish this. The serial numbers utilized on a daily, weekly or monthly basis are recorded. Geist’s serial numbers and barcodes enable detailed tracking.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

What is the NEC?

NEC stands for National Electric Code and is sponsored by the NFPA. These guidelines, also known as NFPA70, are used to safeguard life and property from hazards arising from electricity. The NEC is not a US Law, however conformance to is is commonly mandated by State or local law. UL is an independent agency approved by the NFPA to ensure product compliance with the NEC. Additional information is available at www.nfpa.org.

What is RoHS Compliance,

and how does it aff ect me?

RoHS (pronounced “rows” or “row-hoss”) is an acronym for Restriction on the use of Certain Hazardous Substances. The term RoHS is most commonly used to refer to the European Union’s (EU) RoHS Directive. The objective of the EU RoHS directive is to restrict the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. This reduction is intended to both reduce the amount of hazardous substances in landfi lls resulting from the disposal of electrical and electronic equipment and to minimize the health and environmental impact of recycling electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS Compliance is mandatory for PDU products sold in Europe, and is becoming increasingly more important for PDU products sold in the United States. For example, California has already passed Proposition 65, a RoHS-like law requiring certain electrical and electronic equipment to comply with the requirements established by the EU RoHS Directive.

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Charts

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R x I

P

I

P x R

R x I

V

I

V

P

2 2 2 2

P

I

V

R

P

V

P

R

V x I

V

R

Ohm’s Law Pie Chart Power Wheel

Power Ratings and Requirements for a Single AC Feed

PDU Nameplate Current Rating Branch Circuit Rating Volts Nameplate Volts Actual

Delivered Phase Watts

80% Rule De-rated Watts PDU Nameplate Current x V BTU / hr (kW x 3414) AC Tons** (BTU / 12000) Air Volume*** (120 CFM * kW) 12 15 125 120 1 1,800 1,440 1.4 4,916 0.41 168 16 20 125 120 1 2,400 1,920 1.9 6,555 0.55 228 24 30 125 120 1 3,600 2,880 2.9 9,832 0.82 348 16 20 250 208 1 4,160 3,328 3.3 11,362 0.95 396 24 30 250 208 1 6,240 4,992 5.0 17,043 1.42 600 35 50 250 208 1 10,400 7,280 7.3 24,854 2.07 876 48 60 250 208 1 12,480 9,984 10.0 34,085 2.84 1,200 16 20 230 230 1 4,600 3,680 3.7 12,564 1.05 444 24 30 230 230 1 6,900 5,520 5.5 18,845 1.57 660 48 60 230 230 1 13,800 11,040 11.0 37,691 3.14 1,320 16 20 120/208 208 3 7,197 5,757 5.8 19,656 1.64 696 24 30 120/208 208 3 10,795 8,636 8.6 29,484 2.46 1,032 35 50 120/208 208 3 17,992 12,594 12.6 42,997 3.58 14,712 48 60 120/208 208 3 21,590 17,272 17.3 58,968 4.91 2,076 80 100 120/208 208 3 35,984 28,787 28.8 98,279 8.19 3,456 100 125 120/208 208 3 44,980 35,984 36.0 122,849 10.24 4,320 120 150 120/208 208 3 53,976 43,181 43.2 147,419 12.28 5,184 16 20 230/400 230 3 13,800 11,040 11.0 37,691 3.14 1,320 24 30 230/400 230 3 20,700 16,560 16.6 56,536 4.71 1,992

*3 Phase power is calculated by multiplying single phase by the sq-root of 3 or 1.73 **Tons of Air Conditioning required to remove heat from associated IT load.

***The volume of air that is typically required by the IT equipment for each kW of IT load can typically range from 80 to 140 CFM.

Branch Circuit Rating PDU Nameplate Rating Wire AWG # of Conductors 15 A, 120 V 12 A, 120 V 14 3 15 A, 208 V 12 A, 208 V 14 3 20 A, 120 V 16 A, 120 V 12 3 20 A, 208 V 16 A, 208 V 12 3 20 A, 208 V 3~ DELTA 16 A, 208 V 3~ DELTA 12 4 20 A, 120/208 V 3~ WYE 16 A, 120/208 V 3~ WYE 12 5 30 A, 120 V 24 A, 120 V 10 3 30 A, 208 V 24 A, 208 V 10 3 30 A, 208 V 3~ DELTA 24 A, 208 V 3~ DELTA 10 4 30 A, 120/208 V 3~ WYE 24 A, 120/208 V 3~ WYE 10 5 50 A, 208 V 3~ DELTA 35 A, 208 V 3~ DELTA 8 4 50 A, 208 V 40 A, 208 V 6 3 50 A, 208 V 3~ DELTA 40 A, 208 V 3~ 6 4 60 A, 208 V 48 A, 208 V 6 3 60 A, 208 V 3~ DELTA 48 A, 208 V 3~ DELTA 4 4

