CQI Reporting in LTE
CQI (Channel Quality Indication) report is an important element of LTE and
has significant impact on the system performance. There are two types of
CQI report in LTE: periodic and aperiodic. The periodic CQI report is carried
by PUCCH. But if the UE needs to send UL data in the same subframe as
the scheduled periodic CQI report, the periodic CQI report will use the
PUSCH, together with UL data transmission. This is because a UE can't
transmit on both PUCCH and PUSCH simultaneously. In this case, the
periodic PUCCH resource will be idle. Since periodic CQI report brings in
the "always on" signaling overhead, the report granularity is relatively
rough. In order to get more detail CQI report, the eNB can trigger aperiodic
CQI report when needed. The aperiodic CQI report is transmitted on
PUSCH, together with UL data or alone.
The granularity of CQI report can be divided into three levels: wideband,
UE selected subband, and higher layer configured subband. The wideband
report provides one CQI value for the entire downlink system bandwidth.
The UE selected subband CQI report divides the system bandwidth into
multiple subbands, selects a set of preferred subbands (the best M
subbands), then reports one CQI value for the wideband and one
differential CQI value for the set (assume transmission only over the
selected M subbands). The higher layer configured subband report
provides the highest granularity. It divides the entire system bandwidth
into multiple subbands, then reports one wideband CQI value and multiple
differential CQI values, one for each subband.
If closed loop MIMO is used, PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) and RI (Rank
Indication) are also reported. PMI indicates the codebook (pre-agreed
parameters) the eNB should use for data transmission over multiple
antennas based on the evaluation of received reference signal. RI
indicates the number of transmission layers that the UE can distinguish.
Spatial multiplexing can be supported only when RI>1. For spatial
multiplexing, CQI is reported based on per codeword. The maximum
number of codeword in LTE is two.
There are seven transmission modes in LTE, each one is corresponding to
certain multiple antenna techniques. For each transmission mode, certain
combination of CQI report is defined in the specs, based on
periodic/aperiodic, wideband/UE selected subband/higher layer configured
subband, No PMI/single PMI/multiple PMI. Since RI changes slower than
CQI/PMI, it is reported with a longer interval on periodic report. It is
