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Material Handling Facts

and Good Truck Guide

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Introduction ...1

Materials Handling Basic Principles ...2

The Application ...3-4 Pallets & Stillages ...5-6 Palletless Handling & Specialised Fork Options ...7-11 Storage Methods ...12-15 Application Sectors Pallet Transfer ...16-17 Towed Trailers ...17 General Purpose...18 Narrow Aisle...18-19 Cold Store ...19

Very Narrow Aisle System (VNA) ...19-21 Order Picking ...21 Container Handling ...22 Container Stuffing ...23 Long Loads ...23 Safety Useful References ...24

Operating & Maintenance ...25-26 Training...27

Technical Information Useful Data...28

Aisles for 90° Stacking ...29-30 Capacities ...31

Calculation of Capacity with an Attachment ...32

Axle and Wheel Loadings ...33

Drawbar Pull (Towing) ...34-35 Motive Power ...36-38 Customer Services Choosing the Right Solution ...39-40 Customer Support...41

National Network...41-42 Export Markets ...43 Good Truck Guide ...44-61

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1 Call 0845 608 5000for automatic connection to

your local Linde national network company to obtain more detailed information on our wide This booklet comes with the compliments of Linde Material Handling (UK) as a useful reference when reviewing your materials handling requirements.

Keep it handy.

We hope you will find the information provides useful pointers to ways in which the optimum handling solution can be identified. We are happy to put our extensive fund of experience at your service as well as the comprehensive facilities offered by our national network companies.

Linde Material Handling (UK) Ltd

Kingsclere Road, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XJ Head Office Tel: 01256 342000

Fax: 01256 342923 Web: www.linde-mh.co.uk e-mail: enquiries@linde-mh.co.uk

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Basic Principles

The best handling solutions involve the least handling. Handling adds to the cost but not to the value of the product.

The choice of the right equipment or system to optimise material flow is broadly a definition of MATERIALS HANDLING and includes cranes, conveyors, automated vehicles, tractors, free ranging forklifts, order pickers, stackers and pallet trucks.

The unit load

Products, whether they be cartons, bags, cans, bottles, drums or sacks are assembled together to form a unit load.

The commonly used base on which unit loads are formed are flat, wooden (sometimes plastic) pallets, ISO containers, roll cages and tote bins. Others are stillages, box and cage pallets, bulk containers, for example.

Palletless handling

Products are often handled without pallets using specialised attachments in place of forks: bales, white goods, cookers, carpets, tyres, drums, beer kegs, paper rolls and milk crates are just some of the many products where attachments are utilised.

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The Application

It is essential to consider all aspects of an application in order to ensure that the most suitable equipment is specified and the best handling solution selected. Important factors are:

The load and the pallet or other load base type

a) Pallet details

Length; width; depth; type, ie any base boards; pallet underhang under forks; are the base boards chamfered? two- or four-way access?

b) Load details

Weight; length when stacked on pallet; width when stacked on pallet; overall height of load and pallet; type of load: cartons, bags, sacks etc; is the load shrink wrapped?

Type of storage

Block stack, fixed racking, mobile racking and so on.

Stack height

What is the maximum top shelf height onto which loads must be lifted? This will determine height of lift and define nominal and residual capacities.

The forks have to lift the pallet above the top shelf with sufficient underclearance to place the load on the top shelf (mast deflections must also be taken into account).

Overhead obstructions

Is there sufficient clear headroom over the stacking area with the mast fully raised?

Note any overhead obstructions either in the aisle or on the travelling route. This will determine whether free lift or triplex masts are necessary.

Allow for possible future changes to the application.

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The Application

Distances

To determine whether pedestrian or rider equipment is required, the average and maximum distances covered in a typical work cycle need to be established. Sometimes a tractor/trailer system may be the preferable method.

Surfaces/gradients

The lengthof any gradient is important as well as its surface and

slope. This determines the truck and battery capacity and, sometimes, the type of wheel/tyre equipment. It is also very pertinent to record the types of surfaces on the level areas.

Working area and duty

Inside or outside, order picking, lorry loading/unloading, loading docks, container stuffing, public roads.

Careful study and definition is needed.

Environment

Operating in a cold store? Ambient temperature? Abrasive/dusty atmosphere? Hazardous material? Brine or salty conditions? Chemicals?

Other factors

(a) Hours per shift and number of shifts. (b) Number of pallets in and pallets out per shift. (c) Any peak periods? If so, when.

(d) Electricity supply, ie single phase, three phase. (e) Delivery access: ground level/loading dock. (f) How many loading docks?

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Pallets & Stillages

Wooden pallets vary in dimensions and in design, although there has been some success towards standardisation in Europe. An aperture is required between the top and bottom decks for fork entry. Where there are bottom boards they must be suitably spaced for use with pallet trucks.

Some examples of typical pallet design are shown here: Four-way entry flat pallet with blocks as spacers. Top deck includes three transverse stringers,

while bottom boards occur on two sides only. On the other two (800mm) sides, entry is

provided without bottom boards. The Europallet is a typical example (800 x 1200mm).

Four-way entry flat pallet with perimeter base. Bottom deck is boarded on all four sides so

that a pallet truck always enters over the bottom boards which are usually chamfered. This type of pallet is used widely in the UK (1000 x 1200 mm).

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This list is by no means definitive and only mentions the most commonly used load platforms.

Pallets & Stillages

Roll cagecomprises a deck with wheels and castors and meshed side frames to retain the loads. It is widely used in order picking and distribution of consumer goods.

Pallet collaris used to convert a conventional flat pallet into a box pallet to store loose components, for example.

Box palletwith sides and stacking feet is used to contain loads of small articles; for example, automotive parts.

Pallet converteris a metal frame which is fitted to a normal wooden pallet to allow block stacking of crushable loads.

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Palletless Handling &

Specialised Fork Options

A wide variety of attachments is available for fitment to counterbalance and reach trucks for palletless handling of various products. Examples are illustrated and briefly described; we can advise on selecting the right type for your specific requirements.

Carriage backrest extension

is a guard fitted to the fork carriage to give support to the load when the mast is tilted backwards. Various heights are available.

