54
ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES: REVIEW ON DIFFERENT
INVERTER TOPOLOGIES
1
RAHUL DIXIT, 2BINDESHWAR SINGH, 3NUPUR MITTAL
1&3M.Tech , Department of Electrical Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur – 228118, U.P, India
2Assit. Prof., Department of Electrical Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur – 228118, U.P, India
E-mail: 1rahuldixit87kit@gmail.com , 2bindeswar.singh2025@gmail.com, 3nupurmittal88kit@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a literature survey on adjustable-speed drives (ASD) systems which are based on the different types of inverter topologies (namely voltage source inverter and current source inverter fed ASD system). It can overcome limitations of previous speed drive systems. The proposed inverters and ASD system can operate at wide range load (even no-load) with small inductor which is very suitable for ASD system, simplify the controller design, increase the inverter modulation index M, thus, decreases the ripple current by changing the magnitude and distribution of the harmonics and further decreases the iron loss of the motor. The operation of voltage source inverter, current source inverter have been described in detail along with the PWM technique.
Authors strongly believe that this survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the relevant references in the field of improvement of speed control of drives and reduction of harmonics in three phase induction motor by PWM-techniques.
Keywords: Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), Current Source Inverter (CSI), Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs)
1. INTRODUCTION
An adjustable speed drive ( ASD) is a device used to provide continuous range process speed control (as compared to discrete speed control as in gearboxes or multi-speed motors). An ASD is capable of adjusting both speed and torque from an induction or synchronous motor. An electric ASD is an electrical system used to control motor speed.
ASDs may be referred to by a variety of names, such as variable speed drives, adjustable frequency drives or variable frequency inverters. The latter two terms will only be used to refer to certain AC systems, as is often the practice, although some DC drives are also based on the principle of adjustable frequency. Variable frequency ac drives are increasingly used for various applications in industry and traction. Due to the improvement of fast-switching semiconductor power devices, voltage source inverters (VSI) and current source inverter (CSI) with PWM control, find particularly growing interest. A device that converts d.c power to a.c power at desired output voltage and frequency is called as inverters. The a.c ouput voltage could be fixed at a fixed or variable
conten an inv this ou with condit an ess The d fuel c most i Thus c a.c inv is a tw a.c po the d. adjusta standa invers describ the fr adjusta family the he contai freque follow Fi Invert mainly below • • 1.1 V A vo inver small volta at its impe sourc Dire Cycloco er
nt is important. verter is given
utput voltage frequency to tions. Therefor sential feature .c power input cell, solar cell industrial appl configuration o verter is called wo stage static
wer at network .c link before able frequency ard diode or th ion is achiev bed later. The requeny chang
able speed d y of frequency elp of followin
ns two types ency changer th wing types as sh
ig. 1. Flow cha freq
ers or the ind y classified in w.
Voltage So Current So
VOLTAGE SO
oltage fed inv rter (VSI), is o l or negligible age source inve s input termin
dance, the te ce inverter rem Freque change ect onvert r V S In
Pulse Width Modulation
. When the a.c to a transform must be varie o maintan p re the output v of adjustble f t to the inverte , or other d.c lication it is fe of a.c to d.c con d a d.c link con c frequency co
k frequency an e being invert y. Rectification hyristor conve ved by the c inverters are b ger that are drives in mod y changers can ng hierarchy ch s direct and hat can be furth hown in chart
art showing var uency changer
direct frequen nto two main
ource Inverters ource Inverters.
OURCE INVE
erter (VFI), o one in which th e impedance. I
erter has stiff d als. Because o erminal voltag mains substantia ency ers Indirect Voltage Source verters Variable Voltage Variable Frequency C output voltage mer or a.c mot ed in conjunct proper magne voltage control frequence syste er may be batte c sources. But fed by a rectif nverter and d.c nverter becaus onverter in wh nd then filtered ted to a.c at n is achieved erter circuits, a ircuit techniqu basically a part
widely used dern world. T n be shown w hart that basica indirect type her classified i
rious types of rs
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. .
