University of London in the

by

Elizabeth Rosemary Ellison Institute of Archaeology

Volume Two

Thesis submitted to the University of London in the

Faculty of Arts for the

Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May

1978

1 9 Appendix I: Capacity Measures

References

Appendix II: Estimates of population trends 12

References 23

Appendix Selected vocabulary 25

Figures ₃₁

References:

Chapter 1 61

Chapter 2 67

Chapter 3: 3.1 89

3.2 . 101

3.3 115

3.4 118

3.5 122

3.6 125

3.7 130

3.8 135

Chapter 4 138

Chapter 5 156

Table 1.

Fig.3. _{Nutritional value of Barley from Food Compositions 33} Tables for use in the Middle East (P.L. Pellet &

S.Shadarevian), Section I, Composition of Foods, 100 grams, edible portion.

Pig. 4 . Comparison of selected proll,fessions. ₃₄ Ancient courses of the Euphrates and Tigris. 35

Fig.5.

Base map adapted from Gibson M. The City and Area of Kish, Fig. 69 'Reconstruction of watercourses in Mesopotamia to about 1000 BC'. The ancient courses are taken from the text of chapter 1.

Fig.6. Soil map of Iraq. Adapted from Flora If _{Fi g.}

4.

36

Fig.7. Reliefs The royal banquet of AAburbanipal, from 37

Barnett R.D. Assyrian Palace Reliefs, Plate 105.

Fig.8. Cylinder seals Shaduf, from Parrot Sumer No. 231. ₃₇ Fig.9. _{Cylinder seals Plain plough. Parrot Sumer No. 234. 38} Fig.10. Cylinder seals Seeder ploughs. Cylinder Seals, Plate 38

XIX Nos. E & F.

Fig.11. Grain threshing near Malayar, Hamadan, Iran, in 1970. 39

Fig.12. _{Winnowing grain near Yalayar, Hamadan, Iran, in 1970. 39} Fig.13. Cylinder seals man driving a seeder-plough drawn by 40

oneox. Porada I, Plate XCV No. 651.

Fig.14. Reliefs Mixed herd of sheep and grats. Barnett R.D. 40

& Faulkner Y. Sculpture' of Aturnapirpal... Plate V. Fig.15. Vases Hairy short-tailed sheep (Type 1) from the 41

Warka Vase. Parrot Sumer No. 89.

Fig.16. Relief: Humped cattle being herded along a river. 41 Gadd Stones No. 14.

Fig.17. Relief: 711amita prisoners placing bread on a fire. 42

By the courVesy of the British Museum. (Published in Barnett R.D. Sculptures from the Northern Palace Plate LXVI e.

Fig.18. A modern tannour near Baghdad, 1975. 43

Fig.19. Dough being placed in the tannour, 1975. 43

register.

Fig.22. Reliefs Preparing bread. From King U. Bronze

₄₅

Reliefs Plate LI

Fig.23. statues Base of

Ur—Bingirsu statues

men holding

46

baskets of bread. Parrot Sumer No. 269.

Fig.24. Cylinder

Seals

Presentation scene with a sheep's

₄₇

head set on bread on an altar. Boehmer No. 387.

Fig.25. Reliefs A tannour in

a

oamp. Gadd No. 29a.

₄₇

riga&

Cylinder

seals

Brewer heating the mash. BoehmerNo.557

48

Fig.27.

Cylinder Seals Brewer 'draining' the wort.

₄₈

Boehmer

Yo. 547.

Fig.28. Cylinder seals Men drinking tear through tubes.

₄₉

Porada / 9

Plate XVIII

No. 112.

Fig.29. Cylinder seals Banquet scene with men drinking from

₄₉

cups. Pored& I

Plate XXXIX, No.250E

Fig.30. Inlays ram being slaughtered. Parrot

Sumer No.171B

50

Fig.31.

Reliefs Skinning the carcase of a sheep. Gadd

50

Stones No. 29a.

