MiCOM
P441/P442 & P444
Numerical Distance Protection
VC2.x
Technical Guide
Numerical Distance Protection
MiCOM P44x
GENERAL CONTENT
Safety Section Pxxxx/EN SS/C11
Addendum P44x/EN AD/E44
Introduction P44x/EN IT/E33
Hardware Description P44x/EN HW/E33
Application Guide P44x/EN AP/E33
Technical Data P44x/EN TD/E33
Installation P44x/EN IN/E33
Commissioning & Maintenance P44x/EN CM/E33
Commissioning Test & Record Sheet P44x/EN RS/E33
Connection Diagrams P44x/EN CO/E33
Relay Menu Database P44x/EN GC/E44
Menu Content Tables P44x/EN HI/E44
STANDARD SAFETY STATEMENTS AND EXTERNAL
LABEL INFORMATION FOR AREVA T&D EQUIPMENT
1.
INTRODUCTION 3
2.
HEALTH AND SAFETY
3
3.
SYMBOLS AND EXTERNAL LABELS ON THE EQUIPMENT
4
3.1 Symbols: 4
3.2 Labels 4
4.
INSTALLING, COMMISSIONING AND SERVICING
5
5.
DECOMMISSIONING AND DISPOSAL
7
6.
EQUIPMENT WHICH INCLUDES ELECTROMECHANICAL
ELEMENTS 7
7.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR SAFETY
8
7.1 Protective fuse rating 8
7.2 Protective Class: 8
7.3 Installation Category: 8
7.4 Environment: 8
8.
COMPLIANCE MARKING FOR APPLICABLE EUROPEAN
DIRECTIVES 9
1. INTRODUCTION
This guide and the relevant operating or service manual documentation for the equipment provide full information on safe handling, commissioning and testing of this equipment and also includes descriptions of equipment label markings.
Documentation for equipment ordered from AREVA T&D is despatched separately from manufactured goods and may not be received at the same time. Therefore this guide is provided to ensure that printed information which may be present on the equipment is fully understood by the recipient.
The technical data in this safety guide is typical only, see the technical data section of the relevant product publication(s) for data specific to a particular equipment.
Before carrying out any work on the equipment the user should be familiar with the contents of this Safety Guide.
Reference should be made to the external connection diagram before the equipment is installed, commissioned or serviced.
Language specific, self-adhesive User Interface labels are provided in a bag for some equipment.
2.
HEALTH AND SAFETY
The information in the Safety Section of the equipment documentation is intended to ensure that equipment is properly installed and handled in order to maintain it in a safe condition. It is assumed that everyone who will be associated with the equipment will be familiar with the contents of that Safety Section, or this Safety Guide.
When electrical equipment is in operation, dangerous voltages will be present in certain parts of the equipment. Failure to observe warning notices, incorrect use, or improper use may endanger personnel and equipment and cause personal injury or physical damage.
Before working in the terminal strip area, the equipment must be isolated.
Proper and safe operation of the equipment depends on appropriate shipping and handling, proper storage, installation and commissioning, and on careful operation, maintenance and servicing. For this reason only qualified personnel may work on or operate the equipment. Qualified personnel are individuals who
• are familiar with the installation, commissioning, and operation of the equipment and
of the system to which it is being connected;
• are able to safely perform switching operations in accordance with accepted safety
engineering practices and are authorised to energize and de-energize equipment and to isolate, ground, and label it;
• are trained in the care and use of safety apparatus in accordance with safety
engineering practices;
• are trained in emergency procedures (first aid).
The operating manual for the equipment gives instructions for its installation, commissioning, and operation. However, the manual cannot cover all conceivable circumstances or include detailed information on all topics. In the event of questions or specific problems, do not take any action without proper authorization. Contact the appropriate AREVA technical sales office and request the necessary information.
3.
SYMBOLS AND EXTERNAL LABELS ON THE EQUIPMENT
For safety reasons the following symbols and external labels, which may be used on the equipment or referred to in the equipment documentation, should be understood before the equipment is installed or commissioned.
3.1 Symbols:
Caution: refer to equipment documentation Caution: risk of electric shock
Protective Conductor (*Earth) terminal. Functional/Protective Conductor Earth
terminal Note – This symbol may also be used for a Protective Conductor (Earth) terminal if that
terminal is part of a terminal block or sub-assembly e.g. power supply.
*NOTE: THE TERM EARTH USED THROUGHOUT THIS GUIDE IS THE DIRECT
EQUIVALENT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN TERM GROUND.
3.2 Labels
4.
INSTALLING, COMMISSIONING AND SERVICING
Equipment connectionsPersonnel undertaking installation, commissioning or servicing work for this equipment should be aware of the correct working procedures to ensure safety. The equipment documentation should be consulted before installing, commissioning or servicing the equipment.
Terminals exposed during installation, commissioning and maintenance may present a hazardous voltage unless the equipment is electrically isolated.
Any disassembly of the equipment may expose parts at hazardous voltage, also electronic parts may be damaged if suitable electrostatic voltage discharge (ESD) precautions are not taken.
If there is unlocked access to the rear of the equipment, care should be taken by all personnel to avoid electric shock or energy hazards.
Voltage and current connections should be made using insulated crimp terminations to ensure that terminal block insulation requirements are maintained
for safety.
To ensure that wires are correctly terminated the correct crimp terminal and tool for the wire size should be used.
The equipment must be connected in accordance with the appropriate connection diagram.
Protection Class I Equipment
Before energising the equipment it must be earthed using the protective conductor terminal, if provided, or the appropriate termination of the supply plug in the case of plug connected equipment.
The protective conductor (earth) connection must not be removed since the protection against electric shock provided by the equipment would be lost.
The recommended minimum protective conductor (earth) wire size is 2.5 mm² (3.3 mm² for North America) unless otherwise stated in the technical data section of the equipment documentation, or otherwise required by local or country wiring regulations.
The protective conductor (earth) connection must be low-inductance and as short as possible.
All connections to the equipment must have a defined potential. Connections that are pre-wired, but not used, should preferably be grounded when binary inputs and output relays are isolated. When binary inputs and output relays are connected to common potential, the pre-wired but unused connections should be connected to the common potential of the grouped connections.
Before energising the equipment, the following should be checked: Voltage rating/polarity (rating label/equipment documentation); CT circuit rating (rating label) and integrity of connections; Protective fuse rating;
Integrity of the protective conductor (earth) connection (where applicable); Voltage and current rating of external wiring, applicable to the application.
Equipment Use
If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.
Removal of the equipment front panel/cover
Removal of the equipment front panel/cover may expose hazardous live parts which must not be touched until the electrical power is removed.
UL and CSA Listed or Recognized Equipment
To maintain UL and CSA approvals the equipment should be installed using UL and/or CSA Listed or Recognized parts of the following type: connection cables, protective fuses/fuseholders or circuit breakers, insulation crimp terminals, and replacement internal battery, as specified in the equipment documentation.
Equipment operating conditions
The equipment should be operated within the specified electrical and environmental limits.
Current transformer circuits
Do not open the secondary circuit of a live CT since the high voltage produced may be lethal to personnel and could damage insulation.
Generally, for safety, the secondary of the line CT must be shorted before opening any connections to it.
For most equipment with ring-terminal connections, the threaded terminal block for current transformer termination has automatic CT shorting on removal of the module. Therefore external shorting of the CTs may not be required, the equipment documentation should be checked to see if this applies.