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Charts

60A breaker at panel unit de-rated to 48A per UL®/ NEC max load is limited per UL®/ NEC

ON l 50 OFF l ON l 20 OFF l Lxz - 17.3A max ON l 20 OFF l Lyz - 17.3A max ON l 20 OFF l Lxy - 17.3A max ON l 20 OFF l Lxz - 17.3A max ON l 20 OFF l Lyz - 17.3A max ON l 20 OFF l Lxy - 17.3A max

Input Power: (60A) (208V) (1.73) (80%) = 17.3kW

Output Power: 6 circuits, 17.3A/circuit max Output Power: (6) (17.3A) (208V) (80%) = 17.3kW

60A 3 Phase with 6 each 2 pole breakers

100A breaker at panel unit de-rated to 80A per UL®/ NEC max load is limited per internal breaker factor of safety

ON

l

60

OFF

l

Input Power: (100A) (208V) (1.73) (80%) = 28.8kW

Output Power: 12 circuits, 20/1.73 circuit max Output Power: (12) (11.5A) (208V) (80%) = 23kW

ON l 20 OFF l Lxy=11.5A max Lyz=11.5A max Lzx=11.5A max ON l 20 OFF l Lxy=11.5A max Lyz=11.5A max Lzx=11.5A max ON l 20 OFF l Lxy=11.5A max Lyz=11.5A max Lzx=11.5A max ON l 20 OFF l Lxy=11.5A max Lyz=11.5A max Lzx=11.5A max

80A 3 Phase with 4 each 3 pole breakers

60A breaker at panel unit de-rated to 48A per UL®/ NEC max load is limited per UL®/ NEC

ON

l

60

OFF

l

Input Power: (60A) (208V) (1.73) (80%) = 17.3kW

Output Power: 12 circuits, 20/1.73=11.5A/circuit max Output Power: (9) (11.5A) (208V) (80%) = 17.3kW

ON l 20 OFF l Lxy=11.5A max Lyz=11.5A max Lzx=11.5A max ON l 20 OFF l Lxy=11.5A max Lyz=11.5A max Lzx=11.5A max ON l 20 OFF l Lxy=11.5A max Lyz=11.5A max Lzx=11.5A max

60A 3 Phase with 3 each 3 pole breakers

50A breaker at panel unit de-rated to 40A per NEC max load is limited by breaker loads

ON

l

50

OFF

l

Lxy - 20A max 2 pole breaker limits load Load should be de-rated to 16A ON l 20 OFF l

Input Power: (50A) (208V) (1.73) (80%) = 14.4kW

Output Power: 3 circuits, 20A/circuit max Output Power: (3) (20A) (208V) (80%) = 10kW

35A 3 Phase with 3 each 2 pole breakers

ON l 20 OFF l ON l 20 OFF l

Lyz - 20A max 2 pole breaker limits load Load should be de-rated to 16A Lzx - 20A max 2 pole breaker limits load Load should be de-rated to 16A Represents multiple receptacles per circuit

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FAQ - Geist Specifi c

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Basic & Metered

Geist has the largest in-house engineering

department in the industry.

Geist’s in-house engineering department includes mechanical, electrical, conformance, board layout and software specialists. The testing lab at Geist is authorized to conduct UL® testing on Geist products to 60950 IT Equipment standards as part of the UL® Data Acceptance Program. Our software specialists can create software for new or custom products and deploy directly to production to reduce lead times. Geist also has an in-house team responsible for Embedded Circuit design, which allows for faster turnaround on custom applications requiring circuit boards. Geist’s engineering team is dedicated to providing the highest quality products and service available in the industry.

Geist invests in continuous improvement.

The Geist Metalworks division allows us to punch, bend and paint our own metal products. This allows Geist to reduce already short lead times by eliminating scheduling confl icts with suppliers. The Geist Metalworks team also helps reduce the lead time on custom units, making products available to the customer faster than ever before.

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FAQ - Geist Specifi c

Geist Has Gone Global

Geist now off ers an extensive line of power distribution units (PDUs), in-line meters and

environmental monitoring products that can be used around the world.

