Chapter 40: Eisenhower

Chapter 40: Eisenhower

Checkers’ Speech

Brown v. BOE of Topeka, 1954

Earl Warren

Dec. 1955: Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycotts CORE

Little Rock Crisis, 1957 Civil Rights Act, 1957 Grassroots movement SCLC

SNCC

Feb. 1960: Greensboro, NC Dynamic Conservatism Social Issues

John Foster Dulles Military

Massive Retaliation Vietnam

Domino Theory Dien Bien Phu

Geneva Accords, 1954 Ngo Dihn Diem

Vietcong

Ho Chi Minh Trail Nikita Khrushchev Eisenhower Doctrine OPEC

Sputnik

National Defense Education Act, 1958 ICBM

U-2

1952 Election

Truman did not run for another

term because of Korea,

McCarthyism, etc.

The Republicans saw their

chance.

Republican Dwight D.

Eisenhower and VP Richard

Nixon won the election

TV was very important in this

"We did get something, a gift, after the election... It was a little cocker spaniel... our little girl, Tricia, the six-year-old, named it Checkers... I just want to say this right

now, that regardless of what they say about it, we're gonna keep it."

Nixon ran into a problem……he was accused of profiting from campaign contributions; this was illegal

He went on TV to defend himself in the Checker’s Speech

He said the money was spent for legitimate purposes and the only personal gift he received was a little dog named Checkers and his children loved the dog and he wouldn’t give it up

Segregation

Fierce segregation in the

south; also in north

20% of eligible black voters

were registered to vote

An American Dilemma

(Gunnar Murdal…Swed)

All men are created equal (so

says US) yet didn’t treat

Brown v. BOE of Topeka,

1954

Many blacks moved north to get away from segregation, but still found it in the north in different forms

After WWII, the civil rights movement gained strength (what happened in the past??)

Brown v. BOE of Topeka, 1954: said Plessy v. Ferguson was unconstitutional and public schools were to be integrated

Thurgood Marshall was

the lawyer for the Brown family

Earl Warren was the Chief Justice of Brown v. BOE

Liberal judge (internment camps)

The movement begins…….

Dec. 1955: Rosa Parks (died 2005)

was a secretary for the NAACP in Montgomery

She refused to give up her seat and move to the back of the bus which segregation required her to do (law) She was arrested and four days later a boycott began

There were others before her like Claudette Colvin (age 15)

BUS BOYCOTT

The NAACP protested the arrest of Parks with the Montgomery Bus Boycott for 381 days

Blacks made up the majority of the bus riders and this hurt the companies

The NAACP picked Martin Luther King, Jr to organize and lead the boycott

1956 the Supreme Court outlawed segregation in city transportation King followed the idea of passive resistance: non-violent protest

Unaware of History

In August of 1994, Rosa Parks was alone in her apartment when an

African American drug addict named Joseph Skipper broke in and

attacked her.

Skipper did not know, when he first broke in, whose home he was

in. Only after getting a good look at her did he realize who she was.

He even asked her if he was right.

Still, he continued on with his plan to rob her and, on his way out

the door, he struck her in the face.

CORE

Founded in the 1940’s

Helped to organize the

bus boycotts, sit ins,

freedom rides

Little Rock Nine

Many white southerners couldn’t accept desegregation and fought back in many ways: discrimination as businesses, KKK, attacks

In 1957, the Little Rock Crisis occurred The Governor of Arkansas didn’t enforce

integration at Little Rock Central High School (9 black students)

Ike had to step in eventually and sent in the military to enforce integration

Ike thought this was a state issue so he stayed out of it at first

Martin Luther

King Jr.

Organizations form

The civil rights movement

was a

grassroots

movement:

civil rights

movement started with the

people; not politicians, etc.

In 1957, King helped to

create SCLC:

Southern

Christian Leadership

Conference:

staged

Students get involved

In 1960 at Shaw University in Raleigh, NC

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating

Civil Rights Act, 1957

Greensboro, NC

Feb. 1960 in

Greensboro, NC

students sat at an all

white lunch counter and

refused to move

Dynamic Conservatism

Ike

Social Issues

More state control

Offshore drilling

TVA

Against free distribution of polio vaccine (socialized

medicine)

Tried to undercut New Deal policies concerning Indians and

terminate tribes (didn’t work with the Dawes Act and won’t

work now)

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower

this time

was President at

His

Sec. Of State

was John

Foster Dulles

Dulles favored massive

retaliation:

use everything you

have against your enemy

(even nuclear weapons)

Dulles supported “brinkmanship”:

willingness to go to the brink of

war

Military changes…..