For equipment with pin-terminal connections, the threaded terminal block for current transformer termination does NOT have automatic CT shorting on removal of the module.
External resistors, including voltage dependent resistors (VDRs)
Where external resistors, including voltage dependent resistors (VDRs), are fitted to the equipment, these may present a risk of electric shock or burns, if touched.
Battery replacement
Where internal batteries are fitted they should be replaced with the recommended type and be installed with the correct polarity to avoid possible damage to the equipment, buildings and persons.
Insulation and dielectric strength testing
Insulation testing may leave capacitors charged up to a hazardous voltage. At the end of each part of the test, the voltage should be gradually reduced to zero, to discharge capacitors, before the test leads are disconnected.
Insertion of modules and pcb cards
Modules and pcb cards must not be inserted into or withdrawn from the equipment whilst it is energised, since this may result in damage.
Insertion and withdrawal of extender cards
Extender cards are available for some equipment. If an extender card is used, this should not be inserted or withdrawn from the equipment whilst it is energised. This is to avoid possible shock or damage hazards. Hazardous live voltages may be accessible on the extender card.
Insertion and withdrawal of integral heavy current test plugs
It is possible to use an integral heavy current test plug with some equipment. CT shorting links must be in place before insertion or removal of heavy current test plugs, to avoid potentially lethal voltages.
External test blocks and test plugs
Great care should be taken when using external test blocks and test plugs such as the MMLG, MMLB and MiCOM P990 types, hazardous voltages may be accessible when using these. *CT shorting links must be in place before the insertion or removal of MMLB test plugs, to avoid potentially lethal voltages. *Note – when a MiCOM P992 Test Plug is inserted into the MiCOM P991 Test Block, the secondaries of the line CTs are automatically shorted, making them safe.
Fibre optic communication
Where fibre optic communication devices are fitted, these should not be viewed directly. Optical power meters should be used to determine the operation or signal level of the device.
Cleaning
The equipment may be cleaned using a lint free cloth dampened with clean water, when no connections are energised. Contact fingers of test plugs are normally protected by petroleum jelly which should not be removed.
5.
DECOMMISSIONING AND DISPOSAL
Decommissioning:
The supply input (auxiliary) for the equipment may include capacitors across the supply or to earth. To avoid electric shock or energy hazards, after completely isolating the supplies to the equipment (both poles of any dc supply), the capacitors should be safely discharged via the external terminals prior to decommissioning.
Disposal:
It is recommended that incineration and disposal to water courses is avoided. The equipment should be disposed of in a safe manner. Any equipment containing batteries should have them removed before disposal, taking precautions to avoid short circuits. Particular regulations within the country of operation, may apply to the disposal of batteries.
6.
EQUIPMENT WHICH INCLUDES ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS
Electrical adjustments
It is possible to change current or voltage settings on some equipment by direct physical adjustment e.g. adjustment of a plug-bridge setting. The electrical power should be removed before making any change, to avoid the risk of electric shock.
Exposure of live parts
Removal of the cover may expose hazardous live parts such as relay contacts, these should not be touched before removing the electrical power.
7. TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATIONS FOR SAFETY
7.1 Protective fuse ratingThe recommended maximum rating of the external protective fuse for equipments is 16A, high rupture capacity (HRC) Red Spot type NIT, or TIA, or equivalent, unless otherwise stated in the technical data section of the equipment documentation. The protective fuse should be located as close to the unit as possible.
DANGER - CTS MUST NOT BE FUSED SINCE OPEN CIRCUITING THEM
MAY PRODUCE LETHAL HAZARDOUS VOLTAGES.
7.2 Protective Class:
IEC 61010-1: 2001 EN 61010-1: 2001
Class I (unless otherwise specified in the equipment documentation). This equipment requires a protective conductor (earth) connection to ensure user safety.
7.3 Installation Category:
IEC 61010-1: 2001 EN 61010-1: 2001
Installation Category III (Overvoltage Category III): Distribution level, fixed installation.
Equipment in this category is qualification tested at 5 kV peak, 1.2/50 µs, 500 Ω, 0.5 J, between all supply circuits and earth and also between independent circuits
7.4 Environment:
The equipment is intended for indoor installation and use only. If it is required for use in an outdoor environment then it must be mounted in a specific cabinet or housing which will enable it to meet the requirements of IEC 60529 with the classification of degree of protection IP54 (dust and splashing water protected).
Pollution Degree – Pollution Degree 2
Altitude – operation up to 2000 m IEC 61010-1: 2001
EN 61010-1: 2001
Compliance is demonstrated by reference to safety standards.
8.
COMPLIANCE MARKING FOR APPLICABLE EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES
The following European directives may be applicable to the equipment, if so it will carry the relevant marking(s) shown below:Marking
Compliance with all relevant European Community directives:
Product safety:
Low Voltage Directive - 73/23/EEC amended by 93/68/EEC EN 60255-5: 2001 Relevant clauses of EN 61010-1: 2001 EN 60950-1: 2001 EN 60664-1: 2003.
Compliance demonstrated by reference to safety standards.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC) 89/336/EEC amended by 93/68/EEC.
The following Product Specific Standard was used to establish conformity: EN 50263 : 2000
Compliance demonstrated via the Technical Construction File route.
Where applicable :
II (2) G
ATEX Potentially Explosive Atmospheres directive 94/9/EC, for equipment.
The equipment is compliant with Article 1(2) of European directive 94/9/EC. It is approved for operation outside an ATEX hazardous area. It is however approved for connection to Increased Safety, “Ex e”, motors with rated ATEX protection, Equipment Category 2, to ensure their safe operation in gas Zones 1 and 2 hazardous areas. CAUTION – Equipment with this marking is not itself suitable for operation within a potentially explosive atmosphere.
Compliance demonstrated by Notified Body certificates of compliance.
Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (R & TTE) directive 95/5/EC.
Compliance demonstrated by compliance to the Low Voltage Directive, 73/23/EEC amended by 93/68/EEC, down to zero volts, by reference to safety standards.
9.