Geist’s global products comply with the harmonized IEC 60950 standard for Information Technology Equipment. In addition, Geist’s global products... - carry the CE mark for European Union safety and emissions conformance.

- are tested by UL, and are backed by Underwriters Laboratory Certification Body (CB) report. - are RoHS compliant.

- are C-Tick compliant to meet electromagnetic compatibility requirements for Australia and New Zealand.

Geist’s global PDUs are available in a variety of configurations to meet your needs:

- Remote models (monitored or switched), as well as local models (basic or metered)

- 16A, 32A or 48A - single phase or 3 phase - 50Hz and 60Hz compatibility

- Available with either IEC 60309 pin & sleeve (Commando) plugs or IEC 60320 C-20 input feeds - Globally accepted IEC 60320 and/or C-19 outlet receptacles

Like our PDUs, Geist’s in-line meters come in many configurations, which is enough to serve any monitoring requirement.

Geist’s full range of environmental monitors are also globally compatible. When ordering, just specify where the unit will be used and Geist will ship it with the appropriate power supply for that region. With Geist’s extensive global offerings, specifying a single configuration worldwide is easy.

Visit w w w. g e i s t i n t l . co m

Can Geist provide a basic Current Meter

that does not scroll through the additional

power information including Voltage, Watts

and Power Factor?

Geist single phase PDU’s containing the Power Meter have the option of being purchased with a real-time meter that displays only the Amp reading for the unit. Please contact your Customer Service Representative at 800-432-3219 for a part number modifi cation with this optional factory confi guration. Selection must be made at the time of purchase.

How do I connect multiple units from 1 IP

address?

Use a router or a switch with routing capabilities. The router connects to your network using one IP address and routes traffi c to and from the connected devices in their own separate address space. For example, if you had 3 devices you could assign IP addresses 10.0.5.2, 10.0.5.3 and 10.0.5.4 to those devices, and 10.0.5.1 to the device side of the router (this is called the gateway, and typically is assigned the fi rst IP address in a given range). The network side of the router would then be assigned a network address on your existing network. See page 73 for an illustration of this concept.

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FAQ - Power Specifi c

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Basic & Metered

What rating should I use to correctly select a

PDU for my installation?

There are several factors to consider when selecting a Geist PDU to ensure that the PDU has suffi cient capacity for the intended application. The three main factors to consider are (1) nameplate rating, (2) receptacle ratings, and (3) internal breaker confi guration.

NAMEPLATE: The nameplate rating marked on a Geist PDU is the intended operating voltage range and maximum operating input current. Nameplate ratings are based on both regulatory requirements and design factors and represent the continuous total current that the PDU will be able to deliver to a load. The PDU should not be installed in an application where the nameplate ratings are exceeded. RECEPTACLE: The PDU’s output power is connected to information technology equipment through either NEMA or IEC receptacles. The PDU should not be installed in a manner that will exceed the maximum current rating of any individual receptacle. For example, a NEMA 5-15R receptacle should not be loaded to over 15A regardless of the nameplate rating of the PDU it is installed in.

INTERNAL BREAKERS: Geist Manufacturing’s PDUs can be equipped with internal circuit breakers that are used to protect the circuit in case of overload or earth fault conditions. For PDUs rated 12A or 16A, the circuit breakers are optional components that act as supplementary protectors. For PDUs rated higher than 16A, the circuit breakers are required components that provide primary overcurrent and earth fault protection for the PDU’s internal circuits. The PDU should not be connected to a load that will exceed the current rating of an internal breaker. For maximum protection against nuisance tripping, it is recommended that internal breakers are only loaded to 80% of the breaker current rating.

Can I purchase a PDU without a circuit

breaker?

Yes, some confi gurations can be purchased without an internal circuit breaker. All Geist Manufacturing’s PDUs require an appropriately sized branch circuit breaker in the building installation. Branch circuit breakers should be sized according to the PDUs namplate rating, and electrical code requirements. To comply with the NEC the circuit breaker in the building installation should have a trip current rating that is 25% higher than the PDU’s nameplate. For example, a 16A rated PDU requires a 20A circuit breaker.

How do I determine how much power is

needed in a cabinet?

Perform the following for a quick estimate of the power needed in a cabinet:

• Add the power ratings in Watts (W) from the nameplate labels of the equipment you want to put in the cabinet. {Sometimes, the labels indicate Amps (A) instead of Watts (W). In this case, multiply Voltage (V) and Current (A) values to get an approximate value for power.} Example: 30 servers each using 300 Watts = 30 x 300 = 9,000 Watts, or 9kW. The chart on page 180 shows the relationship between single and three phase power feeds and the associated kW load that they will support when de-rated by 80% per UL/ NEC requirements. Additional information about heat load, air conditioning requirements and air volume requirements is also included for reference.