Fig.32. Sounding box of a harp: Joints of meats Parrot Sumer 50

No.179.

Fig.33. Reliefs Hunting scene from Salonen A. Vegel...

51

Plate LXXVIII

Fig.34.

Reliefs Provisions being carried for the king's

51

feast. From Layard II Plate 9a.

Fig.35. Reliefs 'Fishing' Barnett R.D. & Faulkner M.

52

Sculptures of ANgurnasirpal

Plate CXX

1ig.36. Cylinder seals Bird

set

on a table. VR No.654

52

Fig.37. Cylinder seals goat being milked. Parrot Sumer

No.107. 53 rig.38.

Inlays Sheep being milked. Moortgat Art No.

40.

54

Fig.39. Cylinder seals 'Story of Etana l Dairy scene.

54

Parrot Sumer No. 226.

Fig.40. Reliefs

Provisions

being carried for feast. From

₅₅

Layard II, Plate 9b.

Fig.41. Reliefs Fruit being carried for feast. From Layard

55 II

Plate 8b.

Fig.45. Cylinder seals Table laid with bread, and dishes.

57

Porada I Plate XCIX No. 673 E.

Fig.46. Reliefs Officer eating in camp. Barnett

P.D.

& 58 Faulkner M. Sculptures of Oturnagirpal Plate LX Fig.47. Ivory panel: Yen seated at separate tables. 58

Mallowan M.E.L. & Davies L.G. Ivories in Assyrian Style Plate V No.

7.

Fig.48. Relief: Elamite prisoners eating. By the courtesy

59

of the British Yuseum. (Published in Barnett R.D, Sculptures from the Northern Palace Plate LXVI Slab A.)

Fig. 49 . Reliefs Elamite prisoners eating. By the courtesy

₅₉

of the British Museum. (Published in Barnett R.D.

Sculptures from the Northern Palace... Plate LXVI Slab A.)

Fig.50. Reliefs Elamite prisoners eating. Gadd Stones No.40.

₆₀

1

APP7NDIX I Capacity Measures

In ancient Mesopotamia foodstuffs, grain yields etc., were expressed in capacity measu-t . es and some understanding of these measures is essential before the nutritional value of the food eaten and the efficiency of the agricultural techniques used can be considered. The basic measure which was used from the

,

third to the first millennium is the S•ILA/gag numbers of which form larger measures that vary from place to place and period to period. Thus, in Assyria, the imFru (homer) is made up of 100

_aa;

in Babylonia, the GURAurru equals 300

_ALA/

₍₁₈₀

_S1LA in the Neo-Babylonian period); in Mari (at the beginning of the second millennium) the GUR equals 120 itl,A; in the Sargonic period

•

the GUR.SAG.GAI is made up of 240 SILA and in the pre-Sargonic period the GUR.SAG.dIL equals 144 SILA. These larger measures

(imeru, GURAcurru, GM.SAG.G).L etc.,) are also subdivided into units such as the PI/nanu and the BAN/siltu, which again contain varying numbers of SILAS.1 This list of measures is a

simplification as, especially in the earlier periods, there were other ORS (for example the GUR.SA.DZTG with 140 SILA and the GLIB.A-7a-de.KI with 300 SILA) consisting of different numbers of

•

SILAS. The satu too could be made up of different numbers of SILAS (for example the situ of Carcemish and the bronze satu and the satu of -

9

or

8

SILA ia the No Assyrian period. 2 ) However the measures listed are those used most frequently in connection with foodstuffs and agriculture and are the main ones used in this study. These measures apply mainly to solids and liquids were sometimes recorded in other terms.