RECOGNIZED AND LISTED MARKS FOR NORTH AMERICA
CSA - Canadian Standards AssociationUL - Underwriters Laboratory of America
If applicable, the following marks will be present on the equipment: – UL Recognized to UL (USA) requirements
– UL Recognized to UL (USA) and CSA (Canada) requirements – UL Listed to UL (USA) requirements
– UL Listed to UL (USA) and CSA (Canada) requirements
UPDATE DOCUMENTATION
VERSION C2.X
P44X UPDATE DOCUMENTATION
In the firmware version C2.x of P441, P442 & P444, several changes in hardware & software on existing features have been added. These are described with reference to the documentation listed below:
Release Version Documentation April 2004 P44x/EN T/E33 Technical Manual
(Firmware version B1.2) Document Ref. Section Page No. Description
2. 4/24 Introduction to MiCOM Guide:
Ref P440/EN BR/Eb has been removed UCA2 has been added
3.1.1 5/24 New Front Panel: Front panel – new design
(hotkeys explanations-LCD contrast) 3.1.2 6/24 Ethernet board + InterMicom/2nd
rear port added 3.2 9/24 UCA2 added in the table+DNP3Floc in% 3.6.3 14/24 Hotkeys menu navigation
3.9 23/24 Second rear communication port 3.10 24/24 InterMiCOM teleprotection P44x/EN IT/E33
3.11 24/24 Ethernet Rear Port: UCA2 Communication 1.1.5 5/44 Inputs & Outputs Boards:
P444 – option with 46 outputs Fast outputs in option Hysteresis remark
1.1.7 5/44 Second rear port & InterMiCOM 1.1.8 5/44 Ethernet board 2.1
2.2
8/44 8/44
Section 2 – Hardware Module TMS 150MHz
Coprocessor board – item corrected & section removed
2.4.3 9/44 Duals optos 2.7 11/44 Second rear port
2.8 11/44 Ethernet board 3.3 14/44 Platform Software: DNP3-UCA2 3.3.1 14/44 Record Login: 96 alarms
3.4.1 15/44 P440 Overview : 48 samples / 24 samples 3.4.5 16/44 Disturbance Recorder: Additive commentsr 4 17/44 Distance Algorithms: Priority between the 2
algorithms
4.1 18/44 Distance & Resistance Measurement: 24 Samples & remark Rfault Dfault 4.2 21/44 Delta Algorithms: “computed in parallel” 4.2.1 22/44 Network Status monitoring: 48 samples since
C1.x
4.3 28/44 Conventional Algorithms: Comments added P44x/EN HW/E33
Document Ref. Section Page No. Description
4.3.5 32/44 New page make up & I>3 comment & SOTF settings with 13 bits
4.5 33/44 Tripping Logic: Comments about General trip equation & Timers initiated with the start 4.7 36/44 Power Swing Detection: Out Of Step (OOS)
comments
4.7.1 36/44 Pswing (PS) updated (Ph/Ph detection) 4.7.2 37/44 Power Swing during Open Pole (Ph/Ph
detection)
4.7.4 37/44 Pswing (PS) & OOS updated (Delta Current) 4.9 40&41/44 DEF: comments added
Iev corrected in Irev & settings range 1.2.1 8/220 Protection Features:
49:Thermal Overlaod – 68:Out Of Step 1.3 10/220 DDB& model n° 30 comments added 2.1 12/220 Configuration column : new features added
Distance characteristic with Tilt fig1 –Fig2 2.5.1 15/220 Z1X opto
2.7.1 18/220 New distance settings
2.7.2.1 20/220 Fig3- remark about symbols in Scheme Logic 2.7.7 27/220 Single ph loop R value – new PS detected on
PP loop
2.9.3 47-49/220 Weak Infeed improved – PAP function for RTE 2.12.2 61/220 TOR-SOTF bits ref
2.13.2 69/220 Power Swing – Delta Current 2.13.5 NEW New Section: Out Of Step Logic 2.17 82/220 IN>3 – IN>4 created
2.18.3 89/220 DEF improved
4.4.5.1 123/220 Bus/line cells for synchrocheck 4.5.1 126/220 5bits added in AR lockout
(Zsp / IN>3 / IN>4 / PAP / Thermal) 4.9 166/220 Event Recorder: AREVA name
5.1.1 176/220 Zsp Function: Diagram amended with Ta 6.1 181/220 Reference of Software version
P44x/EN AP/E33
8 189/220 Comments for ref models n° by branch 9 New Additional functions – Version C2x
New reference 030G/H/J
9.1 Hardware new features 9.2 Function Improved : Distance
9.3 New Function Description : Out Of Step & Stable Swing
9.4 Function Improved: DEF
9.5 New Function Description: IN>3 – IN>4
9.6 New Function Description: Thermal Overload (as P443)
P44x/EN AP/E33 NEW SECTION
Document Ref. Section Page No. Description
9.8 New Elements: Miscellaneous 9.8.1 Hot Keys – Control Input 9.8.2 Dual Optos
9.9 New Elements: PSL features 9.9.1 DDB Cells
9.9.2 New Tools in S1 and PSL 9.9.3 MiCOM Px40 GOOSE Editor 9.10 New Function: InterMiCOM Features 3.3 10/30 IN>3 – IN>4
P44x/EN TD/E33
P44X/ EN IT/ E33 :
INTRODUCTION
2.
INTRODUCTION TO MiCOM GUIDES
…/…
P44x/EN AP Application Notes
Comprehensive and detailed description of the features of the relay including both the protection elements and the relay’s other functions such as event and disturbance recording, fault location and programmable scheme logic. This chapter includes a description of common power system applications of the relay, calculation of suitable settings, some typical worked examples, and how to apply the settings to the relay.
P44x/EN GC Relay Menu Database:
User interface/Courier/Modbus/IEC 60870-5-103/DNP 3.0/UCA2
Listing of all of the settings contained within the relay together with a brief description of each.
Default Programmable Scheme Logic …/…
3.
USER INTERFACES AND MENU STRUCTURE
3.1.1 New Front panel
New design of front pane (2 additive Hotkeys) used since version C2.X.
User programable function LEDs TRIP ALARM OUT OF SERVICE HEALTHY = CLEAR = READ = ENTER SER No DIAG No In Vx Vn V V 1/5 A 50/60 Hz
Serial No and I*, V Ratings Top cover
Fixed function LEDs
Bottom cover
Battery compartment Front comms port Download/monitor port
Keypad LCD
P0103ENb Hotkeys
RELAY FRONT VIEW
• a 16-character by 3-line alphanumeric liquid crystal display (LCD).
• a 9-key keypad comprising 4 arrow keys !, ", # and $), an enter key (%), a clear key (&), and a read key (').
Hotkey functionality: SCROLL
Starts scrolling through the various default displays. STOP
Stops scrolling the default display
for control of setting groups, control inputs and circuit breaker operation.
12 LEDs; 4 fixed function LEDs on the left hand side of the front panel and 8 programmable function LEDs on the right hand side.
…/…
To improve the visibility of the settings via the front panel, the LCD contrast can be adjusted using the “LCD Contrast” setting with the last cell in the CONFIGURATION column.
3.1.2 Relay rear panel
The rear panel of the relay is shown in Figure 2. All current and voltage signals, digital logic input signals and output contacts are connected at the rear of the relay. Also connected at the rear is the twisted pair wiring for the rear EIA(RS)485 communication port, the IRIG-B time synchronising input and the optical fibre rear communication port (IEC103 or UCA2 by Ethernet) which are both optional.A second rear port(Courier) and an interMiCOM port are also available.
3.2 Introduction to the user interfaces and settings options
Keypad/
LCD Courier Modbus IEC870-
5-103 DNP3.0 UCA2 Display & modification of all
settings • • • • Digital I/O signal status • • • • • •
Display/extraction of measurements • • • • • • Display/extraction of fault records • • •
Extraction of disturbance records
• • •
(Floc in %) • Programmable scheme logic
settings • Reset of fault & alarm records • • • • • •
Clear event & fault records • • • • • Time synchronisation • • •
Control commands • • • • • •
TABLE 1 3.6.3 Hotkey menu navigation
The hotkey menu can be browsed using the two keys directly below the LCD. These are known as direct access keys. The direct access keys perform the function that is displayed directly above them on the LCD. Thus, to access the hotkey menu from the default display the direct access key below the “HOTKEY” text must be pressed. Once in the hotkey menu the ⇐ and ⇒ keys can be used to scroll between the available options and the direct access keys can be used to control the function currently displayed. If neither the ⇐ or ⇒ keys are pressed with 20 seconds of entering a hotkey sub menu, the relay will revert to the default display. The clear key C will also act to return to the default menu from any page of the hotkey menu. The layout of a typical page of the hotkey menu is described below.
The top line shows the contents of the previous and next cells for easy menu navigation. The centre line shows the function.