Standard forged steel forks

of various lengths are laterally adjustable, and usually have a slight taper on the underside; the top face is flat, primarily for handling palletised loads.

Fork extensionsare metal sleeves which slide on to the forks and lock into place enabling longer loads to be handled. The extension must not be more than 50% longer than the original forks (40% for trucks over 5,000 kg) and the load carried should not overhang the extension.

Residual capacity will be reduced with extensions fitted.

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Drum gripis a non-powered device; fitted either to the fork carriage or the forks which automatically grips the top rim of the drum. Another type uses self-acting clamping arms. Both can be used to handle one or two

drums in the upended position.

Boom (ram) attachment

allows loads with a central core (tyres, coils, etc) to be handled without a pallet.

Carpet boomis a special boom for handling rolls of carpet; the boom being inserted into the central core of the carpet.

Crane attachment

is fitted to the fork carriage in lieu of forks and converts the truck to a mobile crane. The appropriate lifting regulations then apply.

Palletless Handling &

Specialised Fork Options

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Palletless Handling &

Specialised Fork Options

Load clampfor handling bales, cases or other suitable loads by clamping action. There are a wide range of arms to suit the load including dual-purpose arms such as pivoting forks for clamping bales or other loads, or for use as forks for palletised loads. An integral sideshift can be incorporated.

Carton clampis similar in action to a load clamp with integral sideshift. Fitted with large contact pads on articulated arms, it is used to handle unit loads such as white goods.

The following attachments are hydraulically powered and require one or more hydraulic supplies to the fork carriage according to the number of functions. The attachment is mounted on the fork carriage in lieu of forks.

Sideshiftprovides limited (eg 75-100mm) lateral movement for accurate positioning of the load. Sideshifts can be integral (as shown) or hang-on type.

Double pallet handlersallows two pallets to be handled side by side allowing fast movement of uniform loads. Multiple pallet handlers are also available.

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Rotating fork unitis a rotating head (180 to 360 degrees), fitted with forks for handling bins etc., which need to be rotated to discharge the contents.

Rotating paper roll clamp

handles paper rolls by clamping using articulated contact pads, then rotating them to the vertical position for stacking on end. Split-roll units are available for handling two or more rolls of the same size.

Palletless Handling &

Specialised Fork Options

Load push-pullThe load is carried on a slip-sheet instead of a pallet. The push-pull has two broad platens in lieu of forks. The load is pulled on to the platens by a gripper, and pushed off by a pusher plate. The attachment is also available with alternative functions including sideshift, if required.

Load stabiliseris used to stabilise high loads. The load is carried on standard forks and the attachment has a top pad hydraulically powered to exert pressure on top of the load to ensure stability.

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Palletless Handling &

Specialised Fork Options

Other attachmentsare available for many specialised requirements, some examples of which are:

Non-powered attachments include: tines and round forks for lifting drums etc; thin section forks for use where aperture entry is restricted; other custom-made forks and fork extensions etc. Powered attachments for specialised applications cover a wide range, eg:

lFork positioners; sideshift optional.

lPaper roll tippling clamps (upenders), rotation optional.

lBrick clamp, for unit pack of bricks.

lHydraulic scoops; and others.

lCask clamp and stabiliser, for handling beer kegs. We have extensive experience in the selection and use of attachments.

Double deep

extending forks enable loads to be stacked two deep in the rack to increase space utilisation.

Palletless handling pictures reproduced by permission of B&B Attachments and Cascade.

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Storage Methods

Unit loads are stacked to optimise storage space and ensure efficient distribution. The layout and storage method chosen depends on several factors:

lThroughput frequency required (ABC analysis)

lType of product

lFirst In First Out requirement

lTurnover rates

lAccessibility to individual loads

lDedicated or random storage

lStorage capacity needs. Stacking methods include:

Block stacking.Offers high density storage but restricts access to individual loads, and stacking height is limited by the crushability and stability of the product being stored (unless pallet converters are used). First In Last Out. Usually used for high turnover of limited number of product lines.

Drive-in racking.High density storage with crushability factor removed since each pallet is separated from the one below. Usually First In Last Out, but can be First In First Out if an aisle is located at each end of storage lane to create drive through

racking but this reduces the available storage space.

Push back racking.High density storage by placing pallets on nested trolleys or rollers within the storage lanes. The pallets are then pushed back along the storage lane by the subsequent loads. Only practical where First In Last Out is acceptable. Restricted individual load access.

Static racking.100% individual load access and First In First Out logistics are provided. Commonly used with reach trucks and counterbalance trucks.

Totally flexible with high throughput capability.

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Very narrow aisle racking.High density storage combined with 100% individual load access, good space utilisation and high throughput.

Double deep racking.As the name implies, pallets are stored two deep. Offers 50% individual load access – First In Last Out. Good space utilisation.

Storage capacity is increased by reducing the number of aisles required. Truck is fitted with telescopic or pantograph fork mechanism.

Mobile racking.High density storage while maintaining 100% individual load access. First In First Out.

Higher investment costs but good payback for right application.

Gravity racking.Pallets are fed into storage lanes from one side and then roll down incline to be removed from other side of rack. Storage lanes can be several pallets deep. First In First Out. Ideal where high density storage and fast turnover is required. Turnover rates and the number of product lines involved will determine the storage layout using the ABC analysis: A = High turnover, fast throughput

B = Average turnover, medium throughput C = Infrequent turnover, slow throughput

A items are stored for the fastest access while B and C items are stored progressively further away along the storage aisle.

Storage Methods

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Linde can help you to establish the most efficient and cost effective storage solution and ensure optimum utilisation.

