Period Packet – Period 2: 1607 – 1754
Unit 1 – Chapter 2-5
Included in Each Period Packet:
- Key Concepts – an overview of what you need to know - Overview – a summary, the basics, and differing perspectives
- Main Themes – how the seven themes of the course apply to this period - Chapter Reading Questions – pretty straight forward…
- Crash Course Guide – video guide to watch (they will be amazingly helpful)
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754 - Key Concepts
Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.
I Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.
A
Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society.
B French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.
C
English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
MIG-1 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America and, later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society.
WOR-1 Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America.
II In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.
A The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans.
B The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
C The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance.
D
The colonies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy.
E
Distance and Britain’s initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NAT-1 Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity.
WXT-1 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.
MIG-1 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America and, later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society.
GEO-1
Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.
III Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.
A
An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.
B Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts.
C
Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other Indian groups.
D
The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade.
E British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War) in New England.
F American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
WXT-2 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.
CUL-4 Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time.
WOR-1 Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America.
Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.
I Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another.
A
The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.
B
The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from inter-colonial commercial ties, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.
C
The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.
D
Colonists’ resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NAT-1 Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity.
POL-1 Explain how and why political ideas, beliefs, institutions, party systems, and alignments have developed and changed.
WXT-2 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.
CUL-1 Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life.
CUL-2 Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scientific ideas have developed and shaped society and institutions.
II Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.
A
B
As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity.
C Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
WXT-1 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.
CUL-3 Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics.
CUL-4 Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time.
WOR-1 Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America.
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754 - Overview
Summary
Beginning in 1607, England, France, and Spain all established settlements in North America. Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and North American environments led these nations to develop diverse patterns of colonization. The growth of slavery, triangular trade, Enlightenment ideals and Protestant evangelism helped shape English colonial society and the economy. The French and the Spanish traded and intermarried with Native Americans, and attempted religious conversions. As a result of these differences and growing conflicts between Europeans and Native Americans, distinctive colonial and native societies emerged, leading to a struggle to control resources and the beginning of the Seven Years War.
BEGINNING =Foundingof Jamestownsettlement inVirginia,1607.
What do I need to know?
1. Success and Failures of European colonization, (interaction between Natives and European colonists, Europeans and Africans, Work Systems, etc.)
a. Examples: Pueblo Revolt, King Phillip’s War, Slave Trade, Middle Passage, Stono Rebellion, Bacon’s Rebellion 2. How did England become the dominant colonial power? What were the regional DIFFERENCES among English
colonies!?
a. Examples: New England Puritans, City Upon A Hill, , Middle Colonies Merchant class, Quakers, Chesapeake Tobacco, Southern Colonies, Cash Crops, slavery
3. Effects of major social movements Enlightenment and Great Awakening on colonial American identity
a. Examples: John Locke “Natural Rights”, Benjamin Franklin, Jonathan Edwards “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”, George Whitefield, Reason
END =StartoftheFrench&IndianWar1754betweenEnglandandFranceforcontroloftheAmericasandtheOhioRiver Valley
Period Perspectives From the establishment of the first permanent English settlement in North America to the start of a decisive war for European control of the continent, the colonies evolved. At first, they struggled for survival, but they became a society of permanent farms, plantations, towns, and cities. European settlers brought various cultures, economic plans, and ideas for governing to the Americas. In particular, they all sought to dominate the Native Americans. The British took pride in their tradition of free farmers working the land. The various colonies developed regional or sectional differences based on many influences including geography, climate, natural resources, economic motivations, and religious backgrounds of their settlers. They largely viewed the American Indian as an obstacle to colonial growth. With their emphasis on agriculture came a demand for labor, and this led to a growing dependence on slavery and the Atlantic slave trade to power the economy. The start of the Seven Years' War signified the maturity of the British colonies and the influence of European conflicts in the power struggle for control in North America.
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754 - Main Themes
Themes
Applied to this period
National Identity - Colonial unity or lack thereof – regional identities develop independently
- Rise of self-sufficiency – self-government, autonomy, rugged-individualism, religious freedom
Work, Exchange, and Technology - Labor – mostly unfree (indentured servants replaced by African slaves) - Plantation farming – southern and Chesapeake (tobacco, rice, indigo) - Commerce – New England
- Worker Revolts – Bacon’s Rebellion, New York Slave revolt, SC revolt, Stono River Migration and Settlement - Reasons for Colonial Settlement – religion, free enterprise, social mobility
- Regional differences – political, social (including religious), economic - New England, Middle, Chesapeake, South
- Tidewater/backcountry difference – East vs. West tensions, Bacon’s Rebellion - Forced Migration – slave trade and middle passage
Politics and Power - Mercantilism – conflict over land, salutary neglect, navigation laws - Colonial settlement – Proprietary, Royal, Charter – founders – nicknames
- Settlers vs. Native Population conflict – Powhatan, King Philip’s War, Pueblo Revolt America in the World - Global Age - Role of the Columbian Exchange and Triangular Trade, spread of disease
- Dutch vs. French vs. Spanish vs. British Colonial differences – Spanish Colonial Class system, Dutch East India Trading, conflicts over land
Geography and Environment - Economic growth vs. Human/Environmental Exploitation – exploitation of natural resources
- Use of land for farming, lumber, fishing, domestication of animals
- Ideas of land ownership vs. communal land – conflict between Natives and Settlers Culture and Society - Influence of Puritan thought – City on a Hill, Anglicization
- First Great Awakening – influence of the Enlightenment, natural rights, - Role of women – shift from early settlement to later colonialism
- Colonial differences – inter-racial marriage in Central/South America vs. North American separation of groups.