The bottom line shows the options assigned to the direct access keys. The functions available in the hotkey menu are listed below:
3.6.3.1 Setting group selection
The user can either scroll using <<NXT GRP>> through the available setting groups or <<SELECT>> the setting group that is currently displayed.
When the SELECT button is pressed a screen confirming the current setting group is displayed for 2 seconds before the user is prompted with the <<NXT GRP>> or <<SELECT>> options again. The user can exit the sub menu by using the left and right arrow keys.
For more information on setting group selection refer to “Changing setting group” section in the Application Notes (P440/EN AP).
3.6.3.2 Control inputs – user assignable functions
The number of control inputs (user assignable functions – USR ASS) represented in the hotkey menu is user configurable in the “CTRL I/P CONFIG” column. The chosen inputs can be SET/RESET using the hotkey menu.
For more information refer to the “Control Inputs” section in the Application Notes (P44x/EN AP).
3.6.3.3 CB control*
The CB control functionality varies from one Px40 relay to another. For a detailed description of the CB control via the hotkey menu refer to the “Circuit breaker control” section of the Application Notes (P440/EN AP).
HOT KEY MENU
EXIT MiCOM P140 HOTKEY CB CTRL <USR ASSX STG GRP> SETTING GROUP 1 SELECT <MENU USR ASS1>
NXT GRP CONTROL INPUT 1 ON <STG GRP USR ASS2> EXIT CONTROL INPUT 2 ON <USR ASS1 USR ASSX>
EXIT
CONTROL INPUT 2
ON <USR ASS2 MENU>
EXIT
SETTING GROUP 2
SELECT <MENU USR ASS1>
NXT GRP
SETTING GROUP 2
SELECTED <MENU USR ASS1>
CONTROL INPUT 1
ON <MENU USR ASS2>
CONTROL INPUT 1
EXIT <MENU USR ASS2>
OFF Confirmation screen displayed for 2 seconds Confirmation screen dispalyed for 2 seconds (See CB Control in Application Notes)
Default Display
NOTE: <<EXIT>> Key returns the user to the Hotkey Menu Screen
P1246ENa HOTKEY MENU NAVIGATION
3.9 Second rear Communication Port
P2084ENA
3 Master stations configuration: SCADA (Px40 1st RP) via KITZ101, K-Bus 2nd rear port via remote PC and S/S PC
2ndRP (Courier) 1stRP (Courier) KITZ 201 modem modem EIA(RS)232 EIA(RS)232 EIA(RS)232 port 1 EIA(RS)232 port 0 Master 1 Master 2 Master 3 K-Bus port 3 PO W ER S U PP LY CE N TRA L PR O C ES S O R R.T.U. To SCADA K-Bus
Note: 1st RP could be any chosen protocol, 2nd RP is always Courier
KITZ102
K-Bus Application example
SECOND REAR PORT K-BUS APPLICATION
2 Master stations configuration: SCADA (Px40 1st RP) via CK222, EIA485 2nd rear port via remote PC, Px40 & Px30 mixture plus front access
2nd RP (EIA485) 1st RP (Modbus / IEC103) modem modem EIA232 EIA232 EIA232 Master 1 Master 2 EIA485 PO WE R SU PPL Y CE NT RAL PR OC ESS OR R.T.U. To SCADA CK222 Front port MiCOMS1 EIA232
Note: 1st RP could be any chosen protocol, 2nd RP is always Courier
CK222
KITZ202/4 EIA485
“EIA(RS)485 Application” example
P2085ENA
P2086ENA 2 Master stations configuration: SCADA (Px40 1st RP) via CK222, EIA232 2nd rear
port via remote PC, max EIA232 bus distance 15m, PC local front/rear access 2nd RP (EIA232) modem modem EIA232 EIA232 EIA232 Master 1 Master 2 EIA232 POWER SUPPLY CEN TRAL PROCESSO R R.T.U. To SCADA EIA232 splitter Front port MiCOMS1 EIA232
Note: 1st RP could be any chosen protocol, 2nd RP is always Courier
CK222 15m m ax 1st RP (Modbus / DNP/ IEC103) EIA485 “EIA(RS)232 Application” example
SECOND REAR PORT EIA(RS)232 EXAMPLE 3.10 InterMiCOM Teleprotection
InterMiCOM is a protection signalling system that is an optional feature of MiCOM Px40 relays and provides a cost-effective alternative to discrete carrier equipment. InterMiCOM sends eight signals between the two relays in the scheme, with each signal having a selectable operation mode to provide an optimal combination of speed, security and dependability in accordance with the application. Once the information is received, it may be assigned in the Programmable Scheme Logic to any function as specified by the user’s application.
3.10.1 Physical Connections
InterMiCOM on the Px40 relays is implemented using a 9-pin ‘D’ type female connector (labelled SK5) located at the bottom of the 2nd
Rear communication board. This connector on the Px40 relay is wired in DTE (Data Terminating Equipment) mode, as indicated below:
Pin Acronym InterMiCOM Usage
1 DCD “Data Carrier Detect” is only used when connecting to modems otherwise this should be tied high by connecting to terminal 4. 2 RxD “Receive Data”
3 TxD “Transmit Data”
4 DTR “Data Terminal Ready” is permanently tied high by the hardware since InterMiCOM requires a permanently open communication channel.
5 GND “Signal Ground” 6 Not used -
7 RTS “Ready To Send” is permanently tied high by the hardware since InterMiCOM requires a permanently open communication channel. 8 Not used -
9 Not used -
Depending upon whether a direct or modem connection between the two relays in the scheme is being used, the required pin connections are described below.
3.10.2 Direct Connection
The EIA(RS)232 protocol only allows for short transmission distances due to the signalling levels used and therefore the connection shown below is limited to less than 15m. However, this may be extended by introducing suitable EIA(RS)232 to fibre optic convertors, such as the AREVA T&D CILI203. Depending upon the type of convertor and fibre used, direct communication over a few kilometres can easily be achieved.
This type of connection should also be used when connecting to multiplexers which have no ability to control the DCD line.
3.10.3 Modem Connection
For long distance communication, modems may be used in which the case the following connections should be made.
This type of connection should also be used when connecting to multiplexers which have the ability to control the DCD line.
With this type of connection it should be noted that the maximum distance between the Px40 relay and the modem should be 15m, and that a baud rate suitable for the communications path used should be selected. See P443/EN AP for setting guidelines.
3.10.4 Settings
The settings necessary for the implementation of InterMiCOM are contained within two columns of the relay menu structure. The first column entitled “INTERMICOM COMMS” contains all the information to configure the communication channel and also contains the channel statistics and diagnostic facilities. The second column entitled “INTERMICOM CONF” selects the format of each signal and its fallback operation mode. The following table shows the relay menu for the communication channel including the available setting ranges and factory defaults.
Setting Range Menu Text Default Setting
Min Max Step Size INTERMICOM COMMS IM Output Status 00000000 IM Input Status 00000000 Source Address 1 1 10 1 Receive Address 2 1 10 1 Baud Rate 9600 600 / 1200 / 2400 / 4800 / 9600 / 19200 Remote Device Px40 Px30 / Px40
Ch Statistics Invisible Invisible / Visible Reset Statistics No No / Yes Ch Diagnostics Invisible Invisible / Visible
Loopback Mode Disabled Disabled / Internal / External
Test pattern 11111111 00000000 11111111 -
3.11 Ethernet Rear Port (option)
If UCA2.0 is chosen when the relay is ordered, the relay is fitted with an Ethernet interface card.
