United States
Admiralty Law
by
Gerard J. Mangone
KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD xiii
CHAPTER 1 A BRIEF HISTORY O F ADMIRALTY LAW
1. Why Maritime Law? 1 2. Ancient Maritime Law 2
Athens 2 Rhodes 3 Rome 3
3. Medieval Maritime Law 6
Trani 6
Amalfi. 6
Pisa 7 The Rolls ofOleron 7 Wisby Sea-Laws 9 Consulate of the Sea of Barcelona 10
4. Application of the Medieval Law 12 5. English Maritime Law in the Middle Ages 14
The Admiralty Court 14 The Black Book of Admiralty 17
6. English Admiralty: Tudors, Stuarts, and Commonwealth 18 7. The End of Separate English Admiralty Courts 21 8. Continental Maritime Law 22 9. Maritime Law in Non-European States 23 10. Admiralty Law in Colonial America 24
Early Colonial Courts 24 The English Act of Trade, 16% 25 Colonial District Courts 27
11. The American Revolution, 1776 28
Continental Congress 29 Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 30
12. The United States Constitution, 1787 31
The Judicial Power: Admiralty and Maritime Cases 3 3 Judiciary Act, 1789 35
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CHAPTER 2 ADMIRALTY A N D MARITIME JURISDICTION
1. American Development of Admiralty Law Jurisdiction
Statutes and Judicial Interpretation
2. What is an Admiralty Case?
Navigable Waters
Other Definitions of Navigable Waters Vessels
Significant Maritime Activity Sufficient Maritime Activity
3. Maritime Contracts
Offshore Oil Exploration Contracts 4. Maritime Torts
5. Products Liability 6. In Rem and In Personam 7. Liens
8. Sovereign Immunity from Jurisdiction 9. Criminal Jurisdiction
10. Original and Exclusive Jurisdiction
Federal or State Law? Federal or State Court?
11. Choice of Forum and Law
United States or Foreign Law? Trial by fury
Statutes of Limitation
12. International Law
Territorial Sea Contiguous Zone Exclusive Economic Zone Continental Shelf U. S. Proclamations Protective Jurisdiction 38 39 40 40 43 44 46 47 49 52 54 56 57 59 60 62 63 63 64 65 66 68 68 69 69 70 70 70 71 71
CHAPTER 3 T H E CARRIAGE O F G O O D S BY SEA
1. The Nature of Merchant Trade by Sea 74
Charters 75 Bill of Lading 76
2. United States Law, 1893-1916 78
The Harter Act, 1893 78 The Pomerene Act, 1916 79
3. The Hague Rules, 1924 80 4. The Visbv Protocols 82
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5. Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1936 83
Carrier Duties 84 Carrier Liabilities 84 Harter Act and COGSA 8 5
6. Claims Under Harter Act/COGSA 86
Seaworthy Ship 86 Perils of the Sea 87 Inherent Vice 87 Deviation 88
Packages 90
Navigation and Management of the Ship 91 Actual Fault or Privity of the Carrier 92 Priority of Claims 93
7. The Hamburg Rules 94
Contracts of Carriage 94 ustody 95
95
Cargo 96
&7A of Lading 96
Claims —Jurisdiction 97
8. Conflict of Laws 102 inform ofCOGSA/Hague- Vis by Rules 104 9. General Average 105 10. The York/Antwerp Rules 108
Imminent Peril 110 Allowable and Non-Allowable Claims 111
11. The Jason Clause 112 12. The Himalaya Clause 114
Effect of the Hamburg Rules 116
CHAPTER 4 PERSONAL INJURIES A N D WRONGFUL DEATH
1. The Seaman 117 2. Legal Remedies for Seamen 119
Definition of Seaman 119 Maintenance and Cure 122 Care of Seamen 123 Shipowners Liability Convention 124 Service of the Ship 125 Misbehavior of the Seaman 126
Concealment of Illness 126 Extent of Award 127
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3. Unseaworthiness 128
Strict Liability 129 Longshoremen and Unseaworthiness 130
Temporary Unseaworthiness 131
4. The Jones Act 133
The Jones Act Seaman 135 Alien Seamen 136 Jones Act Negligence 138
Limitation of Liability 139 Comparative Negligence 140 Contribution and Indemnification 140 Jurisdiction and Damages 141
5. Longshore and Harbor Workers 144
Situs of the Injury 145 Status of an Injured Employee 147
O0J/W* W&r£m 148 6. Death on the High Seas Act 150 7. Maritime Death Remedies and Compensation 151 8. Passengers, Guests, and Visitors 155
Duty of Care 156
GWjf or Seaman 157
Choice of Forum 159 Extent of Vessel Liabilities 160 Stowaways 161
CHAPTER 5 COLLISIONS, TOWAGE, PILOTS, AND WRECKS LIMITATION O F LIABILITY
1. U. S. Development of Safety in Navigation 163
Steamships 163 The Lighthouse Service 164 The Steamboat Inspection Service 165 Supervising Inspector General 166 Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation 167
2. The United States Coast Guard 167