Why are Geist cord-connected units listed with

a de-rated Amperage?

Geist’s cord-connected PDUs carry a nameplate current rating that is 80% of the branch circuit rating listed in the catalog specifi cation. The nameplate current rating has been lowered in order to comply with UL®/NEC requirements. Geist PDUs are UL® Listed as Information Technology Equipment to the UL® 60950 Standard. UL® 60950 requires that the attachment plug of Listed Information Technology Equipment shall be rated not less than 125% of the Rated Current of the equipment at the nominal system voltage range as defi ned by the confi guration of the plug. This clause in UL® 60950-1 is based on the requirements of the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70) which state that branch circuit conductors and overcurrent protection devices shall be sized to carry 125% of the continuous load and 100% of the non-continuous load on the circuit breaker.

Due to this UL®/NEC requirement, the nameplate current rating of a Geist PDU is 80% of the maximum current rating of the branch circuit used to power the PDU. Most of Geist’s customers base their PDU input current specifi cations on the branch circuit ratings; consequently, the catalog lists the ratings of the branch circuit that the PDU is intended to be connected to. In addition to the branch circuit rating, it is important to consider the nampleate PDU rating which includes the 80% de-rating factor required by UL®/NEC when calculating PDU requirements.

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FAQ - Power Specifi c

Why can’t I output 120V from a 208V single

phase input?

Geist Manufacturing Power Distribution Units (PDUs) are high quality power strips intended to be used to distribute power to information technology equipment within a datacenter. These PDUs, which are available in single or three phase confi gurations, are not designed to increase or reduce the input circuit’s voltage level. Single Phase 120V rated power distribution units installed in North America will typically be powered by a 120V line-to-neutral circuit. The outlets on these PDUs will all be wired line-to-neutral and will output 120V. Single Phase 208V rated power distribution units installed in North America will typically be powered by a 208V line-to-line circuit. The Neutral conductor is not connected to a standard 208V single phase PDU; consequently, all outlets will be wired line-to-line and will output 208V.

What are the advantages of bringing

3 Phase power to my cabinet?

1) Less wire under the fl oor improves airfl ow and reduces wiring confusion. A 20A 3 Phase installation contains 5 wires where the equivalent single phase system would require 9 wires (3x3).

2) Fewer whips to pull saves you time and money. A 3 Phase system has one whip for the electrician to bring to the cabinet where the equivalent single phase system would have 3 whips. This saves both material and labor cost.

3) Simplifi ed load balancing reduces technician installation and troubleshooting time. With all 3 Phases available in a single cabinet, load balancing can be achieved at the cabinet level where similar type equipment is often found. In a single phase system, a minimum of 3 cabinets may need to be looked at to balance the same load.

Why should I consider designing my data

center with 208V instead of 120V?

The electrical power consumption of electrical appliances is measured in Watts (W). Wattage (Watts value) is a product of the rated Voltage (V) and Current (I). W = V x I. The higher the Voltage the lower the current required to supply the same Watts. The same size wire can carry nearly 2x as much power (Watts) @ 208V versus 120V. A Voltage of 208V instead of 120V, yields 1.73 times more power.

What are the benefi ts of utilizing two 20A

breakers versus two 15A breakers on a 30A

PDU?

20A breakers in a 30A unit allow maximum fl exibility of load connection without nuisance tripping. The receptacles in a 30A PDU are divided into two independent groups. A 30A PDU distributing to 15A or 20A receptacles must be broken down into either 15A or 20A circuits internally. By opting for 20A internal circuits, PDU circuit balance is less critical. One circuit may be loaded to >15A. This would not be possible if each breaker were rated at 15A.

Can you distribute both 120V and 208V

from a PDU with a single input cord?

PDUs with 3 Phase WYE input allow for the option of distributing 120V and 208V in a single power strip. 3 phase WYE consists of 3 Phases, 1 Neutral and 1 Ground conductor. 208V output is achieved across two phase conductors and 120V output is achieved across one phase conductor and the neutral conductor. See diagram on page 177.

How does Wattage relate to heat in a

cabinet?