Storage Methods

Adjustable Very Drive Double

Pallet Narrow In Deep

Racking Aisle Racking

Use of floor space •• ••• •••• •••

Use of cubic space •• ••• ••• •••

Speed of throughput ••• ••• •• ••

Access to individual

pallets •••• •••• • ••

Rotation of stock •••• •••• • ••

First In First Out 4 4 -

-First In Last Out - - 4 4

Push Gravity Mobile Block

Back Racking Racking Stacking

Racking

Use of floor space ••• •••• •••• ••••

Use of cubic space ••• ••• ••• ••••

Speed of throughput •• •••• •• •••

Access to individual

pallets •• • •••• •

Rotation of stock •• ••• •••• ••

First In First Out - 4 4

-First In Last Out 4 - - 4

Definitions • = Fair •• = Good ••• = Very Good •••• = Optimum

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Storage Methods

Counterbalance Reach Turret VNA

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Pallet Transfer

Hand pallet truck.

Manually operated with hand hydraulic pump for elevation of forks. The ideal general purpose utility truck.

Powered pallet truck.

Available in pedestrian, stand-on or rider versions. Designed for lorry loading/ unloading and pallet transfer duties to and from receiving/despatch and storage areas.

Selecting a Pallet Truck

T20 S pallet truck

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Pallet Transfer

Choice of truck depends on pallet throughput per hour and distances to be travelled. Obviously, pedestrian trucks are limited by the amount of walking an operator can reasonably be expected to do during a working shift while stand-on and seated rider versions extend the possibilities and increase productivity (see diagram).

Pallet stacker.Based on a powered pallet truck and fitted with a mast to provide a cost-effective combination of stacker and pallet transporter. It cannot stack pallets which have base boards, such as the chep pallet commonly used in the UK.

Towed Trailers

Industrial electric tow tractor.Three- or four-wheeled, for towing trailers. See drawbar pull details on page 34.

P250 tow tractor

L16 pallet stacker

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Rider electric truck.Three- or four-wheeled rider counterbalance, battery electric powered. Tilting mast, with load carried on forks in front of the truck. Will cope with hard, less than perfect surfaces using either contoured solid (superelastic) or pneumatic tyres. Cushion tyres may be required for some applications.

Engine powered truck.

Four-wheeled counter-balance, powered by IC engine – diesel, petrol, LPG or CNG.

Pedestrian operated truck.

Three-wheeled counterbalance, battery electric powered, requires fairly smooth, level surfaces.

General Purpose

Narrow

Aisle

Reach truck.

Battery electric with moving mast or fixed mast with transversing fork carriage, for warehousing duties in narrow aisles from 2.7 m wide. Side seated operator. Load retracted for travelling, reached

forward for stacking. R17 X reach truck

H16 engine powered forklift

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Cold Store

Cold store protection. Battery powered trucks can be adapted for use in cold stores with temperatures down to minus 30°C. Specification has evolved from Linde’s long experience in this type of application, in collaboration with major users.

Cold store cab.A unique integrated cold store cab is available for the Linde reach truck range which creates a

superb ambient working environment for significant productivity increases.

Very Narrow Aisle System

(VNA)

A VNA system permits the narrowest working aisles for high density storage, dictated by the load size and not by the operation of the truck. It also achieves the maximum stack heights on racking whilst maintaining 100% load access, high work throughput rates and the flexibility associated with free ranging truck systems in general.

Narrow Aisle

For the lower range of truck capacities a tilting mast is fitted. Higher truck capacities are fitted with a non-tilting mast and integral tilting forks and sideshift with lift heights to 11.5m. Designed for use on smooth, level warehouse floors.

Pallet stacker.Ideal for low lift storage of open based pallets and stillages.

R 14 X with cold store cab

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The VNA truck, however, cannot be treated in isolation. This is why we refer to the ‘system’. To be successful, all elements of the system must be agreed and achieved:

(i) The customer specified load size and pallet must be maintained.

(ii) The floor levels have to be to defined standards and high strength is essential.

(iii) The racking must be correctly erected and maintained to defined tolerances.

(iv) A guidance system is necessary within the working aisles. (v) Pick and deposit stations are required.

(vi) Stock control disciplines have to match the VNA truck’s capability.

(vii) Efficient communication to and from the truck operator is also important.

Linde offers a range of VNA trucks to suit various loads and applications.

To assist in ensuring that the maximum benefit is obtained from any proposed very narrow aisle system we have a team of experts available to offer advice. Man-up combi truck.Very narrow aisle truck designed to stack full loads and allow multi-level order picking. This is the ideal combination for modern warehousing requirements where the increase in brand choice demands more picking

Very Narrow Aisle System (VNA)

K range man-up combi truck

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Very Narrow Aisle System (VNA)

faces. Reach and rotate mechanisms or transversely mounted telescopic forks allow stacking to both sides. Truck can be either rail or wire guided. Floors and racking must be constructed to defined tolerances.

Man-down turret truck.Specialised electric VNA truck for high level, high density storage of unit loads in aisles as narrow as 1.4 m depending on load size; ideal where a combination of multi-level order picking is not required.

Order Picking

Low level order picker.Rider or pedestrian, adapted to carry two or more roll cages or conventional pallets.

Medium level order picker.Floor and first shelf picking.

Medium/high level order picker.Multiple shelf level picking. On medium and high level models, the operator’s cab moves up with the load and the operator works from within the cab or, optionally, a walk-through version is available for handling awkward or bulky loads.

N 20 low level order picker

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With a complete range of modern, laden and unladen container handling equipment available, our team of heavy truck specialists is always available to offer expert advice.

Containers come in many versions with the most common sizes being 20' and 40' with heights of 8'6" and 9'6". Other sizes are also encountered.

Some containers have fork pockets for use with a conventional front lift truck.

Container handling attachments include:

l Fixed and telescopic sidelift frames.

l Fixed and telescopic toplifts, piggyback attachments etc

l Twist locks on these attachments are inserted into the corner castings of the containers and turned through 90

°

to lock container and attachment together.

Container Handling

C 4230 reach stacker

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Container Stuffing

Counterbalance truck.Fitted with a low closed mast height, sideshift and full free lift, for operating inside standard ISO containers. Weight of the truck must not exceed floor loading limits of the container.

Long Loads

Sideloader.Designed for handling and stacking long loads such as timber, metal tubes or girders, long flat sheets, for example.