Although it is possible to draw up lists of, say, the yields in SILAS of fields in different areas and differentieriods, no proper comparison can be made until the size of the S1LA used can be established and preferably in terms of a modern equivalent. In other words 1) has the SI:A the same capacity throughout the third to the first millennium, and 2) how does that capacity relate to the modern litre?

if the cubic capacity of the vessel is related to the inscription some idea can be gained of the size of the SILA at that time. In addition there are some mathematical texts which have made it possible for calculations to be carried out on the size of the SILA. Cubic capacity of pottery

In order to calculate the cubic-capacity of pottery the published drawings from a number of sites have been studied. Of necessity this has been rather a rough and ready method as the drawings tend to be of pottery types rather than of specific pots so that slight variations of size from one vessel to another may have been ironed out. When the cubic-capacity is worked out, the pots have been divided into size-groups and the average for each group was taken. This has been done for all typos of pottery examined, and again for open-bowls.4

The average sizes of the pottery suggested that if they were based on a standard measure, that measure stayed more or less the same throughout the period. Most variations, for example .6 litre open-bowl at Nippur in the Old Babylonian period, are generally caused by the smaller number of vessels falling into that range, and because of this cannot be taken as indicating a change in the

standard measure. (see Table

_{19, pp.3-5).}

Inscribed vessels & mathematical calculations

A vase of Entemena, dating to the Early Dynastic period, held a NIGIN according to an inscription. The entire capacity of the vase was calculated to be

_4.71

litres, including the neck.

The capacity without the neck was

4.15

litres. As a NIGIN. 10 SILA, the capacity of the SILA equals

_.471

litre, including the neck, and

.415 without the neck.

6

A broken vessel from Nippur (dating to the Ur III period)

SI

contained

175 and

_5/6

SILAS, according to an inscription on it. The partial outline of this vessel is published and if the complete outline is reconstructed the cubic capacity (excluding the neck)

is

178.7

litres. Thus the '

ALA

would appear to equal 1.016 litres.7 An inscription on

a,

pot fragment from Rimah (Old Babylonian period) suggests that the SILA there may have been about

.8

litres.

lel

1/40 cr 1 ON

r-I

• ii 111' •

a) do w cj

Fc) I I • •

00 W CI) N- I I I 1 1 I 0 0 t

I

'4 a)

ON 1/40

• _• 11-1 0.1 \

r-I CV CV r• 1 CV

•• III • 11 •

+D

.r4 E

CO • • N- r• ) 1.11 CO rid O> C"I 01Iit-111

0

CV •

d-CV d-CV

i •• lii •

0

• •

,r3 r0 0) 0) CA I I %.c 0

b

0 Pq

• •

0) 0)1 cr.

I

I %.0

1111

O t) 'ill 0

r-i r, CV

• CV

1› •11•1 1 • 1 •

,34

• •

0)0) 1.0 t-I 10

O t) ,-I I I r-I I I r-I 1 :;---. 0

N.0

(1/41 01 CV r-I

• CV r-I CV CV

• I ••I•1111

e

-4

• ,

(t) ('.Jd

I r

v

i I

-b 1

CO

4-D 0

•

•rf 0./

/ CV CV • • CU r• • I -I •

1-.) VD 01

t-.1 0 • • C CI)

O t Lel CO CV CV

r-1 ,t4 I Ii" 1 r-i I

3d 61 ,

rd {7 F.4 - ,--1 _{Pi -r--4 r-1} c1 _ti.._g

FA -r-4 r-1 -r,

o al F-f cl..4 al F.,c1a 0 0 ..,c4 0 ai Pi cd 0 .44

C:), •,-1 cH al .c rcii) F-I ..H cH al ..c• r-1 Fi P4

p4 soa3 Ei 0 n-n E RI pci,NasEo ,—, E cr_, P4 ..-i Pi NOc4-1 al E 0 r-I E a3 .c. ,-1 F-1

ri

•r-I d .0 til M F-1 U) .r4 •rI :-1 X Ca CO P 0 •f-I P •HO—catoP 0 -r1

1--,:, r4 M -31 1-1 :-_-) El ',-4 ..4 ';'' t-4 <1 I-I E' `r"--1 <4 1, • ^ i-i E-, tz-'4 <4