reported together with CQI/PMI on aperiodic report since the resource on
PUSCH is less limited.
LTE 中的 CQI,PMI,RI 上報機制 (20101223 08:40:48)
CQI 上報通常是通過 PUCCH 來進行的。如果 UE 在發送週期性 CQI 的子幀上,同時被
調度有資料需要發送,那麼,週期性的 CQI 上報將通過 PUSCH 來進行。此時,UE 將
在 PUSCH 中採用和 PUCCH 中同樣的 CQI/PMI/RI 格式,而相應的 PUCCH 上的 CQI 上
報資源將會閒置不用【1】。
eNodeB 還可以觸發 UE 進行非週期性的上報。非週期性的上報是通過 PUSCH 來進行
的。這些上報可以在 PUSCH 上單獨地或者和其他資料一起進行發送。
在週期性 CQI 上報和非週期性 CQI 上報子幀同時存在的子幀,UE 將會只上報非週期
性的 CQI 上報而丟棄週期性的上報。
CQI 上報的細微性有三個等級:
寬頻
,
UE 選擇的子帶
和
上層配置的子帶
。
寬頻 CQI 上報是指 UE 針對整個系統頻寬上報一個 CQI。CQI 的取值如下圖所示:
Table 7.2.31: 4bit CQI Table
CQI
index
modulation
code rate x 1024
efficiency
0
out of range
1
QPSK
78
0.1523
2
QPSK
120
0.2344
3
QPSK
193
0.3770
4
QPSK
308
0.6016
5
QPSK
449
0.8770
6
QPSK
602
1.1758
7
16QAM
378
1.4766
8
16QAM
490
1.9141
9
16QAM
616
2.4063
10
64QAM
466
2.7305
11
64QAM
567
3.3223
12
64QAM
666
3.9023
13
64QAM
772
4.5234
14
64QAM
873
5.1152
15
64QAM
948
5.5547
值得注意的是,類似於 HSDPA,CQI 的選取準則是 UE 接收到的傳輸塊的誤碼率不超
過 10%。因此,UE 上報的 CQI 不僅與下行參考信號的 SINR 有關,還與 UE 接收機的
靈敏度有關【2】。
上層配置的 SubBand 上報是指標對整個系統頻寬,UE 上報一個寬頻 CQI。除此之外,
UE 還對每個子帶 SubBand 上報一個 CQI。在上層配置的子帶上報中,每個子帶的頻
寬為 K 個連續的 PRB 物理資源塊,K 的取值大小與系統的頻寬有關。子帶的數目為 ,
覆蓋了整個系統的頻寬。其中 為下行的物理資源塊的數目。最後一個子帶的資源塊數
目可能小於 K。 Table 7.2.13: Subband Size (k) vs. System Bandwidth
System Bandwidth
Subband Size (k)
6 7
NA
8 10
4
11 26
4
27 63
6
64 110
8
對於每個子帶,上報 2 個 Bit 的 CQI 編號,子帶的 CQI 編號與子帶 CQI 相對於寬頻
CQI 的偏移值有關,如下所示:
Subband differential CQI offset level
=
subband CQI index
–
wideband CQI
index
Table 7.2.12: Mapping subband differential CQI value to offset level
Subband differential CQI
value
Offset
level
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
1
對於 UE 選擇的 SubBand 上報,在週期性上報和非週期性上報中具有不同的形式,下
面將會詳細敘述。
LTE 中的 CQI 上報,還與 UE 的傳輸模式有關。LTE 中,定義了八種不同的傳輸模式,
對應相應的多天線技術。不同的傳輸模式下,上報的 CQI 中包含不同的內容。
Table 7.2.30: PDSCH transmission scheme assumed for CQI reference resource
Transmission mode
Transmission scheme of PDSCH
1
Singleantenna port, port 0
2
Transmit diversity
3
Transmit diversity if the associated rank indicator is 1,
otherwise large delay CDD
4
Closedloop spatial multiplexing
5
Multiuser MIMO
6
Closedloop spatial multiplexing with a single
transmission layer
7
If the number of PBCH antenna ports is one, Single
antenna port, port 0; otherwise Transmit diversity
8
If the UE is configured without PMI/RI reporting: if the
number of PBCH antenna ports is one, singleantenna
port, port 0; otherwise transmit diversity
If the UE is configured with PMI/RI reporting: closed
loop spatial multiplexing
下面對週期性 CQI 上報和非週期性 CQI 上報分開進行討論。