Heat is measured in Watts. Power is measured in Watts. Almost all electrical energy used in computing is converted to heat. A computer power supply can be as low as 80% effi cient. This means that for every 100 Watts it draws, 20 Watts may be converted directly into heat without ever being used by the computer. As the computer processes information, the rest of the power is dissipated throughout the system as heat. Since all power can be counted as heat, adding the Watt ratings of all equipment in a cabinet will give a relatively 1:1 relationship to heat generated. Example: 40 servers x 300 Watts each = 12,000 Watts (12kW) heat.

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FAQ - Industry Topics

Satellite

Switched

Monitored

Basic & Metered

Magnetic Breaker / Switch

Push to reset

What is the diff erence between a circuit

breaker or surge suppressor?

CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is a device that opens and closes an electrical circuit. It senses the current fl ow and operates automatically when the current exceeds the breaker’s trip threshold. Human intervention is required to switch the circuit back on. A circuit breaker is current limiting and is used to protect the wire within an installation.

SURGE SUPPRESSOR

A surge protector limits the magnitude of the voltage in an electrical circuit without interrupting the current fl ow. It is used to prevent voltage spikes from damaging electrical equipment.

Thermal Circuit Breaker

Surge Suppressor

Can Geist provide a unit with a “Plenum

Rated” power cable?

Geist is pleased to off er UL® Listed DP-1 Rated cable, with an FT-4 fl ame rating, as an option available on most Geist PDUs. Please contact us at 800-432-3219 for assistance with your specifi c application or additional information.

Are VISIO stencils available for Geist

products?

Geist Manufacturing has partnered with Altima Technologies to create visio shapes from standard Geist products. Shapes can be downloaded using Altima’s NetZoom™ software which is available at

www.altimatech.com. You can also contact your Geist CSR to request Visio shapes.

How does RoHS compliance aff ect me?

RoHS is an acronym for Restriction on the use of Certain Hazardous Substances. The term RoHS is most commonly used to refer to the European Union’s (EU) RoHS Directive. The objective of the EU RoHS directive is to restrict the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. This reduction is intended to both reduce the amount of hazardous substances in landfi lls resulting from the disposal of electrical and electronic equipment and to minimize the health and environmental impact of recycling electrical and electronic equipment.

RoHS Compliance is mandatory for PDU products sold in Europe, and is becoming increasingly more important for PDU products sold in the United States. For example, California has already passed Proposition 65, a RoHS-like law requiring certain electrical and electronic equipment to comply with the requirements established by the EU RoHS Directive. 2)) 21 &,5&8,7$ 2)) 21 &,5&8,7$ 32: (50(7(5 32:(5 )$&725$03692/76:$776 &, 5&8, 7 % &, 5&8, 7 %

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FAQ - Industry Trends & Best Practices

What gets measured, gets improved.

How do you measure “Green”?

Geist Manufacturing can help you capture return on green initiatives by providing the metrics you need, helping you decrease your carbon footprint. Whether it’s monitoring power consumption per server via outlet level monitoring or looking at environmental conditions within your data center, Geist has a solution for your monitoring needs. IP accessible units provide real-time feedback of actual data center conditions.

Power Triangle

The Power Triangle illustrates the ineffi ciency of typical equipment connected to AC power. Losses in an AC power load are primarily inductive or capacitive, expressed as reactance. Inductive losses are the result of magnetic opposition to current fl ow (motors, coils and transformers). Capacitive losses often arise from modern switching power supplies found in most IT equipment. Both types of losses result in wasted energy, as the energy delivered from the utility (VA) is greater than the work performed by that energy (W). The diff erence (VAR) represents wasted energy dollars.

A perfectly balanced AC load, where the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance, would result in a perfect use of delivered energy. In this case VA equals W, VAR is equal to zero, the Power Triangle becomes a straight line, and all energy delivered is used to perform work. This is also called unity Power Factor (PF = W/VA). A PF less than one indicates ineffi ciency and wasted energy.

What are the best products and practices for

true redundancy?

Mission Critical data centers design redundancy into their power systems, often taking dual feeds of power from the building entrance all the way to the cabinet. The basic tenant of redundancy is to reduce or eliminate single points of failure. For this reason, it is generally accepted practice to use two separate PDUs within each cabinet rather than one, dual-corded PDU. This practice maintains redundancy and eliminates the potential of a single point of failure in the power system.

There is, however, some critical thinking that goes along with cabinet level PDU loading. Since each server is likely to be running on two separate power supplies, each power supply should only be handling ½ of the total server load. By extending this thinking to the entire cabinet level PDU, each of a redundant set of PDUs should only be loaded to ½ of the PDU’s rated load. To load the cabinet level PDU to greater than ½ of its rated load could lead to a cascade failure if one power feed is interrupted. The shift of the entire server load onto the remaining PDU would overload the circuit protection and ultimately trip breakers, leaving the cabinet powerless.