r.1 LC' LC\

1"---• 1 1 1 1 1 I • • •IIIIII• •

•1-111111c0 N-111111c0

r-' CO ON ON ON

Lel LC\ N- \ 0

••I I I • I I

C1/41 i I lc\ I 1

• ••111•11

r-10111Lr%11

•

LC

LC', Le\ CO

N-‘1" TZt

• 1 I • • I I I

vp I I ‘.-J- N I II

LC',

•

trn

I I 1 •• I I

I I I NIII •

-4

•II•IIII

•

• I I I I I I I • I I I I I I I I I

t--• ell If\

NI-P,'

I CV

CV CV

rvIIIIIIIII

CV cC.)

11111111

CO

LC' q- Le\ r N-

r--• I 1 I 1 1 • I • •11111•I

•

'rn ...1- N-1111101

1 1 1 I I I

Le1

ON d• '-.0 -d- 0` 1.0 CV

d- Lc\ tr N

••l•Il I 1 Lc',• nc•11•111:, N- C--•

\ CD

1/4.0

N-LIN d- lel N- ON

I I • • I •• I • 11••I•11 •

CV Lel ON CV \ C\I

I I 1 I II I II

0

t-q

'7ds

N-nc) 0)

• •

co f",

rI r-1 ) '.0

.%) r(- 413 .. ."-,1 1;7:31

Pr'ff er--n M `"4 It) E-, 1=--- . -4 E-4 ' .----4

-...,..

c ..-

L.rn

-,-, 0 C

I

aN

• 1 1 1 1I • •

0 \ 0`, V (

• I I I I I • •

V Oil lf \

'II III LC LC \. •

CO • CV •rj- rfl r+11-1 H

<4

U) 43

o o a)

O 00 C\111111esel

'U L'.. \ ttn (r) LC1

.zzi- ON r--- C\ r-i ,-I r• 'I r-I

ON 0 GN 01 01 (N 0.1 (N. .1 Lll (f\ (1-1

• • _{1 1 • 1 1 • • • 1 1 0 1 1} • _{1 • 1 1 • I 1 •}

H

p10 1 1 •,z1- I I (\I'0I ‘. 0 I I CC I I 1 n011c011 C\.1

CI

I CV H f-I r-I

Itr‘ CI \ 0\ CV

(\i ‘°

0

\

";I .4 I • I 1 • III • •111111• •111111•

0 H

• • P1 Cr) in

(6 0 ‘-•:1- I I1-4 It 1

0 Pq '-4" I 11111 HIl 11 11

1/40 CO

cl- LC

• ₀ CD C\.1 CV CV VD %X)

• • • • • • •

e - I 1 1 1 1 1 1 r-I II 1 I 1 111111 Si • CO CO O t0 H

0) 1 1 1 1 1 1

OD

n0 ("VI •c+ r-I frl 1-1 LI \ f-, 1 • 01 r-I 0 CV C')I r• 1 C') Lf-1 L11 111

p. • 1111 • 1 • •II•I•1 • •1111•I •

H r-i

1

• •

GO tfl

o t..). %.0 r--- r, 1 r-I

• a.) IIIIHI 1 1 I

r• I C r-I .0 .7j- LrN

o

cn 0 0.1 r-I lf1

• • • • • 1 • 111 • ••11111•

HI 1111 r-i

• • 0)0)

O t v-111-11111 NO11111111 He-411111

If\ c

CO rl In CV rn 1 L.rn f CD

• CO \ C'N 0.1 Lfl •rt

p. 11•I•11 • ii •• • 11••••i•

• sil

0) CII

o a. 0.1 -i- cr C') H r-f f"' 1 H

ral 0 II I n-Ill u- II III II I

H 'c

P-01

r-I 1:-.' h- CV

• r rr) n0

r-I n • •

I c) I I

co cm co

co .---.. r-1 est

N- •et r.

LrN LIN N- ON CI\ ON

• 1 I 1 1 •

el-1111

1

r• 1

•

trL

r-i

SIP.