ERTER
or voltage sou he d.c source h In other words dc voltage sou of a low inter ge of a volta ally constant w
Current Source Inverters Auto‐ sequentially Commutated Inverters
Pulse W Modula 55 e of tor, tion etic l is em. ery, t in fier. c to e it hich d in an by and ues t of in The with ally of nto are own urce has s, a urce rnal age with variati to sing circuit very fa impeda F The fa contro links. I commu commu underd is ach pulse. PMOS by the of the curren So the transis circuit This r self – c time, e voltag figure 1.2 CU A curr inverte d.c cur source the loa curren of outp load. H and its upon t to CSI throug diode Width
ation
ons in load. It gle motor and m t across its ter fast, due to low
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Fig. 2 . Basic V
ault current ca l and must be In VSIs using utation is usu utation is po damped. In VS hieved by appl VSIs usin SFETs , IGBT
control of the e devices with nt is called self
e self commuta stors do not re try as needed i reduces the co commutated in enhances the re
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URRENT SOU
rent – fed inve er (CSI) is fed rrent source. I e, output curre ad. In the curre nt is constant b
put current fro However, the s waveform o the nature of l I is obtained fr gh a controlled
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t is therefore, multi motor dr rminals causes w time constan
Voltage Source
annot be regul e cleared by f thyritors , som ually required; ossible only SIs using GTOs
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in thyristors – omplexity and nverter circuits eliability of th erter is show
URCE INVER
erter (CFI) or c with adjustabl In a CSI fed w ent waves are ent source inve but adjustable om CSI is ind magnitude of utput from CS load impedanc from a fixed vo d rectifier bridg chopper. In or
equally suitab rives. Any shor s current to ris nt of its intern
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RTERS
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not affected b erter CSIs, inpu
. The amplitud dependent of th f output voltag SI is dependen ce. The dc inpu oltage ac sourc ge, or through rder that curren
56 input to CSI is almost ripple free, L – filter is used before CSI.A CSI converts the input dc current to an ac current to an ac current at its output terminals. The output frequency of ac current depends upon the rate of triggering the SCRs. The amplitude of ac output current can be adjusted by controlling the magnitude of dc input current. Because of large input impedance, the terminal voltage of a current source inverter changes substantially with a change in load. Therefore if used in a multi motor drive, a change in load on any motor affects other motors.
Fig. 3. Basic Current Source Inverter.
Hence, current source inverters are not suitable for multi motor drives. Since inverter current is independent of load impedance, it has inherent protection against short circuits across its terminals. A CSI does not require any feedback diodes, where as these are required in a VSI. Commutation circuit is simple, as it contains only capacitors. As poewr semiconductor in a CSI have to withstand reverse voltage, devices such as GTOs, power transistors, power MOSFTs cannot be used.
2. A LITERATURES SURVEY REGARDING WITH DIFFERENT INVERTER TOPOLOGIES APPLIED TO THREE PHASE ADUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF VARIOUS
PERFORMACE PARAMETERS.
2.1 VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER
K. Gopakumar, et al. [1], presented in this literature the operation of split-phase induction motors from pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage source inverters and shows that Splitting the phase windings leads to reduced
voltage ratings for the inverter switches., Olorunfemi Ojo, et al. [2], suggested a novel usage of a dual stator winding three-phase induction machine as a stand-alone generator with both
57 source inverters. Kunrong Wang et al. [12] proposed a family of dc-rail soft-switched three-phase voltage-source inverters (VSIs) adopting the zero-voltage transition (ZVT) or zero-current-transition (ZCT) techniques Adding an active switch on the dc rail makes the implementation of the ZVT and ZCT as easy as in a single-ended dc-dc converter, while true pulse-with modulation (PWM) operation is achieved by a modified space vector modulation. As a result, these inverters can run at much higher switching frequencies than the convention at hard switched VSIs, and with higher power density and efficiency. S. Bhattacharya, et al. [13] , in his paper compares motor hearing currents due to PWM hard switched and soft switched inverters. The mechanisms for bearing currents are first identified using an approach based on direct excitation of the motor bearing with sinusoidal and square-wave signals to characterize the bearings. In Gyu Park , et al. [14] , proposes a new base/gate drive suppression method by detecting not the output current polarity but the output voltage polarity. The output voltage waveform is a two leveled large signal, so that detecting the polarity is very easy. Xiangning He, et al. [15], introduced a novel passive lossless turn-on snubber with a soft clamped turn-off snubber circuit for voltage source inverters. The energy trapped in the snubber is recovered into the dc supply and load without any active devices, associated control circuitry, or resistors. The overshoot voltage on the switches is clamped, and the peak switch current is low, making this snubber suitable for use in high-power insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) inverters. H. Stemmier, et al. [16], deals with the problems of multi-star induction motors fed by voltage source