World War One
The Great War\The War to End All Wars:
1914-1918
• Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Trade
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Anti-German Propaganda
• Anti-war groups
• US warnings
• Peace without Victory speech
• Russian Revolution, March 1917
• Bolshevik Revolution, Oct 1917
• Industry
• I.W.W.
• Great Migration
• Bonds
• Committee on Public Information
• Women
• Armistice
• Mid-term elections
• Henry Cabot Lodge
• Ratification of treaty
• Isolationism
• 1920 Elections
• Warren G. Harding
Long term causes of WWI
•
#3
•
What were the
four underlying
causes of the
war?
#2: What event in Sarajevo was the “spark” of WWI?
•
He is heir to the Austrian
throne
•
He goes to Bosnia (Sarajevo)
•
Killed by Gavrilo Princip
(The Black Hand) a Serbian
nationalist who wanted Slavic
independence
•
Immediate cause of the war
•
Led to Austria declaring war
on Serbia (which is what
Austria wanted anyway)
• There were 7 conspirators who lined up throughout the city to wait for their chance to attack.
• The first attack was a grenade thrown at the Duke’s car which hit the back and bounced off, then exploded.
• The assassin drank a container of cyanide and jumped into the river.
• He was fished out; the cyanide was old and didn’t work.
• The other conspirators heard the explosion and later found out the attempt failed.
• The Duke sped to the Town Hall, made a speech and then tried to find the quickest way out of town.
Germans control
the war
•
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Germans
•
Plan to avoid a two
front war called the
Schlieffen Plan
–
Invade France through
Belgium quickly and
then worry about
• Trench Warfare
• After the German invasion, it was eventually halted and both sides began building a series of trenches along the Western Front in France
• This led to a 3 1\2 year stalemate where little land was gained on either side
• Nearly 475 miles of trenches were built
•
Could be 5 to 1000 yards
away
•
No Man’s Land
– Land between the trenches
•
Over the Top
– Attacking
•
Chatting
2006 Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School
Since there were no washing machines or cleaners at that time, the soldiers would re-wear their cloth many times. The lice
would lay there eggs in the seams of the cloth
Chaplin
•
Both Central Powers
and Allied Powers
tried to woo the US
•
Many Austrians and
Germans (11 million)
were happy to be out
of the Europe and in
the US
Most Americans were
anti-German from the
beginning
Things get worse
•
1915
•
German operative left
his briefcase on an
elevator by mistake
and plans for
industrial sabotage
were found
•
Shaped American
opinion
On July 30, 1916, German saboteurs targeted the ammunition depot on New Jersey's Black Tom Island, shipping point for three-quarters of U.S. ammunition bound for Allied Europe. The resulting explosion was heard as far away as Philadelphia. (Library of
Trade
•
When the war began the US experienced an
economic boom
•
Loans to the Allies
•
US trading with Germany(limited)
•
Germany found it difficult to trade with a
Submarine
Warfare
• The Brits set up a blockade and the Germs responded with
unrestricted submarine warfare
• #5: Understand the events of Lusitania: May 7,1915
• Long term cause of US involvement in the war
• Germans agree to end the unrestricted warfare if Britain lifted its blockade; never
Contraband
•
The British were
smuggling goods or
contraband back to
England from the US
•
This is one reason the
Germans were
Travelers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travelers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk.
Imperial German Embassy
Anti-German Propaganda
•
Propaganda over the radio from the British
•
Stories of German atrocities in Belgium and
France (killing children)
US Warnings
Wilson sent a strong warning to
Germany and they would be held
Aug. 1915: The Germans were
convinced to warn unarmed ships
before firing on them
1916 Election
•
The US remained
neutral and the
American people liked
that (also good for
economy).
•
#10 What’s the
Peace without Victory speech
•
An attempt to end
the war and avoid
US intervention by
Wilson
Causes of the US entering the
War: April 6, 1917
Russian Revolution: March. 1917
•
Overthrow of the Czar of
Bolshevik Revolution, Oct. 1917
•
Communist takeover of
Russia
•
In early 1918, after the
new government was
overthrown by the
Communists, peace was
sought with Germany
•
Followed by a Russian
civil war 1918-1920
After the election, war seemed
inevitable due to
increased
Selective Service Act, May 1917
–
#13
–
10 million in one
month
Roles of us
•
Who are we? #12
•
Baruch, Taft, Hoover
•
Baruch: War Industry Board
•
Taft: War Labor Board
More info for you on WWI
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Unions increase
–
more work
–
women had to work
•
Controls were placed
on certain parts of
industry (railroads,
fuel, etc)
•
War Industries
Board…who led it?