首先,對於非週期的上報。
UE 如果在子幀 N 中,接收到 DCI 格式 0,或者是 RAR 回饋,其中 CQI Request 的位設
置為 1 並且未被預留,那麼 UE 會在相應的上行子幀,回饋相應的 CQI。
Table 7.2.11: CQI and PMI Feedback Types for PUSCH reporting Modes
PMI Feedback Type
No
PMI
Single
PMI
Multiple
PMI
PU
SC
H
C
Q
I
Fe
ed
ba
ck
T
yp
e
Wideband
Mode 12
(wideband CQI)
UE Selected
Mode
20
Mode 22
(subband CQI)
Higher Layer
configured
Mode
30
Mode 3
1
(subband CQI)
在不同的傳輸模式下,UE 支援的上報模式如下所示:
Transmission mode 1
: Modes 20, 30
Transmission mode 2
: Modes 20, 30
Transmission mode 3
: Modes 20, 30
Transmission mode 4
: Modes 12, 22, 31
Transmission mode 5
: Mode 31
Transmission mode 6
: Modes 12, 22, 31
Transmission mode 7
: Modes 20, 30
Transmission mode 8
: Modes 12, 22, 31 if the UE is configured with PMI/RI
reporting; modes 20, 30 if the UE is configured without PMI/RI reporting
RRC 信令中的參數 cqiReportModeAperiodic 定義了配置給 UE 所使用的上報模式。在
UE 選擇的子帶上報的模式中,UE 在大小為 K 的子帶中,選擇 M 個適合(應該是最
好)的子帶,計算其 CQI 的平均值,將其上報給 eNodeB。其中 K 和 M 的大小與系統
的頻寬有關,如下表所示:
Table 7.2.15: Subband Size (k) and Number of Subbands (M) in S vs. Downlink System
Bandwidth
System Bandwidth
Subband Size k (RBs)
M
6 – 7
NA
NA
8 – 10
2
1
11 – 26
2
3
27 – 63
3
5
64 – 110
4
6
UE 需要上報一個寬頻的 CQI,而將 M 個子帶的 CQI 以相對於寬頻 CQI 偏移值的形式
由 2 個 Bit 來表示。CQI 值與偏移值的對應關係如下表所示:
Table 7.2.14: Mapping differential CQI value to offset level
Differential CQI
value
Offset
level
1
2
2
3
3
4
由於 UE 選擇的 M 個子帶的 CQI 要高於整個系統頻寬的 CQI 值,因此上表中的偏移值
(一般)不存在負數。除此之外,UE 還需要通知 eNodeB 其所選擇的 M 個子帶在系統
頻寬中所處的位置【1】。
除了非週期性的上報,eNodeB 還可以通過 RRC 信令中的參數 cqi
FormatIndicatorPeriodic,配置 UE 進行週期性的上報(包括 CQI 的上報模式,所使用的
PUCCH 資源以及上報週期等)。週期性的上報中,支援的上報模式如下表所示:
Table 7.2.21: CQI and PMI Feedback Types for PUCCH reporting Modes
PMI Feedback Type
No PMI Single PMI
PU
C
C
H
C
Q
I
Fe
ed
ba
ck
T
yp
e
Wideband
Mode
10
Mode 11
(wideband CQI)
UE Selected
Mode
20
Mode 21
(subband CQI)
在不同的傳輸模式下,所能夠支援的 CQI 上報模式如下:【1】
Transmission mode 1
: Modes 10, 20
Transmission mode 2
: Modes 10, 20
Transmission mode 3
: Modes 10, 20
Transmission mode 4
: Modes 11, 21
Transmission mode 5
: Modes 11, 21
Transmission mode 6
: Modes 11, 21
Transmission mode 7
: Modes 10, 20
Transmission mode 8
: Modes 11, 21
if the UE is configured with PMI/RI reporting; modes 10, 20 if the UE is configured without
PMI/RI reporting
在週期性上報的情況下,不支援上層配置的子帶 CQI 上報。對於 UE 選擇的子帶上報,
與非週期性上報的情況也有所不同。在週期性的上報中,全部 N 個子帶被分成 J 個子
帶組,其中子帶的大小 K(單位是 RB)和子帶組的數目 J 與系統的頻寬有關,如下表
所示。
Table 7.2.22: Subband Size (k) and Bandwidth Parts (J) vs. Downlink System Bandwidth
System
Bandwidth
Subband Size
k (RBs)
Bandwidth
Parts (J)
6 – 7
NA
NA
11 – 26
4
2
27 – 63
6
3