inverters and describes the modes of operation with sinusoidal PWM and square wave mode with fundamental switching frequency and shows how the pulse patterns can be optimized, in order to get the lowest possible current harmonics at a given inverter switching frequency and a given fundamental frequency. Nikola Celanovic, et al. [17], presented in this literature the fundamental limitations of neutral-point voltage balancing problem for different loading conditions of three level voltage source inverters. A new model in DQ coordinate frame utilizing current switching functions is developed, as a means to investigate theoretical limitations. Yahya Shakweh et al. [18], in his paper reviews various PWM Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) topologies in the power range (3-8MW) also examines and compares practical VSI stack topologies used by VSI manufacturers to achieve a high power Medium Voltage (MV)
58 of a load-commutated inverter and a voltage-source inverter for the induction motor drives. By avoiding the use of output capacitors and a forced dc-commutation circuit, this solution can eliminate all disadvantages related with these circuits in the conventional load commutated inverter based induction motor drives. Olorunfemi Ojo et al. [27] presents analytical techniques for the determination of the expressions for the modulation signals used in the camer-based non-sinusoidal and generalized discontinuous PWM modulation (GDPWM) schemes for two-level, three-phase voltage source inverters. The resulting modulation schemes are applicable to inverters generating balanced or unbalanced phase voltages feeding either star or delta connected loads. Salam,Z et al. [28], presented in this literature the on-line harmonic elimination PWM using numerical iteration (HEPWM) scheme for three-phase voltage source inverter. It is based on curve fitting method derived from the trajectories of the exact (off-line) HEPWM angles. Guido Carpinelli et al. [29], presents a complete modelling of the VSI-fed drives, when energized by nonsinusoidal supply voltages, based on the analytical form of the current harmonics injected in the supply system; the equations of the current harmonics are obtained for both the continuous and discontinuous current modes and are derived by Fourier analysis of steady-state current time evolution. The high accuracy of the proposed models is demonstrated by comparison with the results of time-domain simulation. Hengbing Zhao et al. [30], introduced An accurate nonlinearity compensation technique for voltage source inverter (VSI) inverters. Jiri Klima et al. [31], presents a new method for time-domain analysis of power converters with periodic pulse width modulation (PWM). The method is based on a mixed p-z description of linear periodic time-varying system. The basic of the model is explained in DC–DC converters with periodical PWM. Olorunfemi Ojo et al. [32], in his paper presents analytical techniques for the determination of the expressions for the modulation signals used in the carrier-based sinusoidal and generalized discontinuous pulse-width modulation schemes for two-level, three-phase voltage source inverters. The proposed modulation schemes are applicable to inverters generating balanced or unbalanced phase voltages. J. Pedra et al. [33], presented in this literature the effects of voltage sags on the three-phase rectifier of a voltage-source-inverter (VSI)-fed adjustable-speed drive. These effects are dc voltage drop and ac current peaks. G. W. Chang et al. [34], presents an analytical approach for
characterizing the current harmonics and interharmonics of the VSI-fed ASD injected into the supply system in steady state, where the circuit models for the rectifier, the de link, the PWM inverter, and the ac motor are considered in the analysis. The accuracy of the results obtained by the proposed model is demonstrated by comparing with results obtained by using the time domain simulation tool, Simulink of Matlab. Atif Iqbal et al. [35], in his paper develops complete model of a five-phase voltage source inverter different from the three-phase inverters. Yufan Guan, et al. [36], develops an real-time inverter fault diagnosis method for induction motor drives based on the subtractive clustering analysis of the stator current vector and a quick mean current vector calculation method. R. Zaimeddine et al. [37], in his paper studies a new control structure for sensorless induction machine dedicated to electrical drives using a three-level voltage source inverter (VSI) the amplitude and the rotating speed of the flux vector is controlled freely. Both fast torque response and optimal switching logic is achieved based on the value of the stator flux and the torque. Weidong Jiang1 et al. [38], introducea new SVPWM method for multi-level VSI is proposed which is based SVPWM method for two-level VSI. By using a linear transformation, the dwell time of vectors for two level VSI can be transformed for multi-level VSI. Ning-Yi Dai et al. [39], in his paper presents a generalized pulse width (PW) modulator which can control three-leg center-split voltage source inverters (VSIs) and four-leg VSIs from two-level to multilevel topologies. R.Guedouani et al. [40], suggested a simple solution that solves the problem of Neutral Point balance based on using of four three phase PWM voltage source rectifier with four clamping bridge to stabilize these Dc voltages. Grit Tongkhundam et al. [41],shows a half DC-link inverter is implemented to drive two motors simultaneously for different configurations of cable lengths. The implemented inverter drastically reduces the over-voltage at both motor terminals with a proper duration time of Vdc/2 level (β). E.