H30 container stuffers

S50 sideloader

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Useful References

Naturally, Linde equipment is designed for optimum comfort and safety. All components and the finished products are produced using the latest manufacturing techniques to ensure consistently high standards and are subject to stringent testing and inspection procedures.

Each truck carries the CE mark confirming its conformity to all relevant European Directives and Norms regarding design, manufacture and testing.

ie 98/37/EC ISO 9001

We also ensure compliance with any amendments which may be issued from time to time.

Publications available from HSE books:

l Safe Use of Equipment

PUWER 1998 (Provision of Work Equipment 1998).

l Safe Use of Lifting Equipment

LOLER 1998 (Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998).

l Manual Handling – Guidance on Regulations: Tel. 01787 881165

Fax. 01787 313995.

l Health and Safety Enquiries: HSE Infoline 0541 545500.

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Operating & Maintenance

Safety of personnel is of prime importance, particularly in the operation of mobile equipment. Broad guidelines only are mentioned here, and it is imperative that all operators should read the relevant publications. For training details, see page 27. 1. Operators must be fully trained, and only those persons

trained and authorised to drive should operate trucks, including those for whom it is a secondary function of their jobs: maintenance engineers, delivery drivers, for example. Pre-shift checks of the equipment must always be carried out prior to use.

2. The Health and Safety at Work Act Provision and Safe Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER 98) and Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER 98) - or their equivalent in other countries - must be complied with at all times to ensure that operators and other personnel in the area in which a lift truck is working are not subject to any risks.

3. An operating and safe working handbook is issued for the particular range of Linde trucks, and the operator (and anyone else who may be required to drive, such as a maintenance engineer) should be conversant with all the instructions given, and observe them at all times.

4. All users of industrial trucks should ensure that preventative maintenance is carried out as recommended by the manufacturer. Truck safety depends on regular and thorough maintenance.

5. Lift trucks must be used within their rated capacity at all times.

6. When unusual or bulky loads have to be handled, care is essential to allow for the dynamic effects of exceptional size (refer to Linde).

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Operating & Maintenance

7. No person must be lifted on the forks or on a pallet. Only purpose-built equipment should be used.

8. Please ask for advice on any handling requirement which is not covered by the information published.

9. Supervision of operators by suitably trained personnel is as important as the selection, training and authorisation of the operators themselves.

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Training

To ensure safe and efficient operation of your equipment it is essential that the right personnel are selected to operate and maintain it, and are thoroughly trained in their duties. Professional training courses are available from our national network companies. Tel: 0800 515399.

Operator training.Courses are designed to suit the needs of operators with varying degrees of experience. Other options include a conversion course (for the experienced operator when changing to another type of truck) and programmes for instructors and supervisors. Special courses are also arranged for managers, safety officers and trainability assessors.

These options are offered on your own site or at local Linde network centres - and can include training on any brand of truck. If you have some special need, a suitable course geared to your requirements can be considered.

Maintenance training.Comprehensive courses are available at our training centres - or on your own site (providing there are adequate facilities) - related to individual models, as well as specialist courses on electronics and mechanical features. Upon completion of training, your own personnel will be fully equipped to plan and deal with fault finding and rectification.

Manual handling training.Courses are also available covering the requirements defined in Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992.

Training methods.These include the use of the latest visual aids in modern lecture theatres. The operating area is well equipped with trucks, loads and simulated conditions. The maintenance courses include theoretical and practical work, supported by illustrative publications and other material.

The theme is: select, train, test, authorise and supervise - all to promote maximum safety, efficiency and productivity.

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Metrication.Truck designations are related to the nominal capacity in metric terms - tonnes in the case of lift trucks, Newtons for tractors.

The table shows the S I units related to Imperial conversion factors.

Function SI Unit Conversion Factor

Length millimetre, mm in x 25.4

metre, m ft x 0.305

kilometre, km mile x 1.609

Mass (weight) kilogram, kg lb x 0.454

tonne, tonne ton x 1.016

Volume litre, litre gall x 4.546

Speed, lift metre per sec, m/s ft/min x 0.005 Speed, travel km per hour, km/h mph x 1.609

Force, draw- Newton, N lb x 4.448

bar pull

Pressure, kilopascal, kPa lb/in2 x 6.894

hydraulic

Pressure, bar bar lb/in2 x 0.069

tyres (1 bar=110kPa) Temperature degrees °C 5/9 (°F-32) Centigrade Power kilowatts, kW hp x 0.746

Technical

Information

Linde Material Handling

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Aisles for 90°Stacking

The diagrams and calculations shown here represent the latest VDI requirements to establish a practical and safe, non-intrusive operating aisle and should be used by all suppliers of such equipment.

Pallet trucks (T) and low level order pickers (N)

Ast = Wa – X + l6+ a

Pallet stackers (L) and reach trucks (R) - reach in

Ast = 90° stacking aisle Wa = Turning radius R = Load radius l6 = Load length Ast = Wa + (l6–X)2 + (b 12)2+ a b12 = Load width

b13 = Min pivoting point distance

X = Axle centre to fork face a = Operating clearance (200mm)

2

Technical

Information

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Aisles for 90°Stacking

Counterbalance trucks (E) - three-wheeled, close coupled steer or combi axle, reach trucks (R) - reach out

Counterbalance trucks (E and H) - four-wheeled with standard load (b12≤b13)

Counterbalance trucks (E and H) - four-wheeled with wide load (b12> b13) Ast = Wa + (l6+X)2 + (b12)2+ a 2 2 Ast = Wa + X + l6+ a 2 Ast = Wa + (l6+X)2 + (b12–b13)2+ a 2

Technical

Information

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Capacities

at alternative load centres

The capacities shown in VDI data sheets are quoted at between 500 mm and 1200 mm load centres depending on truck rated capacity. When longer loads are to be handled, the calculation shown below may be used as a guide only for truck capacity at alternative load centres.

Q = nom. rated capacity (load weight)* C = rated load centre

C2 = new load centre Q2 = new residual capacity X = axle centre to fork face

Q x (X + C) Q2 =

(X + C2)

Rated capacity is reduced as the load centre is increased. This method of estimating relates only to forward moments of the truck (and for a reach truck with reach out), and serves as a guide only.