Food Administration
•
Who led it?
•
Hoped to use
voluntary actions; not
compulsory laws
•
Urged people to grow
their own food
Attempts to ration……….
•
Victory Gardens
•
Shorter skirts
–
Cloth used for military
uniforms
–
Tall leather boots
shortened
•
Daylight savings used
•
Meatless Monday
International Workers of the World
•
Union opposed to US
involvement in WWI
•
Led by William Haywood
•
The I.W.W. broke away
from the AFL
•
Accepted immigrants
Great Migration
•
Movement of
Raising Money for
the War
•
Taxes and Bonds
•
Bonds
were the most
important way to raise
money for the war
– movie stars held rallies for the war effort
•
Propaganda
– Committee on Public Information
– Get people to support the war effort
– George Creel
What will my
bonds buy?
• A $50 bond will buy: – 14 rifle grenades.
– 160 first-aid packages to dress wounds.
– Truck knives for an entire rifle company.
• A $100 bond will: – Clothe a soldier.
– Buy 5 rifles.
– Feed a soldier for 8 months.
• A $1,000 bond will buy: – An X-ray apparatus outfit.
– Pistols for an entire company.
• $5,000 worth of bonds will buy: – 1 Liberty truck.
– 7 Lewis machine guns.
• $50,000 worth of bonds will:
– Maintain a submarine for over a year.
– Construct a base hospital with 500 beds.
• $100,000
– Will buy 5 fighting airplanes.
• $1,000,000
– will maintain a battleship for a year.
• $1,800,000
– will build onedestroyer.
• $28,000,000
Hyphenated Americans
•
Civil Liberties were abused especially against immigrants
•
People with German sounding names were discriminated
against and fired from jobs
•
Orchestras didn’t play Mozart, Bach, Beethoven
•
Cities with German sounding names were changed
•
German measles called Liberty Measles
•
Hamburger called Liberty Steak
Espionage and Sedition Acts, 1917 and 1918
The Espionage Act, passed in 1917, made it a crime to obstruct military recruitment and it authorized the Postmaster General to deny mailing privileges to any material he considered treasonous or
harmful to the war effort.
The Sedition Act, passed in 1918, made it illegal to “utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language” about the government, the Constitution, the flag, the
armed forces or even the “uniform of the Army or Navy.”
Considering the two above mentioned Acts, decide whether or not the defendants in the cases to follow are “guilty” or “not guilty.” Your job is not to interpret the law in terms of its constitutionality, but to apply it to the cases in question. Be prepared to explain your
• Case #1: The American Revolution Movie
– A Hollywood movie producer issued a film, The Spirit of 76, which portrayed some scenes in which British soldiers committed some atrocities.Claiming that the film questioned the faith of our ally, Great Britain, the prosecution argued that the war effort demanded total Allied support.
– Guilty or Not Guilty? Sentence/Fine:__________
• Case #2: The Anti-Draft Circulars
– An American Socialist, feeling that American involvement in World War I was an attempt to bolster the capitalist system, mailed circulars to men eligible for the draft, stating that being conscripted against one’s will was unconstitutional and should be resisted.The prosecution argued that this interfered with the
government’s right to raise an army in time of war.
• Case #3: The Leaflets Dropped From a Window
– Several men, concerned about America’s involvement in the
unfolding Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, dropped some leaflets
from a window to pedestrians below.The leaflets urged that American workers go on strike to protest America’s involvement in another
nation’s civil war.The prosecution argued that while the leaflets made no statement about the U.S.’s role in World War or its allies, a strike might hamper war production and thus their actions were illegal.
– Guilty or Not Guilty? Sentence/Fine:______
• Case #4: The Anti-Draft Speech
– An American Socialist leader stood on a street corner in Cincinnati, Ohio and told a crowd of passers-by that the draft was wrong, that the European War was not America’s fight, and that the U.S. should
withdraw its troops immediately.The prosecution contended that these words were inflammatory and could hinder the recruitment of soldiers by the Selective Service Administration.