64 – 110
8
4
對於每個大小為 的子帶組,UE 選擇其中的一個子帶進行 CQI 上報,同時 UE 將上報相
應子帶在子帶組中的位置標號,大小為 個比特。
CQI/PMI 週期性上報的週期 (單位是子幀)以及偏移 (單位是子幀)取決於 RRC 中
的信令參數 cqipmiConfigIndex,RI 週期性上報的週期 和偏移 取決於 RRC 中的信令
參數 riConfigIndex。
在只有寬頻 CQI/PMI 上報的情況下, 上報的子幀滿足如下的條件:
∙
∙ 如果配置了 RI 的上報, 那麼 RI 上報的子幀滿足如下的條件:
.o 在 RI 和寬頻 CQI/PMI 衝突的子幀,寬頻 CQI、PMI 會被丟棄在同時上報寬頻
CQI/PMI 和子帶 CQI 上報的場合,上報的子幀滿足如下的條件:
,其中,寬頻 CQI/PMI 上報的週期是 ,上報的子幀滿足 ,其中 H 定義為: ,J 為子帶
組的數目,K 是 RRC 中的信令參數。在兩次週期性上報的時間間隔 ,UE 會依次上報
K 輪 J 個子帶組。
在配置了 RI 上報的場合,上報 RI 的子幀滿足如下的條件:
。同樣的,在 RI 和寬頻 CQI/PMI 以及子帶 CQI 衝突的子幀,UE 會丟棄寬頻 CQI/PMI
和子帶 CQI。
【1】:3GPP 36.213 section 7.2
【2】: LTE From theory to proctice
CQI和 TBS 表 1. 定義
CQI是通道品質指示,英文全稱 channel quality indication,CQI 由 UE 測量所得,所以一般是指 下行通道品質。
2. 引入原因
LTE物理共用通道(PDSCH)支援三種編碼方式:QPSK、16QAM 和 64QAM,編碼方式對應的其 三種星座圖,依次需要的通道條件也不相同,簡單的來說,編碼方式越高
(QPSK<16QAM<64QAM),依賴的通道條件需要越好。由於下行調度是由 eNodeB 決定的,而 eNodeB作為發射端,並不清楚通道條件如何,就如同一個人說話,聽不聽得清楚是由聽眾感知到 的,通道品質衡量也只能由 UE 來完成。eNodeB 要決定編碼方式,就需要 UE 來回饋這個通道品質, 協定把這個通道品質量化成 0~15 的序列(4bit 數來承載),並定義為 CQI。CQI 的選取準則是 UE 接收到的傳輸塊的誤碼率不超過 10%。因此,UE 上報的 CQI 不僅與下行參考信號的 SINR 有關,還 與 UE 接收機的靈敏度有關
3. UE對於 CQI 的處理 第 2 條目所述,UE 量化通道品質為 4bit 的數 0~15,並通過 CQI 上報給 eNodeB。下圖映射區間較第 5 節中稍粗些。
efficency是給出來的,不是算出來的。它的意思是 information bits per resource
的通道比特或者說物理比特為 6),這樣就是 efficency=5.554。至於這個 5.554 怎麼來的。那是 給出來的。通常是用模擬或試驗來搞,最後大家一致表決同意,5.554, 0.1523 等同學都是好同學, 就定成你所見的標準。TB,CB_CRC, TB_CRC 都是 TC 前的輸入。TC 之後的比特就是 channel bits,TC 之前都是 info bits。
code rate = efficiency /Qm
4. eNodeB對於 CQI 的處理
CQI主要用於階數選擇。協定映射的 ITBS 表格有 27 個區間段(0~26),對應的
TBSize大小不一樣,也唯一對應一種編碼方式以及一個階數。UE 上報的 CQI 只有 0~15,因此還 需要某種演算法來映射,這個映射由設備商演算法保障,即 4bit 轉 5bit,然後查找下表選擇對應階 數。
5. CQI回饋計算
協議上說找一對最接近於選擇的 CQI index 對應的 code rate 的調製方式和 TBS。CQI index 可以 通過 BLER-SINR 表得到。但是 UE 通過 CRS 得到的是每個子載波的 SINR。而 CQI 對應的是一個 RB Group的通道品質,怎樣從多個子載波的 SINR 換算成一個 RB Group 的 SINR 呢?
解決方法:對於 EESM 中 beta 值對應的各種 MCS,做一個迴圈,對每種 MCS,用相應的 beta 值 擬合每個載波的 SINR 算出對應的等效 SINR,然後利用該等效 SINR 找到最接近目標 BLER 的 MCS,一般這個目標 BLER 可以是 0.1,得出 MCS 了,這樣 CQI 也就得到了。如果有多個 MCS 符 合條件,選擇碼率最大的那個(對應 MCS 最大),因為能夠滿足 BLER 小於 0.1 的最大的 MCS , 這個 MCS 以下的肯定都滿足 BLER《0.1。(http://bbs.byr.cn/#! article/Communications/16159?p=2) 6. 白皮書關於 CQI 的總結 eNodeB能配置時域上更新速率和頻域上的 CQI 顆粒度。
時域上,支援週期和非週期 CQI 上報。週期 CQI 上報僅僅使用 PUCCH,非週期 CQI 上報僅使用物 理 PUSCH,因此 eNodeB 特別指示 UE 上行資料傳輸的資源插入 CQI 上報。
CQI上報的頻率顆粒度是由定義的子頻寬數 N 決定的,每個子頻寬由 k 個連續的 PRB 構成。K 值的 大小取決於考慮的 CQI 上報類型。在每種情況下,子帶寬度跨整個系統頻寬數量由 N=[NDLRB/k] 得到,其中 NDLRB 是系統頻寬上 RB 的個數。CQI 模式可以是寬頻 CQI、eNodeB 配置子帶回饋或 者 UE 選擇子帶回饋。
What is PUCCH Mixed Mode in LTE and PUCCH Format
Types in LTE
What are different PUCCH formats and PUCCH Mixed Mode in LTE?