* This figure may reduce as lift height increases.

It does not follow that greater weight can be handled at load centres less than quoted; and at high lift the situation may be governed by other factors. Fork stress, and stress on mast and rollers, must also be taken into account. Consult Linde as necessary to ensure that your truck capacity is correctly assessed for unusual loading conditions.

When an attachment is fitted to a fork lift truck, the nominal capacity of the truck is reduced. Consult Linde, providing full details of the load and the application.

Q2 Q

C C2 X

Technical

Information

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Calculation of Capacity with an Attachment

Truck detail Q = Truck basic capacity (kg)

c = Distance from fork face to rated load centre (mm)

x = Distance from centre line of front axle to face of forks (mm)

x1 = Distance from centre line of front axle to carriage (mm) (x minus s)

s = Fork thickness (mm) Attachment M = Attachment weight (kg) details C of G = Attachment centre of gravity (mm)

LLC = Attachment lost load thickness (mm) (or distance from face of carriage to rear face of load)

Load details L = Depth of load (mm)

L/2 = Distance from rear face of load to centre of load (mm) [for paper clamps use 1/2 the clamp’s maximum roll range diameter]

Truck Details c + x = Q x = Attachment Movement x1 + C of G = M x = = Movement Available Residual Capacity X1 + LLC + L/2 = Minus Divide by

Technical

Information

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Axle and Wheel Loadings

Axle loadings can be calculated as shown. To obtain wheel loadings, divide the axle loadings by the number of wheels carried on that axle. (For the purpose of these calculations two load wheels in line, as on a reach truck, are as though carried on a single axle). Truck dimensions, service weight and unladen loadings on each axle must relate to truck specification. Loading on rear, steer axle: QR = unladen, QRL = laden Loading on front, load axle: QF = unladen, QFL = laden Q = load weight Y = wheelbase

A = C + X (counterbalance truck) A = C + reach travel – X (reach truck)

Counterbalance truck and reach truck with “reach out”

QRL = QR – Q x A Y

QFL = Truck Weight + Q – QRL

Reach truck with “reach in”, and pallet truck, etc.

QFL = QF + Q x B Y

QRL = Truck Weight + Q – QFL

Floor loadings.In terms of imposed weight per unit of superficial area, floor loadings can be calculated on the basis which is stipulated by the architect.

Ground contact pressures.This term refers to the load imposed over the contact area of the tyre, quoted in kilopascals, kg/mm2,

Ib/in2or Newtons/mm2. For a given truck and load, Linde can

quote the ground pressures as applicable to the type of tyres used.

Q A Y Y B Q B = Y – X + C

Technical

Information

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Drawbar Pull (Towing)

The towing capability of a tractor is defined in terms of drawbar pull quoted in Newtons (N). Two values of drawbar pull (DBP) need to be known: maximum DBP for starting from rest and continuous or rated (rolling) DBP at which the tractor can work for longer periods. Surface Resistance (SR) must also be allowed for; a table is given below in terms of Newtons per tonne towed load. For average calculations we use 400N/tonne starting and 200N/tonne rolling.

Data:

DBP = Drawbar Pull (N). WT = Weight of Tractor (tonnes). WL = Weight of Towed Load (tonnes). SR = Surface Resistance (N/tonne). 98 = Conversion Factor.

G = Gradient expressed as a %, eg 121/2%.

On the level, DBP = (WL x SR) Newtons.

On a gradient, DBP = (WL x SR) + ((WT x WL) x 98 x G) Newtons.

Average resistances for various surfaces (N/tonne) Surface resistance Surface Type Starting Rolling

Smooth concrete 300 150

Rough concrete 500 250

Macadam (good) 400 200

Smooth brick or tile 360 180

Wood 400 200

Hard gravel 700 350

Steel rails (straight line) 100 50

Technical

Information

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Drawbar Pull (Towing)

The diagram shows a typical example using our P60Z tow tractor which has a nominal towing capacity of 6 tonnes, ie rated DBP 1200N. 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 6t 5t 4t 3t 2t 1.5t 1t 0.5t 0 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 5 10 10 15 20 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Permissible

haul per hour

Speed Speed (km/h) Gr adient T railer weight P

ermissible haul per hour (m)

Drawbar pull (N)

The example shown above illustrates

a tractor towing a 2 tonne load

operating on a slope of 8%

maximum travelling speed obtainable 5km/h

permissible length of run per hour 1200m

(where the 8% slope is 60m long, the complete cycle, including the return journey, can be performed 10 times per hour).

Load/gradient combinations shown by full line can be restarted from stationary on the gradient.

The permissible haul per hour is the total distance travelled, including the return journey and any downhill gradients.

It is recommended that braked trailers are used for trailer loads exceeding 2.5 tonne and for all trailer loads where a gradient is involved.

Lift trucks.Unlike tractors, counterbalance fork lift trucks only have front wheel braking and rear wheel steering, and therefore their towing capability is restricted for practical safety, braking and steerability reasons.

Technical

Information

(38)

Motive Power – Electric

Trucks

On electric trucks the battery is the source of energy, and optimum truck performance depends on correct use of the battery and charging equipment.

The battery.The voltage (V) of the battery is determined in the basic design of the truck. In general, for Linde trucks, most pallet trucks and stackers operate at 24 volts, reach trucks at 48 volts and VNA and counterbalance trucks at 48 or 80 volts.

The capacity of a battery is usually defined in “Ampere-hours (Ah) at the 5 hour rate”. The true measure, however, of the energy available in a battery and therefore the amount of work it can do per charge, should always be quoted in kilowatt hours (kW h). Thus kW h = V x Ah

1000

A wet battery is filled with electrolyte, a mixture of deionised water and sulphuric acid. Other types of battery are available, eg maintenance-free (gel type).

2H2SO4(dilute sulphuric acid). Specific gravity is a measure of the density of the sulphuric acid in the electrolyte at any particular state of charge.

