The Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature

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The Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature

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Abstract: 7KH $PVWHUGDP 'HFODUDWLRQ RQ )XQJDO 1RPHQFODWXUH ZDV DJUHHG DW DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO V\PSRVLXP FRQYHQHG LQ$PVWHUGDP RQ ±$SULO XQGHU WKH DXVSLFHVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPLVVLRQRQWKH7D[RQRP\RI)XQJL,&7)7KHSXUSRVH of the symposium was to address the issue of whether or how the current system of naming pleomorphic fungi should be maintained or changed now that molecular data DUH URXWLQHO\ DYDLODEOH 7KH LVVXH LV XUJHQW DV P\FRORJLVWV FXUUHQWO\ IROORZ GLIIHUHQW SUDFWLFHVDQGQRFRQVHQVXVZDVDFKLHYHGE\D6SHFLDO&RPPLWWHHDSSRLQWHGLQ E\ WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %RWDQLFDO &RQJUHVV WR DGYLVH RQ WKH SUREOHPThe Declaration UHFRJQL]HVWKHQHHGIRUDQRUGHUO\WUDQVLWLWLRQWRDVLQJOHQDPHQRPHQFODWXUDOV\VWHP for all fungi, and to provide mechanisms to protect names that otherwise then become HQGDQJHUHG7KDWLVPHDQLQJWKDWSULRULW\VKRXOGEHJLYHQWRWKHILUVWGHVFULEHGQDPH except where that is a younger name in general use when the first author to select a name of a pleomorphic monophyletic genus is to be followed, and suggests controversial cases are referred to a body, such as the ICTF, which will report to the Committee for Fungi,IDSSURSULDWHWKH,&7)FRXOGEHPDQGDWHGWRSURPRWHWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RIWKH'HFODUDWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQEXWQRWIRUPLQJSDUWRIWKH'HFODUDWLRQDUHUHSRUWVRI discussions held during the symposium on the governance of the nomenclature of fungi, DQGWKHQDPLQJRIIXQJLNQRZQRQO\IURPDQHQYLURQPHQWDOQXFOHLFDFLGVHTXHQFHLQ SDUWLFXODU3RVVLEOHDPHQGPHQWVWRWKHDraft BioCodeWRDOORZIRUWKHQHHGVRI mycologists are suggested for further consideration, and a possible example of how a IXQJXVRQO\NQRZQIURPWKHHQYLURQPHQWPLJKWEHGHVFULEHGLVSUHVHQWHG

Key words:

Anamorph $UWLFOH BioCode

Candidate species (QYLURQPHQWDOVHTXHQFHV

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RGHRI%RWDQLFDO1RPHQFODWXUH MycoCode

3OHRPRUSKLFIXQJL Teleomorph

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BACKGROUND

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and its predecessors1_{have regulated the nomenclature of}

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several special provisions for aspects of the nomenclature of

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naming of different morphs of the same species in

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and passionate debates between mycologists, and also of

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1 _{The International Rules of Nomenclature}_{>@± WKH}

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different ways, the situation had become so unsatisfactory

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names in economically important groups of fungi, some of which have never been adopted by those working with these

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option of deleting the special provisions allowing for alternate

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remained conservative and failed to reach a consensus on

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This lack of consensus leaves the issue in an

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Impatient with the current situation, different mycologists are increasingly operating as they consider most appropriate,

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one recent single multi-authored work followed ¿YH different

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The situation needs to be addressed now to give guidance

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However, while the nomenclature of fungi continues to be

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numbers of mycologists will continue to ignore, or personally

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drift, uncertainty and confusion will inevitably increase and

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Following presentations on the problems in naming a wide range of fungi of economic and medical importance under the current rules and after open discussion, the following

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Declaration is presented here also with the support of several mycologists who though unable to attend the Amsterdam meeting learned of its development from colleagues, and

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In addition to the Declaration, there was considerable discussion and some proposals made on aspects of fungal nomenclature other than those concerned with the naming

RI SOHRPRUSKLF IXQJL 7KHVH LQFOXGHG WKH JRYHUQDQFH RI

fungal nomenclature and the need to develop a method of

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views of all of us, and present them here only as a record and

(4)