We should know what all PUCCH formats are available in LTE or LTE-A, before exploring PUCCH Mixed Mode.
Basically PUCCH formats are of two types Format 1 and Format 2 (Format 3 is introduced in LTE advance release 10, which uses modulation scheme QPSK and number of bits used as 48 per subframe).
PUCCH Format 1 (Rel 8):
Information
Scheme
Subframe
1
SR (Scheduling
Request)
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
1a
HARQ
ACK/NACK
BPSK
1 bit
1b
HARQ
ACK/NACK (for
MIMO)
QPSK
2 bits
PUCCH Format 2:Format Type
Control
Information
Modulation
Scheme
No. of bits /
Subframe
2
CSI (Channel
State Info.)
QPSK
20 bits
2a
CSI+HARQ
ACK/NACK
QPSK+BPSK
21 bits
2b
CSI+HARQ
ACK/NACK (for
MIMO)
QPSK + BPSK
22 bits
Location of PUCCH resources are on the edge of bandwidth allocated. To provide frequency diversity, PUCCH frequency resources are frequency hopping on the slot boundary (mentioned in below figure).
Mapping of modulation symbols for the physical uplink control channel
Why the location of PUCCH resources are on the edge of bandwidth? Here is the answer, to assign the contiguous RBs to single terminal for PUSCH data transmission along with increased frequency diversity experience by control signaling.
You might be thinking that what could be the maximum value of m. The value of m depends on the number of UEs in the eNB or Macro eNB coverage area. To control more UEs, more control signaling with more PUCCH RBs would be required and hence value of m will be more. Maximum value of m could be equivalent to the maximum number of RBs (in case of 10MHz bandwidth, it is 50), but it is not practical.
Now how do we derive the value of m?
Index m is derived from higher layer parameter, Refer 36.211 section 5.4.3 ( N1_PUCCH, N_RB_SC, N_UL_RB, N2_RB, c, Ncs, delta_pucch_shift) for Format 1.
Index m is derived from higher layer parameter, Refer 36.211 section 5.4.3 (N2_PUCCH, N_RB_SC, N_UL_RB) for Format 2.
Where,
N1_PUCCH is Resource index for PUCCH formats 1/1a/1b.
N_RB_SC is Resource block size in the frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers. N_UL_RB is Uplink bandwidth configuration, expressed in multiples of N_RB_SC.
N2_RB is Bandwidth available for use by PUCCH formats 2/2a/2b, expressed in multiples of
N_RB_SC.
Ncs is Number of cyclic shifts used for PUCCH formats 1/1a/1b in a resource block with a mix of
formats 1/1a/1b and 2/2a/2b
.
You can explore more about the calculation of m here .
So, what is PUCCH Mixed Mode? In my view, PUCCH mixed mode occurs, if same resource block
is shared between two or more UEs to transmit the PUCCH format 1 by first (or second ) UE and the PUCCH format 2 by second (or first) UE.
The actual meaning of PUCCH Mixed Mode is some UE are transmitting either SR or HARQ ACK/NACK in the same resource block whiles other transmitting CQI/PMI/RI with or without HARQ ACK/NACK in the same resource block.
To enable PUCCH mixed mode, Ncs parameter value should not be set as 0 (should be in between 1..7) and resource index parameter should be same for both UE profile configuration. Also, at most one resource block in each slot can support mix of format 1 and 2 (Example: m=0 in slot 1 and m=0 in slot 2 of subframe, in above figure).
What is the benefit of using this PUCCH Mixed Mode in LTE?
It would not be suffice to allocate different RBs for different format type for smaller cell bandwidth (Example 1.4MHz, out of 6 RBs 2 RBs will be used for PUCCH for different formats). To minimize this overhead , it would be preferred to mix the format 1 and format 2 in same resource block. However to achieve this some phase rotation are used for guard to separate ACK/NACK and CQI , hence the efficiency in this mixed mode is slightly lower.