Electrolyte specific gravity related to state of charge (guide)

State of charge Approximate specific gravity

(% charged) (corrected to 30°C)

Standard cells High capacity cells

100% 1.280 1.295 75% 1.240 1.250 50% 1.200 1.210 25% 1.160 1.160

Technical

Information

(39)

Motive Power – Electric Trucks

Electrolyte temperature and available capacity.When operating in low ambient temperatures the battery’s electrolyte temperature falls and available capacity decreases accordingly. The following diagram shows how to estimate available capacity.

These are guide figures only as other factors can also affect the capacity.

Wet batteries should not be discharged below 80% of their rated capacity and maintenance-free batteries below 60%.

Topping up electrolyte.Various systems are available to enable easy manual or automatic topping up of the battery electrolyte and low maintenance batteries are therefore optionally available which minimise gassing and topping up requirements.

The chargerhas to be correctly matched to the battery, ie for the appropriate nominal voltage and its start-of-charge current must be that recommended by the manufacturer to suit the cell capacity. Other factors to be taken into account in choosing the right charger for your specific application requirements are: (a) 12 hour or 8 hour charging period

(b) type of AC mains supply to be used (single phase, three phase)

(c) voltage

Linde can assist in making the right choice and suggest layouts for the charging room, if required.

Battery changinghas been given special attention in the design of our trucks to ensure simple, efficient battery changing and checking routines.

Ambient Available Temperature Start of 8 hr shift End of shift Capacity

0°C to –5°C 38°C to 40°C 10°C to 15°C 95% to 97%

–30°C 30°C to 40°C –5°C to +5°C 75% to 85%

Electrolyte Temperature

Technical

Information

(40)

Motive Power – Engine

Trucks

Control cylinder Fuel injection pump Diesel engine Hydrostatic lift pump Power steering Control Drive pedal Hydrostatic transmission pump

Fuels:diesel, LPG, petrol, compressed natural gas (CNG).

Transmissions:• Hydrodynamic torque converter with clutch pack • Electric power transmission (diesel-electric) • Hydrostatic transmission • Linde hydrostatic transmission with automatic engine speed control.

The hydrostatic transmission system fitted to all Linde engine trucks up to eight tonnes has no clutch, gear shift or mechanical differential thus eliminating all components requiring frequent maintenance or replacement.

Hydrostatic braking through the transmission means the service brake is only used for parking or emergencies resulting in minimal wear and reduced maintenance.

Fully enclosed transmission prevents ingress of dust, water and other contaminates making it ideal for heavy duty, demanding environments, with maintenance routines kept to a minimum for maximum uptime.

The Linde hydrostatic drive system enables reverse direction to be selected at any speed (within safe operating practice) without damaging the transmission; ideal for duties requiring frequent shunting backwards and forwards.

The automatic engine speed control system delivers the precise amount of torque required for a specific hydraulic function ensuring that the engine is never over revved, resulting in quieter operation, lower exhaust emissions, less fuel consumption and longer engine life.

Technical

Information

(41)

Choosing the Right

Solution

Whether it is a straightforward or more complex application, we invite you to take advantage of the experience and expertise of our sales and technical teams to help you identify the most efficient and cost effective handling solution.

Lindeoffers a range of unique services to meet every need, large or small.

1. Direct purchaseof equipment.

2. Contract hirethrough Linde Financial Services.

The rates include preventative maintenance, scheduled servicing and replacement parts for the period of the contract. The customer is able to conserve capital, and maintenance is the responsibility of the supplier.

3. Finance leasealso provides a means of conserving capital and the terms are unchanged for the contract period. Full service facilities are available in the normal way, and there is a choice of options at the end of the contract period.

4. Short term hire- We have a fleet of over 10 000 trucks available for hire for periods of one week upwards, to meet seasonal peak periods or unscheduled requirements. One call on

0845 609 3333will connect you to Linde Lift Truck Hireat your local dedicated national network service for a rapid response.

5. Buy the Hour- Within your fleet you may have a truck which, while essential, is only used for certain peak periods of the working shift. Usually this truck costs as much to rent as your fully utilised trucks due to a ‘notional’ working shift period. We have an equitable solution for our customers by offering ‘Buy the Hour’ whereby these niche trucks are contracted for a minimum of 250 hours a year with additional utilisation time charged for the actual hours used thus ensuring costs are minimised while meeting peak demand requirements.

Customer

Services

(42)

6. Linde Approved- Quality used equipment is always available through our national network companies.

7. Parts- Comprehensive stock of original parts for both new and older trucks.

8. 1 000 factory-trained service engineersmeans we are never far away anywhere in the country. Our local customer knowledge ensures that we fully understand your operational requirements and the service history of each truck.

9. Maintenance contractsdesigned to minimise costs and maximise uptime are tailored to suit individual needs.

10. Maintenance training- Courses are available to train your own personnel to plan and deal with fault finding and rectification.

11. Warehouse planning and simulation– Our STRATOS system establishes optimum storage layout, throughput, type of handling equipment and energy requirements. The proposal is verified using a simulation programme.

12. Fleet management– Our system package, in conjunction with data logger,monitors and reports all uptime and downtime percentages, and analyses factors causing downtime so that remedial action can be taken to ensure high productivity and lower handling costs.

13. Fork Truck Training– We offer local, fully accredited operator and instructor training courses on all types of materials handling equipment at each of our national network companies. For more training information, call 0800 515399.

Choosing the Right Solution

Customer

Services

(43)

Customer Support

Linde is close to your business.Ten regional national network companies throughout the UK and Ireland offer the most comprehensive range of products and services through 23 strategically located centres. You will find the address of the nearest customer service centre listed below. Each centre is fully equipped to help you with the full range of handling equipment, services, hire, maintenance and training options described in this section. Each is geared to the needs of its local area and would welcome the opportunity to assist you with your current and future handling needs.