• Case #1: The American Revolution Movie
– U.S. v. Spirit of ’76. The producer was fined $10,000 and given a 10-year prison sentence (later commuted to three years).
– Note: The judge supported the jury’s decision stating that the film might cause Americans "to question the good faith of our ally,
Great Britain.“
• Case #2: The Anti-Draft Circulars
– Schenck v. U.S.A 10-year sentence upheld by the Supreme Court, which established the “clear and present danger” doctrine for the boundaries of permissible speech.
– Note: ''The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of
proximity and degree.'' Justice Holmes
• Case #3: The Leaflets Dropped From a Window
• Abrams v. U.S.A 20-year sentence upheld by the Supreme Court .Abrams was later released from prison on the condition that he emigrate to the Soviet Union.
• Note: Majority Reasoning: Based on Schenk, this speech is clearly
prohibitable. Even though their primary purpose was pro-Russian, it had an anti-American effect by urging strikes.
• Dissent Reasoning: [Holmes] Abrams did not intend to interfere with the war against Germany. There was not clear and present danger present because the leaflet was silly and posed no immediate danger to the U.S. government. Free speech is necessary because it is the "marketplace of
• Case #4: The Anti-Draft Speech
• U.S. v. Debs 10-year sentence commuted by President Harding in 1921.
• Note: Debs told his listeners: "Wars throughout history have been waged for conquest and plunder.... And that is war, in a nutshell. The master class has always declared the wars; the subject class has always fought the battles." The judge who sentenced Debs said "who would strike the sword from the hand of this nation while she is engaged in defending herself against a foreign and brutal power." • In court, Debs refused to call any witnesses, declaring: "I have been accused of obstructing the war. I
admit it. I abhor war. I would oppose war if I stood alone." Before sentencing, Debs spoke to judge and jury, "While there is a lower class, I am in it. While there is a criminal element, I am of it. While there is a soul in prison, I am not free."
Schenck v. US, 1919
•
#15
Women in WWI
•
Took the place of men in
factories and farms
•
Their work aided them in
obtaining the right to vote
•
Most women were let go
when the war was over as
the men returned from
war
Conscientious Objectors
•
Oppose the war based on
religion or moral grounds
•
Alvin York among most
famous in WWI
•
Eventually accepted the
war as a moral cause and
in Oct. 1918 killed 25
enemy soldiers and with
the help of 6 others
1918 Fears
• The first doughboys were not well trained; the French and British didn’t care
• Fear of Bolsheviks
– With Russia leaving the war the Germans wouldn’t be so spread out
– Feared weapons would end up the hands of
Germans during the revolution
– Some feared the Bolsheviks would get the weapons
• In May 1918 the Germans got within 40 miles of Paris
US Forces Enter Europe
•
American Expeditionary
Force
•
Doughboys
•
Nickname of US troops in
Europe
•
His nickname was
The End Is Near
•
In Nov. 1918, a mutiny occurred in Germany and
the Kaiser had to leave the country and went to the
Netherlands
•
An
armistice
was signed on the 11th month, on
the 11th day, at the 11th hour…..the guns fell
silent (truce….not peace treaty)
Death Totals
•
Russia: 1,700,000
•
Germany: nearly 2,000,000
•
France: over 1,300,000
•
Britain: over 940,000
•
US: over 116,000
Mid-Term Elections
•
Wilson needed Democratic support in Congress to
pass his plan
•
Republicans gained
•
Only leader at the peace table without a legislative
majority
•
#21
–
Republican Henry Cabot Lodge
14 Points
– Wilson’s plan for after the war introduced to Congress in Jan. 1918
– I. The abolition of secret treaties
– II. The freedom of the seas
– III. Free trade
– IV. Disarmament
– V. Adjustment of colonial claims.
– VI-XIII Deal with self-determination
• National groups decide where they want to live; independence
• XIV. A general association of nations
Treaty of Versailles,
June 1919
•
Peace treaty to end WWI
•
9 New Nations created
•
Ottoman Empire divided
Polish Corridor created; land taken
from Germany to give Poland a
Who made the treaty?
•
#19
•
Who made the
treaty?
•
Who was left
WWII?
•
Three provisions set the
Causes of WWII
–
war guilt clause:
war was blamed on
Germany
–
reparations (33
billion): Germany
had to pay
–
Loss of German land
(50,000 miles)
including the
Sudetenland
German Politics
•
A weak republic (govt)
was established in
Ratifying the Treaty?