Posted by Abhishek Kumar at 11:36 2 comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook
Labels: LTE, LTE advance, PUCCH, PUCCH Formats types, PUCCH MIXED MODE, Resource allocation
Friday, 12 July 2013
What is Rank Indicaton in LTE
Rank Indication is one of the important input to eNB , in selection of the transmission layer in downlink data transmission. Even though the system is configured in transmission mode 3 (or open loop spatial multiplexing) for a particular UE and if the same UE report the Rank Indication value 1 to eNB, eNB will start sending the data in Tx diversity mode to UE . If UE report Rank Indication 2 , eNB will start sending the downlink data in MIMO mode (Transmission Mode 3). Why we need this RI in LTE concept? When UE experience bad SNR and it would be difficult (error prone) to decode transmitted downlink data it gives early warning to eNB by stating Rank Indication value as 1. When UE experience good SNR it pass this information to eNB by indicating rank value as 2.
Because of this reason, you might have observed that some time data transmitted by eNB is in Tx diversity mode, though MIMO was configured and hence you may have observed less downlink throughput than expected one.
However, it is not necessary that eNB will always change the transmission mode based on RI value, it could be implementation specific decision.
Posted by Abhishek Kumar at 11:16 No comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook Labels: LTE, LTE advance, Rank Indicator
Thursday, 11 July 2013
What is CQI PMI RI in LTE?
Well, we had discussed about uplink channel state information Difference between SRS and DMRS by reference signals (SRS and DMRS). Now to achieve 1Gbps or more downlink speed in LTE with effective resource utilization of full bandwidth available, CQI PMI RI and many more parameter play very important role. So what are CQI, PMI and RI in LTE?
CQI (Channel Quality Indicator), reported by UE to eNB. UE indicates modulation scheme and
coding scheme to eNB , if used I would be able to demodulate and decode the transmitted downlink data with maximum block error rate 10%. To predict the downlink channel condition, CQI feedback by the UE is an input. CQI reporting can be based on PMI and RI. Higher the CQI value (from 0 to 15) reported by UE, higher the modulation scheme (from QPSK to 64QAM ) and higher the coding rate will be used by eNB to achieve higher efficiency.
PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator), UE indicates to eNB , which precoding matrix should be used
for downlink transmission which is determined by RI.
RI (Rank Indicator), UE indicates to eNB, the number of layers that should be used for downlink
transmission to the UE.
RI and PMI can be configured to support MIMO operation (closed loop and open loop spatial multiplexing). These both transmission modes use precoding from a well defined codebook (the lookup table of cross coupling factors used for precoding shared between UE and eNB) to form the transmission layers. In case of transmit diversity PMI and RI need not to be reported to eNB. In wideband CQI reporting UE report one wideband CQI for the full system bandwidth region. However, UE can also report CQI value for sub band also.
Now, what about periodicity of CQI, PMI and RI and its values. Yes these can be periodic and aperiodic .
eNB configure type of CQI reporting by RRC signaling. Aperiodic reporting is on request based (by eNB ), which always go with PUSCH.
Periodic CQI reporting can go on both PUCCH and PUSCH (along with data). The minimum periodicity could be 2 ms. Periodicity are defined in 36.213 for different values of CQI-PMI-ConfigIndex (Table 7.2.2-1A for FDD). The range of CQI-PMI-CQI-PMI-ConfigIndex is 0 to 1023. Also the periodicity of RI is based on riconfig-index (Table 7.2.2-1B for FDD) and periodicity of CQI-PMI.
The range of riconfig-index is 0 to 1023.
Example: From Table 7.2.2-1A of 36.213, for the value of CQI-PMI-ConfigIndex “17” the periodicity of CQI reporting is 20 ms (say X). From Table 7.2.2-1B of 36.213, for the value of riconfig-index “483” the Y is 8 and the periodicity of RI will be 8 times of X (20ms) =160ms.
What about if CQI/PMI/RI collides with either ACK/NACK or SR on the same subframe? If CQI/PMI/RI collides with positive SR the CQI/PMI/RI will be dropped. If CQI/PMI/RI collides with ACK/NACK and simultaneousACKNACKandCQI is false CQI/PMI/RI will be dropped otherwise CQI/PMI/RI will be multiplexed with ACK/NACK.
It is only the eNB which decide the time and frequency on which UE can transmit the CQI, PMI and RI.