Revenue Cutter Service 167 The Life Saving Service 168 Establishment of the U.S. Coast Guard 168 Marine Casualties 169
3. Collision Regulations 170
1889 Washington Conference on Rules of Navigation 171
4. International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea 172
(COLREGS) 172
5. Apportionment of Fault in Collisions 173
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6. The Measure of Fault 174
The Pennsylvania Rule 176
7. Allisions 177 8. Tug and Tow 178
Duties of Tug and Tow 180 Liabilities of Tug and Tow 180 Of Service and For Service 182
9. Pilotage 183
Federal and State A uthority 183 Admiralty Law and Pilotage 184
Compulsory and Voluntary Pilots 185
10. Limitation of Liability 186
Who May Limit Liability 187 Procedure 189 Privity or Knoivledge 191 Limitation Fund and Personal Injury 192
11. Exceptions to Limitation of Liability Act 193
Personal Contracts 193 Maintenance and Cure 194 Contracts of Affreightment 194 Marine Pollution 194 International Convention on Limitation of Liability 194
12. Wrecks 195
Negligent Owners and Abandonment 196 Abandonment Without Negligence 197
Strict Liability and Third Parties 198 Wreck Removal Insurance 199
CHAPTER 6 SALVAGE, FINDS, AND HISTORICAL WRECKS
1. Wrecks and the Origins of Salvage Law 201
Incentives for Salvage 203 From English to American Law 204 International Salvage Conventions and Contracts 205 Salvage Convention, 1910 205 Lloyd's Open Forum (LOF) 206 Salvage Convention, 1989 207
2. The Elements of Salvage 207
Contract Salvage 208 Voluntary Salvage 209 Duties of Salvors, Owners, and Masters 209
3. Requirements for Pure Salvage Claims 210
Peril 210 Duty 211 Success 212
4. Maritime Property 213 5. The Salvage Award 214
Special Compensation 216 General Average 217
6. Negligence of the Salvor 217 7. Procedure in Salvage Awards 219
Security 219 Appeal 220 Limitation of Action 220 Applicable Law 220
8. Recovery of Treasure Vessels from the Sea 221
Diving Apparatus 221
9. The Law of Finds 223
Z.orf ara<sf Mislaid Property 224
Abandoned Property 225 Embedded Property 225
10. The Maritime Law of Finds 226
Possession 226
S/ftw <?r Location 227 11. Historic Shipwrecks 229 12. Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 231
Constitutionality of the Act 233
/ « ris diction 235
CHAPTER 7 MARINE INSURANCE
1. Origins of Marine Insurance 239
Northern Italy 240 Lombard Street 241 Lloyd's of London 242 The American Colonies 243
2. The Nature of Insurance 244
Risk Assessment 244 Insurable Interest 245 Representation and Utmost Good Faith 246 Material Facts 248
3. Jurisdiction Over Maritime Insurance Policies 249 4. The English Marine Insurance Act, 1906 250
Federal or State Standards? 251
5. Types and Forms of Marine Insurance 252
Hull Insurance 252 Cargo Insurance 254
6. Particular Average and General Average 256
Particular Average 256 General Average 257
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Indemnification and Subrogation 260
Indemnity of Liability 260 Double or Excess Insurance 261 Subrogation 262 Proximate Cause 263
CHAPTER 8 MARINE POLLUTION
1. Sources of Marine Pollution 265 2. National and International Regulation 266
National Refuge Act 266 Pollution of the Sea by Oil 266 Dumping of Wastes 267 Pollution of the Sea by Ships 269
3. Liabilities for Pollution of the Sea 270
Clean Water Act, 1972 271 Trans-Alaskan Pipeline Authorization Act, 1973 272 Deepwater Port Act, 1974 272 Offshore Oil Pollution Compensation Fund, 1978 273
4. International Liability Conventions 273
Civil Liability Convention, 1969 273 International Fund for Oil Pollution Compensation, 1971 274 Protocols 275
5. U.S. Acts on Marine Pollution 276
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 1976 276 Comprehensive Environmental Responses, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA), 1980 277
6. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) 278
Prevention and Removal 27'8 Limitation of Liability 279 Liability and Damages 279 Economic Damages 279 Liability to States 280 Natural Resource Damages 282 Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund 283 Certificates of Financial Responsibility (COFR) 284
7. Liabilities in State Statutes 285 8. New International Conventions on Marine Pollution 286
Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response, and Cooperation 1990 286 Liability and Compensation for Damages in Connection with
the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) 286
LIST OF CASES CITED 289 INDEX 301