P44X/ EN HW/ E33 :
RELAY DESCRIPTION
1.
RELAY SYSTEM OVERVIEW
1.1.5 Input and output boards
P441 P442 P444 Opto-inputs 8 x UNI(1)
16 x UNI(1)
24 x UNI(1)
Relay outputs 6 N/O 8 C/O
9 N/O 12 C/O
24 N/O 8 C/O
Universal voltage range opto inputs N/O – normally open C/O – change over
• P444 could manage in option : 46 outputs
• Fast outputs can be ordered following the cortec reference (available in the Technical Data Sheet document)
• See also the hysteresis values of the optos in the §6.2 from chapter AP 1.1.7 Second rear comms and InterMiCOM board (optional)
The optional second rear port is designed typically for dial-up modem access by protection engineers/operators, when the main port is reserved for SCADA traffic. It is denoted “SK4”. Communication is via one of three physical links: K-Bus, EIA(RS)485 or EIA(RS)232. The port supports full local or remote protection and control access by MiCOM S1 software. The second rear port is also available with an on board IRIG-B input.
The optional board also houses port “SK5”, the InterMiCOM teleprotection port. InterMiCOM permits end-to-end signalling with a remote P440 relay, for example in a distance protection channel aided scheme. Port SK5 has an EIA(RS)232 connection, allowing connection to a MODEM, or compatible multiplexers.
1.1.8 Ethernet board
This is a mandatory board for UCA2.0 enabled relays. It provides network connectivity through either copper or fibre media at rates of 10Mb/s or 100Mb/s. This board, the IRIG-B board and second rear comms board are mutually exclusive as they both utilise slot A within the relay case.
2. HARDWARE
MODULES
2.1 Processor board
The relay is based around a TMS320VC33-150MHz (peak speed) floating point, 32-bit digital signal processor (DSP) operating at a clock frequency of 75MHz.,
2.2 Co-processor board
A second processor board is used in the relay for the processing of the distance protection algorithms. The processor used on the second board is the same as that used on the main processor board. The second processor board has provision for fast access (zero wait state) SRAM for use with both program and data memory storage. This memory can be accessed by the main processor board via the parallel bus, and this route is used at power-on to download the software for the second processor from the flash memory on the main processor board. Further communication between the two processor boards is achieved via interrupts and the shared SRAM. The serial bus carrying the sample data is also connected to the co-processor board, using the processor’s built-in serial port, as on the main processor board.
(section removed)
From software version B1.0, coprocessor board works at 150Mhz. 2.4.3 Universal opto isolated logic inputs
Each input also has selectable filtering which can be utilised (available since version C2.0). Duals optos are available since C2.0 (hysteresis value selectable between 2 ranges)
The P440 series relays are fitted with universal opto isolated logic inputs that can be programmed for the nominal battery voltage of the circuit of which they are a part i.e. thereby allowing different voltages for different circuits e.g. signalling, tripping. From software version C2.x they can also be programmed as Standard 60% - 80% or 50% - 70% to satisfy different operating constraints.
This lower value eliminates fleeting pickups that may occur during a battery earth fault, when stray capacitance may present up to 50% of battery voltage across an input.
Each input also has selectable filtering which can be utilised. This allows use of a pre-set filter of ½ cycle which renders the input immune to induced noise on the wiring: although this method is secure it can be slow, particularly for intertripping. This can be improved by switching off the ½ cycle filter in which case one of the following methods to reduce ac noise should be considered. The first method is to use double pole switching on the input, the second is to use screened twisted cable on the input circuit.
2.7 Second rear communications board
For relays with Courier, Modbus, IEC60870-5-103 or DNP3 protocol on the first rear communications port there is the hardware option of a second rear communications port,which will run the Courier language. This can be used over one of three physical links: twisted pair K-Bus (non polarity sensitive), twisted pair EIA(RS)485 (connection polarity sensitive) or EIA(RS)232.
The second rear comms board and IRIG-B board are mutually exclusive since they use the same hardware slot. For this reason two versions of second rear comms board are available; one with an IRIG-B input and one without. The physical layout of the second rear comms board is shown in Figure 3.
2.8 Ethernet board
The ethernet board, presently only available for UCA2 communication variant relays, supports network connections of the following type:
− 10BASE-T
− 10BASE-FL
− 100BASE-TX
− 100BASE-FX
For all copper based network connections an RJ45 style connector is supported. 10Mb fibre network connections use an ST style connector while 100Mb connections use the SC style fibre connection.An extra processor, a Motorola PPC, and memory block is fitted to the ethernet card that is responsible for running all the network related functions such as TCP/IP/OSI as supplied by VxWorks and the UCA2/MMS server as supplied by Sisco inc. The extra memory block also holds the UCA2 data model supported by the relay.
3.3 Platform software
To provide the internal interface between the settings database and each of the relay’s user interfaces, i.e. the front panel interface and the front and rear communication ports, using whichever communication protocol has been specified (Courier, Modbus, IEC60870-5-103;
DNP3 ,UCA2).
3.3.1 Record logging
…/… The relay maintains four logs: one each for up to 96 alarms (with 64 application alarms: 32 alarms in alarm status 1 and another group of 32 alarms in alarm staus 2 and 32 alarms platform (see GC annex for mapping), 250 event records, 5 fault records and 5 maintenance records
3.4.1 Overview - protection and control scheduling
…/… For the P441-442-444 feeder protection relay, the protection task is executed twice per cycle, i.e. after every 24 samples for the sample rate of 48 samples per power cycle used by the relay…/…
3.4.5 Disturbance Recorder
The disturbance recorder operates as a separate task from the protection and control task. It can record the waveforms for up to 8 analogue channels and the values of up to 32 digital signals. The recording time is user selectable up to a maximum of 10 seconds. The disturbance recorder is supplied with data by the protection and control task once per cycle. The disturbance recorder collates the data that it receives into the required length disturbance record. It attempts to limit the demands it places on memory space by saving the analogue data in compressed format whenever possible. This is done by detecting changes in the analogue input signals and compressing the recording of the waveform when it is in a steady-state condition. The compressed (with Kbus or ModBus only – IEC is not
compressed) disturbance records can be decompressed by MiCOM S1 which can also
store the data in COMTRADE format, thus allowing the use of other packages to view the recorded data.
Since C1.x the disturbance files are no more compressed. This version manage the disturbance task with 24 samples by cycle (since B1x & C1x). Maximum storage capacity is equivalent to 28 events of 3sec which gives 84sec of duration max.
4. DISTANCE
ALGORITHMS
The "Deltas" algorithms have priority over the "Conventional" algorithms if they have been started first. The latter are actuated only if "Deltas" algorithms have not been able to clear the fault within two cycles of its detection.
Since version C1.x no priority is managed any more. The fastest algorithm will give the immediate directional decision.
4.1 Distance and Resistance Measurement
Rfault and Dfault are computed for every sample (24 samples per cycle).
NOTA: See also in §4.3.1 of that chapter the Rn and Dn (Xn) conditions of convergence.
4.2 "Deltas" Algorithms
The patented high-speed algorithm has been proven with 10 years of service at all voltage levels from MV to EHV networks. The P440 relay has ultimate reliability of phase selection and directional decision far superior to standard distance techniques using superimposed algorithms. These algorithms or delta algorithms are based on transient components and they are used for the following functions which are computed in parallel.