Lam1 et al. [42], introduced that simulations of
59 the harmonic spectrum of the dc-link and dc-bus capacitor currents for any voltage-source switched converter topology. The principle of the strategy is that the product of a phase leg-switching function and its load current in the time domain. Xunwei Yu
et al. [44], presents a dynamic current limiting
control method for voltage source inverters. A simple d-q axis model of three-phase voltage source inverters is used to introduce the control schemes of voltage source inverters under normal operating conditions. Yu Zhang et al. [45], presented in this literature a small-signal model of parallel operated voltage source inverters, in which the variations in d-q axis currents and output d-q axis voltages are taken as state variables, the variations in the power inverter duty cycles are used as the control input, and the variations in the DC power source voltages are considered as external disturbances. Frequency-domain characteristics of the open-loop and closed loop systems are analyzed. Control strategies are designed for two parallel connected inverters. Time-domain simulation studies are carried out to verify the small-signal model and controller design. E. Ortjohann et al. [46], introduces an original control method in combination with a three dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVM) strategy. It is able to feed grids with unbalanced loads while reducing the switching losses. Mansour Mohseni et al. [47],introduces a novel vector-based hysteresis current controller for threephase PWM voltage-source invertersthis current control scheme implements two sets of hysteresis comparators in three-phase abc and stationary α-β frames integrated with a switching table. Patricio Cort´es et al. [48], presented in this literature the application of model predictive control (MPC) to the control of five-phase voltage source inverters. The additional switching states and degrees of freedom present in multiphase inverters increase the number of calculations in the predictive control algorithm making difficult to implement optimization problem online. In this paper a method to reduce the calculations is proposed. V. Valdivia et al. [49],in his paper presents a large-signal black-box modeling method of three-phase voltage source inverter. The identification of the model is based on the analysis of the converter transient response, which is obtained by means of a set of simple experiments and easily usable fitting algorithm. Mansour Mohseni et al. [50], presents a review on HCC and then presents a new vector-based hysteresis current controller (HCC) for three-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage-source inverters (VSI).