One of the simplest ways to track cabinet level PDU loading is to invest in, at a minimum, locally monitored PDUs. Technicians can observe the curent load as cabinets are populated, ensuring that each PDU is loaded to no greater than ½ of the rated output current. Once the load has been achieved the remaining unused outlets should be blocked. Refer to Plug Outs and Plug Shields on page 170.

Why is density such a hot topic in data centers

recently?

Classic physics defi nes density as mass/unit volume. In the data center, density is used in a diff erent context. Density is referred to when cabinets are fi lled with power consuming equipment, leading to high power density and heat density. In past years, data center designers designed to accommodate certain power levels per square foot of raised fl oor space. Now, the trend is to consider power level per cabinet. For instance, 5-10 years ago, the norm was to load cabinets to 3-4 kW. Current servers use faster, more power hungry processors, leading to more power consumption. Cabinets fi lled with 1U servers, or blade servers, can draw upwards of 20kW. This high power consumption in a relatively small amount of space is referred to as high power density, or simply high density computing. Geist off ers several PDUs ideal for high density computing, with PDUs ranging up to 34kW. VA (billed $) WATTS (used) WATTS VA (billed $) CAPACATIVE VAR Leading PF INDUCTIVE VAR Lagging PF VAR (wasted $) VAR (wasted $) -better better MOTORS Fans Chillers IT LOAD Switch Mode P.S

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-FAQ - Best Practices

Satellite

Switched

Monitored

Basic & Metered

Why monitor current draw at the outlet level?

Monitoring current at the outlet level allows you to pinpoint potential system-critical failures and take preventative measures. A gradual rise in system current draw might indicate a power supply or cooling failure. A sharp spike might indicate a short circuit. Outlet level monitoring can also help track where power is being used. Outlet monitoring is also an easy way to accomodate departmentalized power billing within large companies whose data centers serve several departments. The screen shots below are from the XPWM249-103M46TL21-OM found on page 84. Contact your Customer Service Representative to review your specifi c needs.

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FAQ - Best Practices

What is the importance of branch circuit

monitoring at the PDU level?

Branch Circuit Monitoring is often promoted by Remote Power Panel (RPP) manufacturers as the best way to collect IT load data and prevent downtime due to circuit overloading. In most of today’s data centers, that is not true. Most branch circuit deployments in modern data centers are above 30 Amps, which means the power strips deployed in the cabinets must be broken down into sub-circuits sized for the receptacles within the strips. A 30 Amp strip, for instance, will contain at least two branch circuits internally to satisfy the requirements of the NEC and still allow the user access to all of the available power. Higher power units, such as 60 Amp x 3 Phase units can contain up to 6 internal circuits to satisfy the NEC and still allow access to all available power.

Monitoring at the strip level in these instances allows more granular power readings. In a 30 Amp single phase power strip, for example, it would be best to monitor the incoming current and both internal branch circuits.

Monitoring the input phase currents can give warnings to the end user if the overall current is about to breach the threshold of the remote power panel mounted branch circuit protector. Monitoring of each individual circuit within the strip is still necessary. This sub-circuit monitoring can not only ensure that the internal branch circuits are not overloaded, but can also help in properly balancing the load between the internal circuits. Internal load balancing within the power strips becomes more critical in 3 Phase loads, where there can be more internal circuits to balance. 30 Amp x 3 Phase power strips contain three internal circuits. If 208V deployment is used, the breakers each draw current off of two diff erent phases, further complicating the monitoring. In this instance, it would be ideal to monitor the three input phases (X, Y, Z) as well as the internal sub circuits which each draw power off of two diff erent phases (XY, YZ, ZX). Monitoring the sub circuits allows the loads to be evenly balanced over the 3 Phases and prevents overloading of any of the internal sub circuits. Monitoring the phase currents allows visibility of the load placed on the RPP mounted branch circuit.

Monitoring at the power strip level gives the clearest reading of the actual IT load within the data center. When calculating PUE or DCiE, or any other metric that uses the IT load, the IT load should be continually monitored as close to the actual IT load as possible. By monitoring in the power strip, the load is not aff ected by energy losses inherent within the power chain. The prominent losses associated with UPS and transformers, as well as losses in switchgear and due to wire run length, are discarded by monitoring at the strip level. This gives the clearest and most accurate view of the IT equipment load. Monitoring continuously gives the best visibility of the loads. This allows the user to see all data and trend it over time, as opposed to momentary monitoring (hourly, daily, weekly) which can miss peak usage times.