4.2.1 Network Status Monitoring …/…
• Power System Frequency is being measured and tracked (48 samples per cycle at 50 or 60Hz).
4.3 "Conventional" Algorithms
NOTA: The distance measurement of the fault is taken on the loop selected by the "Deltas" or "conventional" phase selection algorithms. This measurement uses the fault values which are computed by Gauss Seidel method.
4.3.1 Convergence Analysis
This analysis is based on the measurements of distance and resistance of the fault. These measurements are taken on each single-phase and two-phase loops (15 loops in total). 4.3.5 Directional Decision during SOTF/TOR (Switch On To Fault/Trip On Reclose)
…/…
If a stored voltage does not exist (SOTF) when one or more loops are convergent within the start-up characteristic, the directional is forced forward and the trip is instantaneous (if “SOTF All Zones “ is set or according to the zone location if SOTF Zone 2, etc. is set). If the settable switch on to fault current threshold I>3 is exceeded on reclosure, the relay instantaneously trips three-phase (No timer I>3 is applied – see also the chapter AP in §2.12).
…/…
Other modes can be selected to trip selectively by SOFT or TOR according to the fault location (SOTF Zone 1, SOTF Zone 2, etc., TOR Zone 1, TOR Zone 2, etc. depending from the software version - from A3.1 available).There are 13 bits of settings in TOR/SOTF logic.
4.5 Tripping Logic …/…
There are five time delays associated with the six zones present. Zone 1 and extended zone 1 have the same time delay.
NB: See general trip equation in §2.5 from AP chapter
NB: All the timers are initiated when the general start of the relay picks up (Z3Z4 convergence)
4.7 Power swing detection …/…
The power swing detection element may be used to selectively prevent when the measured impedance point moves into the start-up characteristic from a power swing and still allows tripping for a fault (fault evolving during a power swing). The power swing detection element may also be used to selectively trip once an out-of-step condition has been declared.
For such feature a dedicated PSL must be designed in the internal logic of the relay by using the graphic tool available in S1.(See AP chapter section 2.13).
When the locus of the 3 phase-phase loops leave the power swing polygon, the sign of R is checked. If the R component still has the same sign as at the point of entry, then the power swing is detected and managed in the internal logic as a stable swing. Otherwise the locus of the 3 phase-phase loops have passed through the polygon (indicating loss of synchronism) and the sign of R is different from the point of entry ; then an out of step is detected.
Figure 14 illustrates the characteristics of power swing: – Stable swing – same resistance sign
– Unstable swing (Out Of Step) – opposite resistance sign 4.7.1 Power swing detection
…/...
The protection P44x differentiates since version C1.0 a stable power swing from a loss of synchronism (out of step) condition.
A power swing is detected and declared if:
• At least one phase-phase impedance is within the start-up zone after having crossed the power swing band in more than 5 ms.
• The three impedance points have been in the power swing band for more than 5 ms.
• At least two poles of the breaker are closed (impedance measurement possible on two phases).
Remark : During Power swing the residual compensation factor Ko are not applied in the detection of the characteristic.(the extended limit in R gives: R1=R2=R3=RpFwd)
4.7.2 Line in one pole open condition (during single-pole trip)
In this case, the power swing only occurs on two phases. A power swing is detected if:
• At least one phase-phase impedance is within the start-up zone after having crossed the power swing band in more than 5ms.
NOTA: During an open-pole condition, the P44x monitors the power swing on the healthy phase-phase loop. No external information is needed if the voltage transformers are on the line side. If the voltage transformers are on the bus side, the «pole discrepancy» signal should be used. The «pole discrepancy» input represents a «one-circuit-breaker-pole-open» condition.
4.7.4 Tripping logic
Depending on the blocking or unblocking selected, the P44x will trip or block as the swing (stable or unstable) passes through the zones.
NOTA: If selected, tripping will occur if the impedance stays in any zone longer than its time delay.(See Chapter AP – section 2.13)
There is a master unblocking timer that is used to override any blocked zone (unblocking time delay). This is used to separate the sources (open the breaker, 3-phase trip) in the event that a block was taking place, and the impedance remained in the blocked zone for a relatively long time. This would be indicative of a serious overcurrent condition as a result of too great a power transfer after a disturbance (a power swing that does not pass through or recover). If the impedance point moves out of the start-up characteristic again before the time delay expires, a trip is not issued and the adjustable time delay is reset.
Unblocking the Zones Blocked due to Faults
In order to protect the network against a fault that may occur during power swing, blocking signals can be stopped when current thresholds are exceeded. For detecting any type of fault during a power swing, the P44x uses the adjustable unblocking current thresholds :
A residual current threshold equal to 0.1 In + (kr x Imax(t)).
A negative-sequence current threshold equal to 0.1 In + (ki x Imax(t)).
A phase current threshold: IMAX.
A Delta phase current criteria can be enabled in S1 (since version C1.0) – to detect the 3phase fault (with faulty current lower than Swing current) during Power swing
4.9 DEF Protection Against High Resistance Ground Faults …/….
• In backup-operating mode SBEF (Stand-By Earth Fault), an inverse/definite time ground overcurrent element with 4 stages is selectable. A communication channel is not used-OR- azero sequence power (since version B1.x) with IDMT Time Delay (see section 5 in chapter P44x/EN AP)
…/…
When used on the same signalling channel (shared scheme selected by MiCOM S1) as the distance protection, if the distance protection picks up, it has priority (the output from the DEF element is blocked from asserting the Carrier Send common output).
…/…
Legend For Tripping Logic Diagrams (DEF)
Abbreviation Definition
Vr> Threshold of residual or zero sequence voltage (3Vo)
IRev Threshold of residual current (settable in S1 – default:0,6IN)
Forward Forward directional with zero/negative sequence polarisation Reverse Reverse directional with zero/negative sequence polarisation DEF blocking Blocking of DEF element
Carrier Receive DEF Carrier received for the principal line protected (same channel as distance protection)
Iev Threshold of residual current (0.6 x Ied) Tripping mode Single or three-phase tripping (selectable)
Z< starting Convergence at least 1 of 6 loops within the tripping characteristic (internal starting of the distance element)
t_cycle Additional time delay (150ms) of 1 pole AR cycle t_delay Tripping time delay
APPLICATION GUIDE
(P44X/EN AP/E33)
1. INTRODUCTION
1.2.1 Protection Features
• 27: Undervoltage Protection - Two stage, configurable as either phase to phase or phase to neutral measuring. Stage 1 may be selected as either IDMT or DT and stage 2 is DT only.
• 49: Thermal overload Protection – as P540 with dual time constant. This element can provide an alarm and a trip delayed
• 59: Overvoltage Protection - Two stage, configurable as either phase to phase or phase to neutral measuring. Stage 1 may be selected as either IDMT or DT and stage 2 is DT only.
• …/…
• 78 – 68 :Power swing blocking & Out Of Step detection - Selective blocking of distance protection zones ensures stability during the power swings experienced on sub-transmission and transmission systems (stable swing or Out of Step conditions = loss of synchronism).