National Network

Customer

Services

(44)

National Network

Linde Material Handling Scotland Ltd

3 Milton Road College Milton North East Kilbride G74 5DH Tel: 01355 233601 Fax: 01355 235833 Linde Jewsbury’s Ltd Pioneer Way Castleford West Yorkshire WF10 5QU Tel: 01977 668722 Fax: 01977 628842 Linde Castle Ltd Linde Way

Aycliffe Industrial Park Newton Aycliffe County Durham DL5 6HR Tel: 01325 311526 Fax: 01325 315860 Linde Severnside Ltd North Road

Bridgend Industrial Estate Bridgend, Mid Glamorgan CF31 3SZ

Tel: 01656 766600

Fax: 01656 648668

Handling & Storage Equipment Company Ltd

Blaris Industrial Estate Altona Road, Lisburn Co. Antrim BT27 5QB Tel: 028 9266 1010 Fax: 028 9266 7711 Linde Sterling Ltd Winwick Road Warrington Cheshire WA2 8JF Tel: 01925 651177 Fax: 01925 417011 Linde Creighton Ltd Radial Point Dartmouth Road West Bromwich West Midlands B66 1BG Tel: 0121 524 3300 Fax: 0121 524 3999 Linde Trifik Ltd

Unit 1 Haslemere Industrial Estate, Charlton Mead Lane Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 0DJ

Tel: 01992 443381

Fax: 01992 468050

Linde Material Handling South East Ltd

Affinity Point Glebeland Road York Town Industrial Estate Camberley, Surrey GU15 3BU

Tel: 01276 403400

Fax: 01276 403499

Linde Material Handling (Ireland) Ltd

Unit 22, Greenhills Ind. Est. Walkinstown, Dublin I2 Republic of Ireland Tel: 00 353 1 456 6626 Fax: 00 353 1 456 6518

Customer

Services

(45)

Export Markets

Europe

Apart from the UK, our parent company Linde AG has subsidiary companies in France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Sweden with headquarters in Germany, plus established professional dealers in Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, Finland, Slovak Republic, Russia, Baltic States, Norway, Denmark, Greece, Turkey and Iceland.

World Markets

Linde subsidiary companies are located in Singapore, China, Japan, Australia, Chile, Brazil, South Africa, Middle East, USA and Hong Kong, with specially selected Linde dealers in all other key markets.

Wherever your global operations may be, we offer a local long-term partnership for all your materials handling needs.

Customer

Services

(46)

Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Multi-purpose engine powered trucks featuring the unique Linde hydrostatic control for unequalled performance and reliability, together with fuel-efficient, low sound, low emission engines.

Engine Counterbalance

Trucks

Up to 3.5 t

Models H 14, H 16, H 18, H 20, H 25, H 30, H 35 Capacity 1.4 - 3.5 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 2212 - 2805/ 1086 - 1630 mm

Lift Height 3150 - 6495 mm

Height of Overhead Guard 2123 - 2210 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 3570 - 4326 mm

Service Weight 2590 - 4665 kg

(47)

Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Like their smaller capacity counterparts, the unique design features of these models ensure excellent operator comfort and contribute significantly to high work throughput with minimum fatigue.

Engine Counterbalance

Trucks

4 to 5 t

Models H 40, H 45, H 50 Capacity 4.0 - 5 .0 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 2984 - 3119/ 1448 - 1984 mm

Lift Height 3000 - 6315 mm

Height of Overhead Guard 2383 - 2416 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 4355 - 4480 mm

Service Weight 5745 - 6580 kg

(48)

Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

High capacity models with overhead mounted tilt cylinders providing smooth operation and mast stability. The Linde torsion support system ensures reduced torsional stress of the mast for an extended working life.

Engine Counterbalance

Trucks

5 to 8 t

Models H 50, H 60, H 70, H 80

Capacity 5.0 - 8.0 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 3395 - 3790/ 1850 - 2232 mm

Lift Height 2820 - 6920 mm

Height of Overhead Guard 2714 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 4845 - 5975 mm

Service Weight 9300 - 12400 kg

(49)

Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

The heavyweight range incorporates innovative technology to provide reliability plus economy, ergonomic and functional design, simple and safe working, clean, low emission operation.

Engine Counterbalance

Trucks

10 to 18 t

Models H 100, H 120, H 140, H 150, H 160, H 180 Capacity 10.0 - 18.0 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 4518 - 5445/ 2545 mm

Lift Height 2430 - 9500 mm

Height of Cab 2905 - 2950 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 6129 - 8366 mm

Service Weight 16812 - 24703 kg

(50)

Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Versatility and a wide range of options enable specific requirements to be met with inverted forks, alternative fork carriages and specialised attachments.

Engine Counterbalance

Trucks

18 to 52 t

Models H 180, H 200, H 220, H 236, H 250, H 280, H 320, H 370, H 420, H 460, H 520 Capacity 18.0 - 52.0 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 5965 - 8920/ 3050 - 4450 mm

Lift Height 4110- 10145 mm

Height of Cab 3250 - 3670 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 9025 - 12140 mm

Service Weight 30000 - 58800 kg

(51)

Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Dedicated empty container handling trucks capable of stacking all types of empty containers, including reefers, up to eight high.

Empty Container Handlers

Models C 80 / 3 - 8 Capacity 8.0 t

Overall Length/Width 5630 - 6540/ 3500 - 4000 mm

Lift Height 6700 - 23690 mm

Height of Cab 3520 - 4605 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 13900 - 14905 mm (40' container)

Service Weight 24000 - 37750 kg

(52)

Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

High performance laden container handling trucks with ultra-wide mast combining excellent rigidity with optimum visibility, suitable for a great variety of application characteristics.

Laden Container Handlers

Models C 360/ 3 - 5, C 400/ 3 - 4 Capacity 36.0 - 40.0 t

Overall Length/Width 10168/ 4180 mm

Lift Height 7000 - 13000 mm

Height of Cab 4690 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 17500 mm (40' container)

Service Weight 65660 - 69970 kg

(53)

Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Capable of stacking six containers high, these models can place fully laden 40’ containers in the first and second rows and up to 19 tonnes in the third row.

Reach Stackers

Models Capacity 12.0 - 45.0 t Overall Length/Width 11618/ 4180 Lift Height 6550 - 16000 Height of Cab 3900 - 4000 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 12700-14600

Service Weight 68910 - 78751 kg

Engine Type Diesel

C 4230 TL, C 4234 TL, C 4535 TL, C 4026 CH, C 4030 CH, C 4531 CH

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Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Sideloaders

These models combine the flexibility and precise control of Linde hydrostatic transmission with a robust, compact chassis design. Ideal for handling long loads such as timber packs, steel plate etc.

