Name ___________________________________________
Directions: As you read the chapter, take very detailed notes in the space provided.
Chapter 14: Pages 451-481
The Expansion of Europe and the Birth of Capitalism Define capitalism.
What determines the price of goods and labor in a capitalist economy?
Define mercantilism. How did governments use mercantilism?
The Empires of Spain and Portugal Spain’s New World Conquests
Why was Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes sent to the Americas?
Name 3-4 reasons why Cortes and his men defeated the Aztecs.
-When did the Spanish conquer the Aztecs and seize Tenochtitlan? -When did they conquer the rest of the region?
In what ways were the Incas divided prior to the arrival of the Spanish?
Name 3-4 reasons why the Spanish under Pizarro able to conquer the Incas?
-How did the Spanish reorganize the economies of the Americas?
Define encomienda.
Why did the encomienda system end?
How did the repartimiento system and the mita system differ from the encomienda
system?
Why were haciendas established?
Where did the worst working conditions exist in the Americas? Describe these conditions.
Why were African slaves imported into the Caribbean and Brazil?
For the Spanish, what were the most valuable products from the Americas?
Why were the Philippines an important trade link for Spanish?
Why did much of the profits flow out of the hands of the Spanish?
How did Charles V of Spain anger many nobles leading to the Communero revolt of 1520-1521?
Portugal’s Empire
What were the Portuguese motivations to explore?
For what reasons did the Portuguese venture inland from their coastal ports?
What South American territory did Portugal claim?
For what purpose did Portugal utilize Brazil?
What was Pedro Alvarez Cabral tasked with?
Where did Afonso de Albuquerque capture for Portugal?
Why were the Portuguese unable to maintain their empire?
Evaluating the Spanish and Portuguese Empire
Why were Spain and Portugal more successful culturally than economically?
Trade and Religion in Western Europe: The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation
The Reformation Define indulgences.
For what purpose did Martin Luther write his ninety-five theses?
Why did Germany rulers side with Martin Luther?
How did the printing press assist the Reformation?
What did John Calvin preach?
Why did King Henry VIII of England break from the Church?
The Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)
Why was the Society of Jesus formed?
The Dutch Republic, France, and England
Why did the Netherlands revolt against Spanish rule?
What happened in the conflict between England and Spain?
Why did the Netherlands, England, and France surpass Spanish supremacy?
Why did the Dutch develop a strong economy?
What was the importance of the Dutch East India Company?
Why were the Dutch permitted to trade in Japan?
Where did the Dutch settle in the Americas?
What was the importance of the English Navigation Act of 1651?
France and Britain
Why did France and Britain surpass he Dutch?
How did King Henry IV of France try to heal the conflict between the Catholics and Huguenots?
How did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu continue France’s empire?
What were the accomplishments of Louis XIV?
In what ways did Louis XIV assert his religious authority?
How did Louis XIV and his economic advisor, Jean Baptiste Colbert, strengthen France’s economy?
Define balance of power. How did France disrupt the balance of power?
Define asiento. How did this impact Britain?
What was the result of the Peace Settlement at Paris in 1763?
What economic institutions did the British support?
The Nation-State
What is the difference between a state and a nation?
What is a nation-state?
Why were nation-states feared?
Why did Russia have little direct conflict with the west?
When did Russia begin to take a modern form under Ivan III?
Define serfdom.
How did Peter I (the Great) embark on a “Grand Embassy of Western Europe”?
How did Peter the Great expand his military strength?
Why did Peter the Great build a new capital? Where was it?
What happened when Sweden invaded Russia in 1709?
How did Peter the Great rule as an absolute monarch?
Why did Peter the Great strengthen the economic and political position of the ruling classes?
What is an enlightened despot? How did Peter rule as one?
Diverse Cultures, Diverse Trade Systems Ottomans and Mughals
Why did the Ottoman empire not able to control their own trade and profits?
How did Mughal emperor Akbar establish a strong empire in India?
In what ways were Indian traders semi-independent?
Why did European merchants edge out Indian merchants?
Ming and Qing Dynasties in China
In what ways were the Ming attacked by the outside?
How did Matteo Ricci impress the Chinese?
Why did China’s economy continue to expand until 1600?
How did the Ming restrict European trade?
Describe the “Canton system”.
Read the “How Do We Know?” excerpt on page 479. When id the economic productivity and wealth of Europe surpass China?
Read the “How Do We Know?” excerpt on page 479. What was the role of joint-stock companies?
Tokugawa Japan
What was the role of Jesuit priest Francis Xavier in Japan?
Why were Europeans welcomed at first?
Define shogun.
Why did Toyotomi Hideyoshi crucify missionaries and converts?
After the expulsion of foreigners, who was still allowed limited contact with Japan?
Why did isolation not cripple Japan?
Define samurai.
Why did the samurai class benefit from the new government?
Southeast Asia
Why did local traders not benefit from international trade in Southeast Asia?
The Influence of World Trade: What Difference Does It Make? Who gained control of trade in the Indian Ocean?
Why did competition increase between nation-states?
Review Questions:
1. What were the chief causes of the decline of the Portuguese and of the Spanish empire?