1.3 Remark:
• It is recommended to check in the DDB table, the reference number of each cell, included in the chapter P44x/EN GC/E33 (“Relay menu Data base”)
2. APPLICATION
OF
INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION FUNCTIONS
2.1 Configuration column
The following table shows the Configuration column:-
Menu text Default setting Available settings
CONFIGURATION
Restore Defaults No Operation No Operation All Settings
Setting Group 1 Setting Group 2 Setting Group 3 Setting Group 4 Setting Group Select via Menu Select via Menu Select via Optos Active Settings Group 1 Group1
Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Save Changes No Operation No Operation
Save Abort
Copy From Group 1 Group1,2,3 or 4 Copy To No Operation No Operation
Group1,2,3 or 4 Setting Group 1 Enabled Enabled or Disabled Setting Group 2 Disabled Enabled or Disabled Setting Group 3 Disabled Enabled or Disabled Setting Group 4 Disabled Enabled or Disabled Distance Enabled Enabled or Disabled Power Swing Enabled Enabled or Disabled Back-up I> Disabled Enabled or Disabled Neg Sequence O/C Disabled Enabled or Disabled Broken Conductor Disabled Enabled or Disabled Earth Fault O/C Disabled Enabled or Disabled Zero Sequence Power (*)
(ZSP)
Disabled Enabled or Disabled Aided DEF Enabled Enabled or Disabled Volt Protection Disabled Enabled or Disabled CB Fail & I< Enabled Enabled or Disabled Supervision Enabled Enabled or Disabled System Checks Disabled Enabled or Disabled Thermal Overload (***) Disabled Enabled or Disabled Internal A/R Disabled Enabled or Disabled Input Labels Visible Invisible or Visible Output Labels Visible Invisible or Visible CT & VT Ratios Visible Invisible or Visible Record Control Invisible Invisible or Visible Disturb Recorder Invisible Invisible or Visible
Menu text Default setting Available settings
Measure’t Setup Invisible Invisible or Visible Comms Settings Visible Invisible or Visible Commission Tests Visible Invisible or Visible Setting Values Primary Primary or Secondary Control Inputs (***) Visible Invisible or Visible Ctrl I/P Config (***) Visible Invisible or Visible Ctrl I/P Labels (***) Visible Invisible or Visible Direct Access (***) Enabled Enabled or Disabled Inter MiCOM (**) Enabled Enabled or Disabled
(*) Since B1.0 (**) Since C1.0 (***) Since C2.0
2.2 Phase fault distance protection
Figure 1: Completed by optional TILT characteristic (Z1p manages the tilt characteristic for phase fault)
2.3 Earth fault distance protection
Figure 2: Completed by optional TILT characteristic (Z1m manages the tilt characteristic for earth fault)
2.5.1 General distance trip logic – Equation:
• Remark: The inputs Z1X must be polarised for activating Z1X the logic
2.7.1 Settings table:
• Remark: New settings from C1.x dealing with the tilt and the evolving forward zone detection to zone1 (to avoid a Z1 detection in case of impedance locus getting out from the quad (due to remote CB operating) but crossing the Z1 before being out from the quad (with enough points that a Z1 decision can be confirmed if that timer has been set to 0ms)
2.7.2.1 Zone Logic :
Remark Fig 3: Explanation about the symbols used in the logical schemas.
Represent an internal logic status from the logic of the protection (« the line is dead » or « the pole is dead »)
Represent a setting adjusted or selected by MiCOM S1
Represent a command / a logical external status linked to an opto input from the protection 2.7.7 Resistive Reach Calculation – Earth fault element :
…/…
However, where Power Swing is used, a larger impedance surrounds zone 3 and zone 4 , a,d it is essential also, that load does not encroach upon the characteristic.(With previous version)
Since version C1.x there is an earth detection criteria (10% IN + 5% IphaseMax) which blocks the start of the relay if not enough residual current has been detected (it secures the start in case of load encroachment for Deltas algorithms).
Another improvement since C1.x in the Power Swing detection is made by using Phase-Phase detector. In that case phase ground start can be bigger from the previous version, because the band ∆R is applied only to the phase phase loop.
2.9.3 Weak Infeed Features :
2.9.3.3 PAP – Weak infeed for RTE application (PAP= Protection Antenne Passive)
That specific request from RTE is an exclusive choice with the export Weak infeed logic:
If the PAP has been selected then the following settings are activated with MiCOM S1: For internal logic description , check the RTE manual ref P440 user guide EF GS
2.12.2 TOR-SOTF Trip Logic
During the TOR/SOTF 500ms window (or close pulse time/reclaim time), individual distance protection zones can be enabled or disabled by means of the TOR-SOTF Mode function links (TOR logic bit0 to bit3 & SOTF logic bit7 to bit 0B)
2.13.2 Unblocking of the relay for faults during Power swings
The relay can operate normally for any fault occurring during a power swing, as there are three selectable conditions which can unblock the relay:
• A biased residual current threshold is exceeded - this allows tripping for earth faults occurring during a power swing. The bias is set as: Ir> (as a percentage of the highest measured current on any phase), with the threshold always subject to a minimum of 0.1 x In. Thus the residual current threshold is:
IN > 0.1 In + ((IN> / 100) . (I maximum)).
• A biased negative sequence current threshold is exceeded - this allows tripping for phase-phase faults occurring during a power swing. The bias is set as: I2> (as a
percentage of the highest measured current on any phase), with the threshold always subject to a minimum of 0.1 x In. Thus the negative sequence current threshold is: I2 > 0.1 In + ((I2> / 100) . (I maximum)).
A phase current threshold is exceeded - this allows tripping for three-phase faults occurring during a power swing. The threshold is set as: Imax line> (in A).
That flat delta criteria (Enabled by S1) will improve the detection of a 3 Phase fault during a power swing (in case of faulty current lower than the Imax line threshold settable in S1) – 100ms are requested for unblocking the logic.
With the exaggerated delta current (activated all the time in the internal logic) the phase selection has been improved in case of unblocking logic applied with a fault detected during a power swing. Regarding the presence of negative current or zero sequence current , the exaggerated deltas current detection are calculated on the phase-phase loop or ground phase loop.
2.13.5 Out Of Step (OOS) - (New section)
A new feature has been integrated since C1.0, which can detect the out of step (OOS) conditions.
• How MiCOM Detect the out of step ? :
When the criteria for power swing detection are met, and when out of step tripping is selected, then the distance protection with all of its stages is blocked – in order to prevent tripping by the distance protection (The relay can operate normally for any fault occurring during a power swing as there are different criteria which can be used by monitoring current & delta current).
When the locus of the 3 single phase loops leave the power swing polygon, the sign of R is checked. If the R component still has the same sign as at the point of entry, then the power swing is detected and managed in the internal logic as a stable swing.
Otherwise the locus of the 3 single phase loops have passed through the polygon (indicating loss of synchronism) and the sign of R is different from the point of entry ; then an out of step is detected.
In the both cases the MiCOM P440 will provide a monitoring of the number of cycles and control if the setting from S1 has been reached. In that case a trip order is performed by the relay. X lim -R lim R lim -X lim ∆ R R X ∆ X Z4 Z3 Stable swing Out Of Step +R +R +R -R Zone A Zone C Zone B
• What are the settings and logic used in MiCOM S1 ? : The settings are located with the Power-Swing function :
And a dedicated PSL must be created by the user if such logic must be activated in the relay.