1 I or i

CC)

•

ON

• 1 1 1 •

CV 1 1 I r

L.r,

r---•

LrL

N-LCN LIN L \ C- NO NO CN 01 I • I I • II

1\01 IC.) 11

• 'Sit

r-I I"- I I

• _• I Ii

V) 1 1 1

•

LIN • •

1 1 1 1 1 1 et et ,Lo

nC) n0 Cd

• 1111 11 • 1111 1 11111 I

,-1111111 1111 I I I 1 I 0,1_•

• I Ii • i

r-I

c0 LrL I • •

1--1

NO NO

• I 1 I I 1 1 • 1111 1 1111 I

1-H111111 1111 1 1 1 1 I

0J t-I

• _r• COON

CN ON 111crN

LIN ell

1

CO • I • 11 I 1 •

LCN Lrn N- N- CO

• 1 1 I I • I

(\11111r--11

• .111

cv 1 I 1

• • 1 1 1 1

I 1 1 •

N-CO

• CO CO OC) NO

•I-1.11 LI\ 1.(1L\ 0

n NOON r.1I I • 1 I 1 • I • • • _{I It II • 'III • I I I 1 1 I} %.0

.

1-1 I—I 1 I I I I 1 II 11111

%.0

• ix C•• eret.

N-• 0 `"?‘ 'I CDI • • CD CD

0

c0

•

PN71

1

cd11111 10 •

I 1 • 1 • 1 1 •

CrN

trN 'z'0 co %...°

11\ CO CO CC) O\

• • • • I • I I • I • Ii • • I •

r-I 0

I r-I r-I ('1 "-I 1 I 1 0.1 1 I 1 r-i c.) I

E •H f-i 1 cv

cv r-- r-i a

`..0 C. 1. .-I

• • I-I r-I

I I I ii)

co e, i CC. >

1, 1 k CC) 0

• • • _Pc

calculated the

SILA

appears to be

1.88

litres.

An alabaster vase from the Neo-Babylonian period, 6 in the reign of Amel-Marduk (561-560) had an inscription suggesting it held one third of a 1E . When reconstructed (including neck) its capacity was .27 litres suggesting that the Neo-Babylonian

equalled

.81

litres.

Calculations based on a mathematical text10 suggest that the SILA in the Old Babylonian period equalled

.97

litres, and

Thureau-Dangin calculated from a Seleuoid text that the late first millennium

a

equals .84 litre.6

From averages taken from all these inscriptions and calculations it might seem that the

SILA

in the Early Dynastic period was about

.44

litres; in the Ur III period and the Old Babylonian period around 1 litre (with a possible smaller variation at Rimah); in the

Neo-AsEvrian period about

_1.88

(or about double the Old Babylonian

SILA);

and in the Neo-Babylonian period about

.83

(or about double the Early Dynastic SILA).

However the situation is not quite as simple as this. If the rations in the Early Dynastic period were based on a SILA

of around a litre then the amounts issued were so low as to be on starvation level. This point was made by Thureau-Dangin in his earlier discussion on the capacity measures. 6 He suggested at that time that Entemena's vase was a votive object and that it

S.

only represented half the real capacity of the SILA. In this the Early Dynastic SILA would be .88 litres - and if only the body capacity (excluding the neck) of the vase is considered, the

SILA

would be exactly

_.83

(the same as the average for the two Neo-Babylonian figures).

Discussion

These calculations suggest that there was an increase in the

size of the SILA after the Early Dynastic period. This is also suggested by the ration lists. In the Early Dynastic III period

at Lagag the most common quantities of barley rations were 72, 48,

36

and

_{24 SILA}

a month.11 At Kish, Nippur, Nuzi and Asmar in the Agade period, and at Lagat itself in the Ur III period, the most common amounts of rations were 90, 60,

_{40, 30}

and 20 SILAS.

that

60 is 5/6 of 72 9 40 5/6

of

48 9 30 5/6

of

36 and 20

_5/6

of

_24.