Eisenhower did reduce the military, but increased the Navy and Air force; reduce chances for nuclear war

Ike will warn against

the

military-industrial complex:

don’t base your

economy on the

military; misplaced

power

Domino Theory

Ho Chi Minh led the communist party in Vietnam (Indochina) Minh had been asking for

independence since WWI and had been promised help from the US after WWII since he helped to fight Japan

Dien Bien Phu

Billions of dollars were being spent by the French

A new Vietnam

A peace conference was

called for to decide on

Vietnam (Indochina) called

the

Geneva Accords, 1954

This would divide Vietnam at

the 17th parallel and called

for national elections in 1956

The North was controlled by

Minh

Ngo Dihn Diem

US and Vietnam

The south was controlled by

Ngo Dihn Diem and knew

that if there were national

elections, he would lose

Ho Chi Minh was the George

Washington of Vietnam

No go Ngo……

With American

The

Vietcong

formed in south

Vietnam, but supported the north

Ho Ho Ho

The

Ho Chi Minh Trail

was a series of trails to

supply the VC (Vietcong)

Nikita Khrushchev

Khrushchev

became the leader

of the USSR after Stalin and

terminated his “cult of

personality”

"I can prophesy that your grandchildren will live under socialism."

Middle East

The Middle East was an important part of the world….why?

Nasser was the leader of Egypt He played the US and USSR off of each other to gain support

Nasser seized the Suez Canal, owned by France and Britain

Israel and France and Britain attacked Egypt, ally of the Soviets

The Soviets threatened missile use and the US had to step in and stop Britain

Ike makes a move in the Mideast

Ike created the

Eisenhower

In 1940, the Us

The Soviets Scare Me

The US felt it was ahead of

the Soviets technologically

until the launch of

Sputnik

First artificial satellite (1957)

in space; USSR

An ICBM was used to put the

satellite into outer space

Launched Oct. 4, 1957 Weight: 184 lbs

Laika the Space Dog

On November 3, 1957, the U.S.S.R.

stunned the world with a space sensation -- the launch of Sputnik 2 with a live dog on-board

The Soviet press boasted about the 250-pound object equipped with a cabin,

providing all the necessary life support for a dog named Laika.

The Soviets admitted soon after the launch that the spacecraft would not return,

meaning that the animal was doomed from the start.

National Defense Education Act, 1958

The US began to reform

education with

more

focus on science, math,

foreign languages due to

Sputnik

This scared us!!

ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile)

America’s first ICBM

was the

Atlas

in

1959

We now use

Peacekeeper

Spying

The CIA began making high altitude flights using the U-2 spy plane to spy on the Soviet Union; the Russians could see it, but not reach it with weapons

Ike wanted to end the flights in his administration as the Cold War seemed to be cooling

Spying

Khrushchev said that Powers confessed

Ike took full responsibility (he admitted to spying)

He was convicted and sentenced to 10 years, but released after 2 in a spy prisoner exchange

More info

Due to the U2 incident, the

superpowers kept a closer eye on

each other

Good signs of the 1950’s easing of

tensions were erased by aggression and

Latin America

The US supported a non

communist dictator: Fulgencio Batista

Fidel Castro led a rebellion in Cuba and took control in 1959 He declared himself a communist Ike was still president and was planning a coup in Cuba to get Castro out; he was out of office before he had a chance to apply it

JFK was advised of the plan and used it

Castro had taken over US holdings in Cuba: land, oil

Buy It

Due to higher wages, cashing in war bonds and more jobs, the US began spending more money

There was massive spending in the US after WWII

As a result, consumer debt rises (27 to 43 billion) and credit card use increased

Entertainment Changes

TV around since 1930’s (BBC was first to air)

ABC founded in 1944; 1945 NBC founded

By 1950, TV was the big change Only 4 million had them in 1950, but by 1960 52 million had a TV set Shows moved from radio to TV

Videotape began being used by TV companies instead of live TV by 1960’s

Television is the devil…..