Why should I consider designing my data

center with 230/400V 3 Phase?

The standard power distribution system for large data centers in North America is a 277/480V three-phase power system. A typical data center uses distributed transformers to convert the voltage to 120V and 208V single-phase branch circuits for powering the IT equipment. Most of the rest of the world uses 230/400V power, which is simpler and more effi cient to use.

Converting from 277/480V to 230/400V can be accomplished using an autotransformer, which is cheaper, lighter, smaller and wastes less power than a conventional transformer. This also means lower cooling costs, as the autotransformer can be located outside the data center.

Modern IT equipment can use an input voltage anywhere from 100V to 240V, so a 230V branch circuit can power almost anything found in a modern data center. Since the power used by a given load is the product of Voltage times Current (see page 176), more power can be delivered to a rack using the same wiring. Power density can be increased without using additional breakers. Conversely, smaller gauge wire can be used to supply the same power to a given load. Either way, there is a cost savings in equipment required to deliver power to the load. Use of the international 230/400V distribution system instead of the standard 120/208V system can save up to 56% in the lifetime cost of the distribution system.

230/400V PDUs can be found in the following sections: Basic & Metered Monitored 20A - Page 44 20A - Page 80 30A - Page 64 30A - Page 85 Switched Satellite

20A - Page 108, 116 20A - Page 125 30A - Page 110, 118 30A - Page 130

What types of plugs does Geist off er on

230/400V 3 Phase PDUs?

Geist off ers 230/400 V, 3 Phase PDUs in two diff erent plug confi gurations. These units are available with either a Pin-and-Sleeve style plug or a NEMA plug. The NEMA plugs used on these units will either be a L22-20P or an L22-30P depending on the unit’s nameplate current rating. It is important to note that although the L22-20P and L22-30P plugs carry a voltage rating of 277/480 V, the PDU is still only intended to be powered by a 230/400 V, 3 phase source. Units that use the NEMA plugs will have an additional tag on the power cord to remind the user to only connect the PDU to a 230/400 V, 3 phase power supply.

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RT

(remote temperature sensor)

Page: 164

RTHD

(remote temperature & humidity sensor)

Page: 164

RTAFH

(remote temperature, air fl ow & humidity sensor)

Page: 164

RDPS

(remote door position sensor)

Page: 165

RTAF

(remote temperature & air fl ow sensor)

Page: 164

Satellite Power

Monitoring Plus Unit

Pages: 136 - 141

Power Monitoring

Plus Unit

Pages: 98 - 102

WSCK

(water sensing cable kit - perimeter sensing)

Page: 166

RWS

(remote water sensor - single point sensing)

Page: 165

Satellite

Switched

Monitored

Basic & Metered

Cabinet View

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Geist off ers a myriad of solutions that allow for remote monitoring of power consumption,

environmental conditions, or both within the same units. By incorporating environmental monitoring

together with power monitoring, a single Ethernet connection can be used to monitor both the power

consumption and the other conditions that can aff ect the operation of sensitive IT equipment. Prompt

notifi cation upon breach of power, temperature, or humidity thresholds can literally save the life of the

equipment and help prevent downtime within the IT system.

POWER MONITORING PLUS UNIT

— These master units allow combined cabinet level power and environmental monitoring in a single unit with a single Ethernet connection. Onboard sensors show power measurements such as current and voltage, as well as environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, light level, sound level, and airfl ow.

Pages: 98 - 102

SATELLITE POWER MONITORING PLUS UNIT

— Allow monitoring of additional power strips (in the case of A and B feeds) via the Power Monitoring Plus Unit. This allows for expanded power monitoring within a cabinet with a single Ethernet connection.

Pages: 136 - 141

RWS / WSCK

—Point or perimeter water sensing can be fed back to Power Monitoring Plus units by using either a Water Sensing Cable Kit or a Remote Water Sensor. Perimeter sensing is convenient in determining if moisture is present over large under fl oor areas. Point moisture sensing may be used in evaporator trays in or around HVAC systems.

Pages: 165 - 166

RT

— Various combinations of temperature sensing combined with other psychometric data are available in Geist’s sensor line, including temperature sensors that add parameters such as humidity, dew point, and/or airfl ow measurements. Temperature measurements are critical in early notifi cation of potential problems that can lead to server failure.

Page: 164

RTAFH

— Humidity can be important in determining if dry conditions can lead to static discharge, which can lead to early failure of sensitive electronic equipment.