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754 - Reading Guide (Chapter Two)
Answer the following questions fully and completely.
1. How did the conditions in England encourage the founding of Jamestown? Be sure to include the Protestant Reformation, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, primogeniture, and joint stock companies in your response.
2. In two clear, concise sentences summarize “England Plants the Jamestown Seedling.” 3. Complete the chart on the settlement of the Chesapeake:
Events in Chesapeake Settlement Details Hurt or help its settlement? How?
“The Starving Time” First Anglo-Powhatan War Second Anglo-Powhatan War The cultivation of Tobacco The House of Burgesses The Act of Toleration
4. How did the foundation of the West Indies impact the settlement of the Carolinas? Be sure to address the role of slaves, slave codes, and crops grown in your response.
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754 - Reading Guide (Chapter Three)
Answer the following questions fully and completely.
1. Create a flow chart illustrating how the Protestant Reformation led to the creation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Any terms (make sure to address the bolded ones) you use should be briefly explained in your flow chart.
2. How did Governor Winthrop’s feelings about democracy impact the development of government in the Massachusetts Bay Colony? Be sure to address the values of Puritanism in your response.
3. Identify Anne Hutchinson (Who? What? Where? When? Why is she important? What impact did she have in the New England colonies?)
4. Complete the chart on the settlement of New England:
Events in New England Settlement Details Hurt or help its settlement? How?
Roger Williams’s “Rogue Island” Fundamental Orders
Pequot War King Philip’s War
New England Federation/Dominion of New England
Navigation Laws Salutary Neglect
5. In a small paragraph, tell the story of how New Amsterdam became New York. Use pages 52-54.
6. How does the Penn’s Treaty by Edward Hicks (p. 56) embody the founding of Pennsylvania? Be sure to address William Penn, Quakers, and cultural diversity in your response.
7. In one clear, concise sentences summarize “The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies.”
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754 - Reading Guide (Chapter Four)
Answer the following questions fully and completely. 1. What role did tobacco play in the creation of indentured servants and the head right system? 2. How did conflicts over labor lead to Bacon’s Rebellion and subsequently the Atlantic Slave trade?
3. Write a half page short story communicating the experience that a captured African would experience on the middle passage and life in America. Be sure to include conditions in transport, jobs performed, slave codes, African/American Diffusion in your response.
4. In one clear, concise sentences summarize “The Southern Society.” 5. Complete the chart on New England Society.
New England Society Aspects Details How it helped define the New England Identity? The Role of Women
Land Distribution Congregational Church The Salem Witch Trials Climate and Geography
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754 - Reading Guide (Chapter Five and part of Six)
Answer the following questions fully and completely.
1. Explain the influence the Germans, Scottish, and Scots-Irish had on the development of America. Be sure to include regional settlement, religion, and rebellions.
2. Examine the quote by Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur p.80). How does early immigration to America help define America’s identity?
3. In one clear, concise sentences summarize “Africans in America.”
4. Examine the map on Page 84. How did the triangular trade attempt to take advantage of the Colonial economic system? Be sure to address three different products/industries in your response.
5. Identity George Whitfield and Jonathan Edwards (Who, What, Where, When, Why are they important? Impact on the Great Awakening). Make sure you use the quote on p.87.
7. Complete the chart on the development of Colonial Governance:
Early Colonial Activity Details How it promoted democratic ideals
Printing Press/Zenger Trial New Universities/Colleges Royal vs. Proprietary Colonies Town Meetings
Leisure activity Religious Toleration
8. In Chapter 6: How did the rivalries between European nations bleed over into the North American colonies, creating tension? Be sure to include the French fur trade, Catholicism, the settlement of Louisiana in your response.
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754 - Crash Course Videos
For each period, watch the following videos. There are no questions to go with these videos, but they will be EMMENSLY VALUABLE in helping you contextualize and compare time periods!
1. When is Thanksgiving? Colonizing America: Crash Course US History #2
URL:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o69TvQqyGdg&index=2&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s
2. The Natives and the English - Crash Course US History #3
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTYOQ05oDOI&index=3&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s
3. The Quakers, the Dutch, and the Ladies: Crash Course US History #4