Just like today, there were

critics of TV:

stereotypes of

women, male dominated

shows, only showed middle

class white America

Nationwide color TV was

introduced by NBC in

1954, but not used

widespread until the

1960’s

It wasn’t until the 1960’s

that more people began

to buy color TV’s

LEAVE IT TO BEAVER

THE HONEYMOONERS

The Amos ‘n’ Andy Show blipped onto television screens in July,

1951. And that same week, The NAACP (National Association for

the Advancement of Colored People) published, in its Bulletin, the

following bill of charges against the program:

 It tends to strengthen the conclusion among uninformed and prejudiced people that

Negroes are inferior, lazy, dumb and dishonest.

 _{Every character in this one and only TV show with an all Negro cast is either a clown or}

a crook.

 Negro doctors are shown as quacks and thieves.

 Negro lawyers are shown as slippery cowards, ignorant of their profession and without

ethics.

 _{Negro Women are shown as cackling, screaming shrews, in big mouthed close-ups,}

using street slang, just short of vulgarity.

 All Negroes are shown as dodging work of any kind.

 Millions of white Americans see this Amos 'n' Andy picture of Negroes and think the

• _{The organization made a formal denunciation of the show at its July 1951 convention and filed a}

suit against CBS, attempting to get an injunction to stop the show from airing.

•

Amos ‘n’ Andy did well in the ratings in ‘51, but began to slide in ‘52. Its chief sponsor, Blatz Beer, was wilting under the pressure of the protests. In 1953, Blatz withdrew its sponsorship, and as a result, CBS cancelled the show.

The cast members of Amos ‘n’ Andy consistently defended the show. In some cases, they went so far as to say that they didn’t feel the characterizations were offensive, but in most cases their

arguments were that the show was comedy, not to be taken too seriously.

• _{If the characters were buffoonish or slow, they weren’t unlike White characters on other shows in}

that respect--those depictions supplied the humor that audiences wanted. They also argued that the show was a Godsend in provided much-needed work for Black actors, and that other shows were shying away from using Black talent for fear of being targeted by the NAACP.

• _{This is another manifestation of the “is a dubious depiction better than no depiction at all” debate,}

in which a lack of acknowledgment of a race is seen as the ultimate insult, which creates the corollary that any depiction is seen as progress.

• _{It is easy to anticipate the reply that this is a two-wrongs-make-a-right argument, and that}

negative stereotypes can do far more damage than the absence of portrayals.

The new type of music was Rock and Roll led by acts like Bill Haley and the Comets, Chuck The new type of music was Rock and Roll led by acts like Bill Haley and the Comets, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Elvis Presley (who was condemned for his dancing)

Berry, Little Richard, Elvis Presley (who was condemned for his dancing) Many adults related rock and roll to immorality and delinquency

Many adults related rock and roll to immorality and delinquency

The American Bandstand TV show was popular. For the first time for many, black and white The American Bandstand TV show was popular. For the first time for many, black and white people danced together

people danced together

Radio and rock and roll led to cross over audiences of black and white……..music stations were Radio and rock and roll led to cross over audiences of black and white……..music stations were segregated at this time

segregated at this time

Elvis Presley

•Called the King of Rock and RollCalled the King of Rock and Roll •Started singing country and gospelStarted singing country and gospel •Made over 20 moviesMade over 20 movies

•Brought rhythm and blues music to Brought rhythm and blues music to white America

white America

•Controversial dancing kept him Controversial dancing kept him from being shown above the waist from being shown above the waist on TV for some time

on TV for some time

Officials in San Diego and Florida police warn Elvis Presley that if he moves at all during his local performances, he will be arrested on

obscenity charges.

The Beatles

Led the British Invasion

of the 1960’s

The Day the Music Died

1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash was an accident that occurred in Goldsboro, North Carolina, on

January 24, 1961. A B-52 Stratofortress carrying two Mark 39 nuclear bombs broke up in mid-air, dropping its nuclear payload in the process

"one simple, dynamo-technology, low voltage switch

stood between the United States and a major

catastrophe,"

“As far as I’m concerned we came damn close to having a Bay of North Carolina. The nuclear

explosion would have completely changed the Eastern seaboard if it had gone off.” The size of each bomb was more than 250 times the

Ritchie Valens

Chuck Berry Duck Walk

Beatles on Ed Sullivan

Frankie Lymon

Oldies Commercial

Elvis and Screaming Girls

Elvis on Milton Berle