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THE AMSTERDAM DECLARATION ON

_{FUNGAL NOMENCLATURE}

Enacted in Amsterdam, 20 April 2011

One Fungus = One Name

Recognizing the desire of mycologists to progress to a system of adopting one name for each fungal species

H[SUHVVHGDWWKHth_{International Mycological Congress in}

noting the proposals so far made to that end, and

considering the urgent need for mycologists to have immediate guidance on this matter, as articulated following

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was convened under the auspices of the International

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of this paper

recommend the following steps for the orderly transition

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Follow, except when it is contrary to the items listed below, the rules of the International Code of Botanical

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RememberWKDWIROORZLQJWKH,&%1DOHJLWLPDWHO\

and validly published names of monomorphic fungi, whether anamorphic or teleomorphic, can be transferred to any other validly published legitimate generic name and

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Refrain from proposing new names for newly discovered morphs of validly published and legitimately named species, and where necessary refer to the newly discovered morphs by an informal cross reference name in lower case Roman

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fumigatus QHRVDUWRU\DPRUSK

FollowWKH3ULQFLSOHRI3ULRULW\RISXEOLFDWLRQRIWKH,&%1 ZKHQ VHOHFWLQJ WKH JHQHULF QDPH WR DGRSW 7KLV PHDQV

that authors should choose the oldest generic name,

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a teleomorphic or an anamorphic type, except where the

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FollowWKHDXWKRUVRUZRUNLQJJURXSVRIP\FRORJLVWV ZKR¿UVWFKRRVHWKHJHQHULFQDPHWREHDGRSWHG$XWKRUV

should consider it mandatory to register the choice in a

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appears not to be in the interests of most users of fungal names, a case to overturn the choice may be submitted to

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Encourage individuals, or working groups of mycologists, to prepare lists of names to be preferentially used for any

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Fungus, RUPRQRJUDSKVIRUHQGRUVHPHQWE\WKH,&7)RU

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In addition we encourage the enactment of appropriate

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Note: The meeting felt that the ICTF, and its Subcommissions where established, was probably the most “appropriately

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decisions to the Committee for Fungi for formal adoption

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_{See Hawksworth}_{et al}_{IRU IXUWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH}

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THE GOVERNANCE OF FUNGAL

NOMENCLATURE

Although not formally on the agenda for the Amsterdam symposium, the participants were also strongly in favour of increased autonomy for the governance of fungal

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but with the transfer of decision-making on matters solely related to fungi from International Botanical Congresses to

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which it is envisaged will eventually oversee the naming

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symposium for the view that the BioCode model provided a satisfactory framework for the future governance of fungal nomenclature, and that mycologists should contribute to its

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the BioCode became protracted, and the idea of a MycoCode

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mycologists as a whole, that could be based on the new

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In order to suit the needs of mycologists, a MycoCode ZRXOGQHHGWRGH¿QHWKHVFRSHRIRUJDQLVPVFRQVLGHUHGWR

be FungiDQGRWKHURUJDQLVPV VWXGLHGE\P\FRORJLVWV7KH

participants recommended that the appropriately mandated body propose amendments to the Draft BioCode WR DFFRPPRGDWHWKHQHHGVRIP\FRORJLVWVLQUHODWLRQWRWKH QDPLQJRISOHRPRUSKLFIXQJLDVSURSRVHGLQWKH'HFODUDWLRQ DERYH WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI HOHFWURQLF UHSRVLWRULHV RI NH\ QRPHQFODWXUDOLQIRUPDWLRQHJIndex Fungorum, MycoBank DQG WKH QDPLQJ RI HQYLURQPHQWDO VHTXHQFHV RU WD[D GLVWLQJXLVKHG RQO\ E\ QXFOHLF DFLG VHTXHQFHV ,Q WKH HYHQW

that the BioCode does not progress towards implementation

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of mycologists, and especially if the International Botanical

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the meeting further recommended that mycologists consider developing a MycoCode based on the Draft BioCode

for approval by the IMA through an e-mail ballot of its

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Drafts for two possible paragraphs for the Draft BioCode RU IRU D SRVVLEOH IXWXUHMycoCode were, however, agreed:

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)XQJL DUH GH¿QHG WR LQFOXGH WKH PRQRSK\OHWLF NLQJGRP

Fungi and other groups of organisms traditionally

studied by mycologists, including Dictyosteliomycota, Myxogasteromycota, Protosteliomycota, Acrasiomycota,

Labyrinthulomycota, Oomycota, and Plasmodiophoromycota

Microsporidia under the BioCode would maintain names that

were assigned under the International Code of Zoological

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To revise Article31 Notes

Note 1 )XQJL WKDW EHDU PRUH WKDQ RQH QDPH GXH WR WKHLU

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name to represent fungi that bear more than one name, attention should be given to priority, regardless of the morph named, except where a name other than the oldest one is far

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Note 2.:KHUHDSOHRPRUSKLFIXQJXVEHDUVMXVWRQHQDPH

proposals to provide new names for other morphs are

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Note 3.,WLVHPSKDVL]HGWKDWDVLQWKH,&%1DQGWKH

Draft BioCodeDOHJLWLPDWHO\ DQGYDOLGO\ SXEOLVKHG

QDPHV RI PRQRPRUSKLF IXQJL ZKHWKHU DQDPRUSKW\SL¿HG RU WHOHRPRUSKW\SL¿HG FDQ EH WUDQVIHUUHG WR DQ\ RWKHU

legitimately and validly published generic name and remain

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under the BioCodeWRHSLW\SLI\WHOHRPRUSKLFQDPHVZLWKDQ DQDPRUSKLFW\SHE\PDWHULDOH[KLELWLQJWKHWHOHRPRUSKDQG WKDWFLILQWKHRSLQLRQRIP\FRORJLVWVDSRRUFKRLFHLVPDGH

for the name to represent a pleomorphic fungus previously bearing more than one name, the option remains to submit a case to overturn the choice to the appropriately mandated

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ENVIRONMENTAL SEQUENCE DATA

The need to provide an internationally agreed method of referring to fungi only known from environmental nucleic

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However, while there was no consensus at the symposium as to how best this task should be done, it was felt that consideration should be given to the naming of fungi known

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the Draft BioCodeRUDQHYHQWXDOMycoCode3RVVLEOH

criteria, previously advanced by Hibbett et al ZHUH

commended by John Taylor to provide for the naming of

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acids from environmental samples, commonly known as a

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standard designated for Fungi

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of the genomic regions, each of which is derived from

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$ SXEOLVKHG SK\ORJHQHWLF DQDO\VLV GHPRQVWUDWLQJ

monophyly, and considering all relevant, publicly available

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In the event that a name based only on a nucleic acid

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“Candidatus´ DV KDG EHFRPH WKH SUDFWLFH LQ EDFWHULRORJ\

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format for the introduction of such an entity might appear, based on the model of Hibbett et al LV DSSHQGHG $QQH[$

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confusion could arise from the occurrence of non-orthologous

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Mention was also made of the prospect of obtaining single cell genomes rather than metagenomes from environmental samples in the near future, and it was suggested that any provisions should also permit a genome to serve as a

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Clearly, all of these matters need to be explored further

EHIRUHUHTXLUHPHQWVEHFRPHIRUPDOL]HG

OTHER MATTERS

An implicit assumption made throughout the discussions at the symposium was that the forthcoming IBC in Melbourne

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Also raised at the symposium was the issue of using author

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is now freely available online through the MycoBank and

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was considered better to refer to the original publication and

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ACTION POINTS

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presented above, formal proposals need to be prepared by

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appropriate names to use where the situation is unclear, or to rule on controversial choices that have been made, mechanisms and procedures will need to be developed by

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the DraftBioCodeVKRXOGEHSURSRVHGWRHQVXUHWKDWLW

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of the results of the voting at the ICB in Melbourne on the

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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REFERENCES

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of Zoological Nomenclature68±

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Mycological Research111±

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µCandidatus 3ODQNWRSKLOD OLPQHWLFD¶ DQ DFWLQREDFWHULXP

representying one of the most numerically important taxa in IUHVKZDWHUEDFWHULRSODQNWRQInternational Journal of Systematic

and Evolutionary Microbiology 59±

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International Botanical Congress, 2005 >5HJQXP 9HJHWDELOH

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