Outputs for Out of Step:
DDB N°350 : The first out of step cycle has been detected (Zlocus in/out with the opposite R sign)& the « Out Of Step start » picks-up
DDBN°352 : The number of cycles settable by S1 has been reached & Out Of Step is now confirmed
Outputs for stable swing :
DDB N°351 : The first stable swing cycle has been detected (Zlocus in/out with the same R sign) & the « Stable Swing start » picks-up
DDBN°353 : The number of cycles settable by S1 has been reached & Stable Swing is now confirmed
DDBN°269 : Power Swing is detected (3 single phase loop inside the quad & crossing the
∆R band in more than 5ms in a 50hz network)
Remark: Out-of-step tripping systems should be applied at proper network locations to detect Out of step conditions and separate the network at pre-selected locations only in order to create system islands with balanced generation and load demand that will remain in synchronism.
2.17 Directional and non-directional earth fault protection
Three elements of earth fault protection are available, as follows:
• IN> element - Channel aided directional earth fault protection;
• IN>1 element - Directional or non-directional protection, definite time (DT)
or IDMT time-delayed.
• IN>2 element - Directional or non-directional, DT delayed.
• IN>3 element - Directional or non-directional, DT delayed.
• IN>4 element - Directional or non-directional, DT delayed.
The IN>1,IN>2 ,IN>3 and IN>4 backup elements always trip three pole, and have an optional timer hold facility on reset, as per the phase fault elements. (The IN> element can be selected to trip single and/or three pole).
These current thresholds are activated as an exclusive choice with Zero sequence Power Protection.
The following table shows the relay menu for the Earth Fault protection, including the available setting ranges and factory defaults.
Menu text Default setting Setting range Step size
Min Max
GROUP 1
EARTH FAULT O/C
IN>1 Function DT Disabled, DT, IEC S Inverse, IEC V Inverse, IEC E Inverse, UK LT Inverse, IEEE M Inverse, IEEE V Inverse, IEEE E Inverse, US Inverse, US ST Inverse
IN>1 Directional Directional Fwd Non-Directional, Directional Fwd, Directional Rev
IN>1 VTS Block Non directional Block or Non directional
IN>1 Current Set 0.2 x In 0.08 x In 4.0 x In 0.01 x In IN>1 Time Delay 1s 0 200s 0.01s IN>1 Time Delay VTS 0.2s 0 200s 0.01s IN>1 TMS 1 0.025 1.2 0.025 IN>1 Time Dial 7 0.5 15 0.1 IN>1 Reset Char DT DT or Inverse
IN>1 tRESET 0 0 100s 0.01s IN>2 Status Enabled Disabled or Enabled
IN>2 Directional Non Directional Non-Directional, Directional Fwd, Directional Rev
IN>2 VTS Block Non directional Block or Non directional
IN>2 Current Set 0.3 x In 0.08 x In 32 x In 0.01 x In IN>2 Time Delay 2s 0 200s 0.01s IN>2 Time Delay VTS 0.2s 0 200s 0.01s
IN>3 Status Enabled Disabled or Enabled
IN>3 Directional Non Directional Non-Directional, Directional Fwd,
Directional Rev
IN>3 VTS Block Non directional Block or Non directional
IN>3 Current Set 0.3 x In 0.08 x In 32 x In 0.01 x In
IN>3 Time Delay 2s 0 200s 0.01s
IN>3 Time Delay VTS 0.2s 0 200s 0.01s
IN>4 Status Enabled Disabled or Enabled
IN>4 Directional Non Directional Non-Directional, Directional Fwd,
Directional Rev
IN>4 VTS Block Non directional Block or Non directional
IN>4 Current Set 0.3 x In 0.08 x In 32 x In 0.01 x In
IN>4 Time Delay 2s 0 200s 0.01s
IN>4 Time Delay VTS 0.2s 0 200s 0.01s
IN> DIRECTIONAL
IN> Char Angle –45° –95° 95° 1° Polarisation Zero Sequence Zero Sequence or Negative Sequence
2.18.3 Aided DEF protection schemes
The option of using separate channels for DEF aided tripping, and distance protection schemes, is offered in the P441, P442 and P444 relays. Since C1.0 a better sensitivity has been created by using a settable threshold for the residual current in case of reverse fault for creating quicker blocking scheme logic.
The IN Rev factor can be adjusted from 10% to 100% of IN
As well in case of independent channel logic with a blocking scheme an independent transmission timer Tp has been created with a short step at : 2ms
When a separate channel for DEF is used, the above DEF schemes are independently selectable. When a common signalling channel is employed, the distance and DEF must Share a common scheme. In this case a permissive overreach or blocking distance scheme must be used. The aided tripping schemes can perform single pole tripping.
The relay has aided scheme settings as shown in the following table:
Menu text Default setting Setting range Step size
Min Max
GROUP 1 AIDED D.E.F.
Aided DEF Status Enabled Disabled or Enabled
Polarisation Zero Sequence Zero Sequence or Negative Sequence V> Voltage Set 1V 0.5V 20V 0.01V IN Forward 0.1 x In 0.05 x In 4 x In 0.01 x In Time Delay 0 0 10s 0.1s Scheme Logic Shared Shared, Blocking or Permissive Tripping Three Phase Three Phase or Single Phase
Tp (if blocking scheme not shared)
2ms 0 ms 1000ms 2ms
4.
APPLICATION OF NON-PROTECTION FUNCTIONS
4.4.5.1 These following DDB cells MCB/VTS Bus
MCB/VTS Line
Are managed dynamically since version C1.1 (regarding where the main VT are located :bus side or line side – then the Csync ref is assigned to the other VT which is managed as the Csync ref)
4.5.1 Autorecloser Functional Description
Menu text Default setting Setting range Step size Min Max GROUP 1 AUTORECLOSE AUTORECLOSE MODE AUTORECLOSE LOCKOUT Block A/R 1111 1111 1111 1111 111 Bit 0: Block at tZ2 Bit 1: Block at tZ3, Bit 2: Block at tZp Bit 3: Block for LoL Trip, Bit 4: Block for I2> Trip, Bit 5: Block for I>1 Trip, Bit 6: Block for I>2 Trip, Bit 7: Block for V<1 Trip, Bit 8: Block for V<2 Trip, Bit 9: Block for V>1 Trip, Bit 0A: Block for V>2 Trip, Bit 0B: Block for IN>1 Trip, Bit 0C: Block for IN>2 Trip, Bit 0D: Block for Aided DEF Trip.
Bit 0E: Block ZSP Trip Bit 0F: Block IN>3 Trip Bit 10: Block IN>4 Trip Bit11: Block PAP Trip
Bit12: Block Therm Overload Trip
4.9 Event recorder
Report Type These cells are numbers representative of the occurrence. They form a specific error code which should be quoted in any related
correspondence to AREVA T&D P&C Ltd. Report Data
5.
NEW ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS – VERSION B1.X
5.1.1 ZSP Function Description:
Logical scheme corrected with Ta as RTE request:
Ir(t) > Ir Sr(t) = Vr(t)*Ir(t)*cos(phi-phi0) Sr(t) > Sr Tb & Zsp Start Zsp Trip Ir(t) Vr(t) Déclenchement Triphasé Zsp Timer Block Ta 1
6. PROGRAMMABLE
SCHEME
LOGIC DEFAULT SETTINGS
6.1 HOW TO USE PSL Editor? :Software Version Model N°
A2.11 04A A3.3 06A – 06B A4.8 07A – 07B B1.6 09C C1.1 020G – 020H C2.6 030G – 030H – 030J
8.
DDB DESCRIPTION FOR ALL TYPES P441/P442 & P444 RELAYS
Using model 07 in version A4.8 Using model 09 in version B1.2 Using model 20 in version C1.1 Using model 30 in version C2.6