2.2 CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER
60 compared with that using a conventional 120' quasi-square wave current. Bin Wu et al. [59], in this paperprovides a comprehensive review of the state of the art of high-power converters (above 1 MW) for adjustable-speed ac drives and focused on the second part and covers the current source converter technologies, including pulse width-modulated current-source inverters (CSIs) and load-commutated inverters. Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski
et al. [60],presented in this literature a analyzes a
combination of large current-source inverter and a small voltage-source inverter circuits and the resultant hybrid inverter inherits certain operating advantages from both the constituent converters. E.Bassi et al. [61], introduces the limits of the conventional field orientation solutions. The novel scheme is then formulated and its application to the induction motor drives fed by both current source inverters (CSI) and current-controlled PWM inverters is illustrated. Bin Wu et al. [62], describes a pulse-width-modulated current source inverter drive system using an induction motor so that it provides adequate control of either torque or speed over a wide range without requiring a shaft position or speed sensor. Jod Espinoza et al. [63], in his paper proposes a technique of generating gating patterns on-line for the CSI topologies based on carrier PWM techniques (PWM rectifiers or inverters). The proposed technique is designed and implemented for the three-phase six-switch configuration. L. Salazar et al. [64], in this paper proposed macromodels to simulate three-phase power converters on such packages. The proposed macromodels are based on converter switching functions rather than actual circuit configuration, and they are suited for steady state and large signal transient analysis at system level. M. c. Chandorkar
et al. [65], in this paper presents the control
techniques for a multiple current source GTO converter in a high-power environment and the output current space vector diagram for the multiple converter is presented. R. Carbone et al. [66], in this literature discuss the modeling of the supply side current distortion and to analyse the effects of non-ideal supply conditions. The main utilizable modek, both analogue and numerical, are discussed and analysed. Jose R. Espinoza et al. [67], in his paper addresses some of the drawbacks of other approach compared to the voltage source approach. Yuexin Yin et al. [68], presents a new electric drive system topology, which is based on Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) Current-Source-Inverter (CSI) and aimed at reducing the current harmonics drawing from paper mill distribution systems and utility. I. Omura et al. [69], in his paper discussed
61 vehicular applications. Seyed Hamid Shahalami et al. [81] presents a novel control approach of a current source inverter drive system using an induction motor. Carlos R. Baier et al. [82] proposes a new multilevel topology based on current source power cells and the resulting topology has similar and improved features compared to their counterparts voltage sources, among which is the possibility of using conventional low-voltage semiconductors, null
dv/dt, and more importantly, small DC-link inductors. Fangrui Liu et al. [83] presents a investigation on zero-speed operation which is vital for hoist and crane applications. Fangrui Liu et al. [84] paper is dedicated to investigating zero-speed operation characteristics of CSI-fed induction motor drives (IMD)s.
2.3 COMBINED VOLTAGE SOURCE AND CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER.
Kamalesh Hatua et al. [85], presented in this literature a new configuration for high-power induction motor drives. The induction machine is provided with two three-phase stator windings with their axes in line. One winding is designed for higher voltage and is meant to handle the main (active) power. The second winding is designed for lower voltage and is meant to carry the excitation (reactive) power. The excitation winding is powered by an insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor-based voltage source inverter with an output filter. The power winding is fed by a load-commutated current source inverter. Eduardo P. Wiechmann et al. [86], examined the energy performance of various types of voltage source and current-source converters. For fairness and completeness, efficiency is calculated for three major battle ground scenarios. Pekik Argo Dahono et al. [87] present a dual relationships between voltage-source and current-source three-phase inverters and its applications. By using the dual relationships between these two types of inverters, it is shown that PWM pattern generation techniques and analysis methods that have been developed for voltage-source inverters can also be applied to the current-source ones. S. Castellan et al. [88] shows comparative performance analysis of the two drive typologies in various multi-phase design configurations and it is highlighted how the performance of the CSI drive could be remarkably improved resorting to motor windings with more than six phases. Yun Wei Li et al. [89] investigated the closed-loop control of both voltage source converter (VSC) and current-source converter
(CSC) systems with LC filters, with a focus being put on the damping of LC resonance. First, both single-loop and multiloop control schemes for a voltage-source inverter (VSI) with output LC filter are analyzed, where the design and tuning procedure can also be applied to a current-source inverter (CSI) with output CL filter.
3. SUMMARY OF THE PAPER
The following tables give summary of the paper as:
Types Of Inverter
Total No. of Literatures
Reviews out of
89 Literatures
% Of Literatures
Reviews Out Of 89
Literatures
Voltage Source
Inverter 50 56.18
Current Source
Inverter 34 38.02
Combined Voltage and
Current Source Inverters
5 05.61
From above tables , it is concluded that the 56.18% of total literatures are reviews based on Voltage Source Inverter, 38.02% of total literatures are reviews based on Current Source Inverter, 05.61% of total literatures are reviews on based techniques that envolve both the Voltage & Current Source Inverters.
4. CONCLUSIONS
62
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thanks Dr. K. S. Verma, Director, and Prof. S. K. Sinha, HOD, EED, Dr. Deependra Singh, Registrar, KNIT Sultanpur-228118, U.P., India, for valuable discussions regarding with the different types of inverter topologies used for speed control of adjustable speed drives.
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