Page: 164

RTHD

— Dew Point measurements can alert to the potential of condensation problems. This can be especially important in small, distributed cabinets such as those often found in large, industrial applications.

Page: 164

RTAF

— Air Flow measurements can provide critical data about fan functionality, potentially alerting personnel of fan failure before temperatures rise to critical levels.

Page: 164

RDPS

— Door position sensors can provide remote alerts to cabinet or room intrusion, and be used as part of security audits in co-location facilities.

Page: 165 Satellite Monitored Basic & Metered Switched Educational Software Environmental Accessories Brackets Resources

Cabinet View

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Co-Location Cabinet

Computer Room Air Conditioner

/ Computer Room Air Handler

Switch Cabinet

1 U Server Cabinet

Blade Server Cabinet

Data Center Room View

Satellite

Switched

Monitored

Basic & Metered

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Geist Manufacturing off ers power distribution and monitoring

solutions for a variety of data center environments. Although

this graphic shows an unlikely pairing of cabinets, the variety of

solutions suggested in the following paragraphs demonstrate

some possible solutions available from Geist.

COMPUTER ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS / COMPUTER

ROOM AIR HANDLERS (CRACs / CRAHs)

- An ideal place for Geist Environmental units, which allow for remote monitoring of incoming and outgoing air temperatures, humidity measurements, and other critical environmental conditions. Additional remote sensors, such as water sensors, can be added to monitor moisture in CRAC drain pans. Pages: 146 - 159, 164 - 167

SWITCH CABINETS

- Typically defi ned by low power consumption and heat load, Geist’s Current Monitoring or Satellite Current Monitoring 20 Amp (VHV) and 30 Amp (XP) series power distribution are economical and logical approaches for switch cabinets.

Pages: 78 - 84, 123 - 129

1U SERVER CABINETS

- 1U server cabinets present the greatest chance for ‘locked’ equipment. Geist’s Switched, Switched Ultra and Satellite Switched units allow for remote rebooting of locked servers, as well as allowing for remote monitoring of cabinet environmental conditions with the addition of remote environmental sensors. Pages: 104 - 110, 112 - 118, 142 - 144

BLADE CABINETS

- Geist ZP series PDUs outfi tted with Current Monitoring or Satellite Current Monitoring simplify management of high power applications such as blade server cabinets. ZP series PDUs solve power distribution problems of up to 34 kW with single power feeds. Geist environmental monitoring units can add critical temperature monitoring to heat generating blade cabinets.

Pages: 86 - 89, 131 - 134

CO-LO CABINETS

- Co-Location Cabinets are an ideal place for Power Monitoring Plus units, allowing remote, secure monitoring for environmental, power, and security status. Multiple security levels allow end users visibility of cabinet conditions and provide for a secure audit trail.

Pages: 98 - 102

Data Center Room View

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REMOTE TOWERS / OUTSIDE

PLANT STATIONS

Proximity and ease of access for remote/off -site IT locations can present distinct challenges for minimizing down-time. It is imperative for today’s IT manager to have remote access to reboot locked equipment in addition to monitoring site environmental conditions. Geist Solutions

Switched Pages: 104 - 110 Switched Ultra Pages: 112 - 118 Satellite Switched Pages: 142 - 144 Remote Sensors

Pages: 164 - 167

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WIRING CLOSETS

These dedicated spaces, located across your campus, house network and telecommunications equipment critical to providing reliable and secure communications. Wiring closets are exposed to a variety of environmental and power conditions, uniquely diff erent from your data center, and are often overlooked in up-time planning until a problem arises.

Geist Solutions Environmental Products Pages: 146 - 159 Power Monitoring Plus Pages: 98 - 102

3

2

1 Campus View

Satellite Switched Monitored

Basic & Metered

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DATA CENTER

Power distribution varies greatly from one data center to the next. However, the need for power and environmental monitoring remains constant for all installations. From low power consumption in the 2-5 kW range up to blade server applications utilizing 8-34 kW per cabinet, installers and technicians benefi t from immediate power consumption feedback with local monitoring. Geist Solutions

Metered Pages: 6 - 70

Current Monitoring Pages: 72 - 89 Power Monitoring Pages: 90 - 96

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NETWORK OPERATIONS

CENTER (NOC)

The “Center of your Installation” with ultimate responsibility for monitoring all conditions impacting the networks performance requires precise, timely and relative data via standard communication protocols such as SNMP, HTML, XML, BACNET, Modbus, and LON.

Geist Solutions

Console Management Software Pages: 160 - 161 Environet Pages: 162 - 163