•
Difficult
•
Wilson had alienated many
Republicans
•
Many Republicans didn’t
like it because of the
League of Nations and
harshness towards Germany
•
The Big Three knew Wilson
would concede much to get
the League approved
•
Wilson was forced to
compromise much to
keep the League of
Nations
•
Viewed differently in
Europe now
Revised treaty sent to Congress
•
Wilson returned to the US to gain support for the
treaty in the Senate
•
Once again the League wasn’t supported
•
Republicans didn’t want to get involved in Europe
•
It may cause Europe to violate the Monroe
Doctrine
•
Made Wilson look weak as his own govt.
Lodge v. Wilson
•
Lodge wanted to
amend the treaty and
Americanize it
•
Wilson went on a
good will tour to gain
support for the treaty
•
While in Colorado, he
collapsed from
exhaustion and a few
days later had a stroke
•
Paralyzed one side of
his body
•
The treaty was
submitted with
Lodge’s reservations
and still rejected
•
Treaty was never
approved by the US
and we made a
Isolationism
Other countries are upset at the
treaty
•
The Soviets lost more land than anyone and had more
deaths (nearly 1 million total)
•
Irish hoped to gain independence from Britain and didn’t
(what about self-determination??)
•
South East Asian colonies wanted independence and were
ignored
•
One man, Ho Chi Minh, went to meet with Wilson and he
was ignored
1920 Elections
• Wilson hoped that if the Democrats won, it was be a symbol of support for the treaty and the League of Nations
• Republicans chose Warren G. Harding
• Democrats chose James M. Cox and FDR as VP
• With women now voting, the Republicans won the election
• Even Eugene V. Debs, who was in jail, garnished 900,000 votes
• The largest ever for the Socialists party
• Harding called for a “Return to Normalcy”
League of Nations results
•
The US never joined the League of Nations
•
Should they have joined it?
•
Power of the League was undercut by the
US not joining
•
The French feared Germany wouldn’t be
Zeppelin, flieg,
Hilf uns im krieg,
Flieg nach England,
England wird
abgebrannt,
Zeppelin, flieg.
Zeppelin, fly,
Help us win the war,
Fly against England,
""I think of this war as it really is, not as the people at home imagine,
with a hoorah! and a roar. It is very serious, very grim…"
Manfred von Richthofen
Canadians get a lift on a British Mark
IV. They won’t get where they're
Mustard gas:
•caused blisters internally and externally •Used by Germany
•Brought on several hours after exposure.
•Protection against mustard gas proved more difficult than against either chlorine.
The use of mustard gas also proved to have mixed benefits. While inflicting serious injury upon the enemy the bacteria remained potent in soil for
weeks after release: making capture of infected trenches a dangerous
•
Eddie Rickenbacker:
American
WWI pilot achieved 26 victories (22
aircraft and 4 balloons) and had
received the title "American Ace of
Aces."
•Courage is doing what you're afraid to
do. There can be no courage unless
Timed
machine
•
The last living WWI
Vet passed away Feb.
2011
•
Frank Buckles
•
He also served in
WWII and was a
POW in the
Philippines held by
Japan
•
Lied about his age
Hold My Breath as I Wish for Death Oh Please God,wake Me
Now the World Is Gone I'm Just One
Oh God,help Me Hold My Breath as I Wish for Death
Oh Please God Help Me
Darkness
Imprisoning Me All That I See Absolute Horror I Cannot Live I Cannot Die Trapped in Myself Body My Holding Cell
Landmine
Has Taken My Sight Taken My Speech
Taken My Hearing Taken My Arms Taken My Legs
Taken My Soul
Left Me with Life in Hell I Can't Remember Anything
Can't Tell If this Is True or Dream Deep down Inside I Feel to Scream this Terrible Silence Stops Me
Now That the War Is Through with Me I'm Waking up I Can Not See
That There Is Not Much Left of Me Nothing Is Real but Pain Now
Hold My Breath as I Wish for Death Oh Please God,wake Me
Back in the Womb its Much Too Real in Pumps Life That I must Feel
but Can't Look Forward to Reveal Look to the Time When I'll Live
Fed Through the Tube That Sticks in Me Just like a Wartime Novelty