Models S 30, S 40, S 50, S 60

Capacity 3.0 - 6.0 t

Overall Length/Width 4150 /1220 - 1400 mm

Lift Height 3220 - 6900 mm

Height of Cab 2510 - 2600 mm

90° Intersecting Aisle Width 3800 - 3955 mm

Service Weight 6220 - 9280 kg

(55)

Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

A comprehensive range of highly manoeuvrable and versatile models most of which use AC drive technology. They are ideal for loading/unloading, storage/retrieval and rapid load transfer, both inside and outside. Three or four wheel configurations are available depending on capacity.

Electric Counterbalance

Trucks

Up to 3 t

Models E 10, E 12, E 14, E 15, E 16, E 18, E 20, E 25, E 30, Capacity 1.0 - 3.0 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 1252 - 2430/ 850 - 1228 mm

Lift Height 1640 - 6810 mm

Height of Overhead Guard 2070 - 2130 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 2600 - 3740 mm

Service Weight 1973 - 5320 kg

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Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Developed to suit a wide range of intensive and arduous indoor and outdoor applications and provide optimum operator comfort for high productivity with minimum fatigue.

Electric Counterbalance

Trucks

3.5 to 4.8 t

Models E 35, E 40, E 48

Capacity 3.5 - 4.8 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 2690 - 3135/ 1350 mm

Lift Height 3210 - 6535 mm

Height of Overhead Guard 2270 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 4075 - 4750 mm

Service Weight 6240 - 6980 kg

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Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Economic and simple to operate, these models are particularly suited to a range of industrial towing applications including airports, railways, postal services, hospitals and the automotive industry.

Tow Tractors and

Platform Tractors

Models P 30, P 50, P 60 Z, P 250,W 20

Capacity 3.0 - 25.0 t Platform Carrying Capacity 50 - 2000 kg

Maximum Drawbar Pull 500 - 16000 N

Overall Length/Width 1191 - 3920/ 725 - 1300 mm

Service Weight 610 - 4500 kg

(58)

Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Powered pedestrian, stand-on or rider seated trucks designed for loading/unloading and the rapid transfer of palletised loads.

Hand pallet trucks are also available.

Pallet Trucks

Models M 20, M 25, T 16, T 16 C, T 18, T 20, T 30, T 20 SP/AP, T 24 SP/AP, T 20 SF, T 20 S, T 20 R, T 30 R

Capacity 1.6 - 3.0 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 600 - 1210/ 700 - 1003 mm

Lift Height 210 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 1868 - 2490 mm

Service Weight 490 - 2040 kg

(59)

Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Pallet Stackers

Models L 10, L 12, L 14, L 14 I, L 16, L 16 I,L 14 AP, L 16 AP, L 16 AS, L 10 AC, L 12 AC, L 16 AC, L 12 R, L 16 R Capacity 1.0 - 1.6 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 650 - 1268/ 800 - 950 mm

Lift Height 1548 - 5061 mm

Minimum Mast Lowered Height 1415 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 2065 - 2530 mm

Service Weight 855 - 1560 kg

Battery Range 180 - 720 Ah

Highly versatile, pedestrian or rider operated trucks ideal for handling open based pallets and stillages in a variety of applications such as load transfer, and medium lift storage/ retrieval in narrow aisles and block stacking. Straddle versions designated, for example, L14 AS or L14AS AP (with rider platform) are also available to handle chep-type pallets.

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Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

These models, which now include the revolutionary X range, incorporate AC technology, and are ideal for high lift narrow aisle storage. The unique design features enable the operator to work in comfort in order to maximise efficiency and achieve high throughput ratios.

Reach Trucks

Models R 10 C, R 12 C, R 14 C, R 14, R 14 X,R 16, R 16 X, R 17 X, R 20, R 25 Capacity 1.0 - 2.5 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 1 157 - 1 588/ 1 080 - 1 600 mm

Lift Height 2 825 - 12 000 mm

Height of Overhead Guard 2 110 – 2530 mm

90° Stacking Aisle Width 2 655 - 2 882 mm

Service Weight 2 630 - 4 220 kg

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Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Available with a wide range of specification variations, including elevating operator’s platform or high lift forks, enabling them to be adapted precisely to suit a particular application or materials handling system. Close proximity of the forks to the work station enables a very efficient operator picking cycle.

Low Level Order Pickers

Models N 20, N 20 HP, N 24HP, N 20 L,N 20 LI, N 20 V, N 20 VI Capacity 0.7 - 2.4 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 1 252 - 1 830/712 - 792 mm

Picking Height Ground + one

Lift Height 213 - 2400 mm

Service Weight 840 - 1 515 kg

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Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Purpose built, multi-level compact order pickers developed for picking operations in medium and high storage areas. Both walk through and supplementary lift versions are available.

Medium and High Lift

Order Pickers

Models V 10, V 11, V 12

Capacity 1.0 - 1.2 t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 1665 - 2182/ 880 - 1200 mm

Picking Height 2765 - 10480 mm

Lift Height 965 - 9380 mm

Minimum Aisle Width 1010 - 1380 mm

Service Weight 1475 - 3070 kg

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Good Truck

Guide

Linde Material Handling

Designed for high density, very narrow aisle applications, the K series of combi trucks offer the multi-purpose storage/retrieval/ order picking solutions required in many of today’s modern warehouses. Turret trucks (‘A’ range) are the ideal very narrow aisle solution for unit load storage/retrieval.

Very Narrow Aisle

Combi and Turret Trucks

Models K 05 - K 15, K 15, A 10, A 13, A 15

Capacity 0.5 - 1.5 t

Overall Length/Width 2940 - 3978/ 1170 - 1970 mm

Picking Height 4330 - 16180 mm

Lift Height 4035 - 15885 mm

Minimum Aisle Width 1350 mm

Service Weight 3750 - 11442 kg

(64)

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