And at first sight this would appear to mean that the rations had been reduced by one sixth - perhaps because of a fall in yields.

But this explanation is not completely satisfactory, as it does not tie-in with the capaoities of the SILA as calculated frcm the inscriptions on pottery. However, if the size of the SILA was increased when the numbers given dropped the actual rations could have stayed the same.

Thus:

72

ILA at .83 litres a SILA

= 59.76 litres

48

.

39.84

I/

36

_"

. 29.88

24 "

/I It

_"

_.

_19.92

₂₀₎

and 60 SILA at 1.0 litres a SILA = 60 litres

This increase represents a rise of one sixth in the size of the SILA and is the difference between the doubled capacity of the Entemena vase

_(.415

x 2 .

.83)

and the average of the Ur III/Old

•

Babylonian SILAS (1.07).

It is here suggested that at the end of the Early Dynastic III period, at least as known from Lagai, there was a change in

1

accountancy procedures which caused the numbers of SILAS in the GUR.SAG.GAL to be raised and an increase in the

_{size of}

the SILA.

It is possible that this latter system was already in use in Akkad and was brought into Sumer by the Sargon dynasty. The Ur III kings standardized the system which seems to have continued, with perhaps some local variations, into the second millennium.

The Assyrians apparently based their measure on double the 'Babylonian' SILA/32_3. but the late Neo-Babylonian kings may have

,

returned to the old Lags.% or Sumerian size of SILA/la. These variations in the size

of

the SILA are probably simplified and there may have been local differences in much the same way as there are local differences in weights and measures in Iraq today - for example those local weights in use in Baghdad vary from those used at Basra.12

When calculating yields, rations etc., in this study, the Early Dynastic SILA will be taken to equal

_.83

litres and the

.s Agade, Ur III, Isin/L arsa, Old Babylonian and Kassite/Nuzi SILA to

1

GUR.SAG.GAL; Gelb I.J. personal cozmunication September

1975

(Sargonic GUR.SAG.AL 240 SILA); see also

Salonen Hausgerffte II, 270-303; Meissner BuA

2.

Postgate J.N.Neo-Assyrian Legal Documents,

67-68.

3.

Nissen H. 'Grabung

in

den Quadratent K/L

XII in Uruk/ Warka' Bagb.Mitt. V

9

137.

4.

Some of the more elaborate styles, and jugs, have been

excluded.

5.

NIPPUR: McCown D & Haines R. Nippur 1 9 Temple of Enlil...

Plate 80 (nos. 1, 2 9

5-9

9

12 9 14 18); Plate 82 (nos.

10, 12-15 9 18-20 and 23); Plate 83 (Nos.

7, 9-10,

13, 14, 16-18 9 and 21) Plate 84(Nos. 1-6, 9-11 9 16)3

Plate

85

(Nos.

1-4 9

7-8 9 11-12 9 14 & 16) Plate 87

(Nos. 1-4 9 _8-14); Plate

88 (Nos. 3, 5-6, 19, 20-23);

Plate

90 (Nos. 1-5, 12-17);

Plate

94 (Nos. 1-6, 8-11,

14, 15, 18)

Plate

97 (Nos. 1, 7-8, 10-12);

No. 98

(Nos. 1-8, 11-12, 15-16) Plate 10C (Nos. 2, 6-7 9 11,

13-14 9 19-23); Plate 1o3 (Nos. 1,

4, 10-13,

18-25).

NUZI: Starr

Nuzi:

Vol. II Plates 50 (Nos.

A

9

B

9

Q)

Plate 62 (Nos.

F1J, L

9 Q,

S

9 T, U); Plate 63

(N080159

Q9 S)

Plate 64 (Nos.

B

9 E); Plate 65 (Nos. A t

C9 D);

Plate

66 (

os. A,

B

9

C

9 D,

F

9 G 9 H) Plate 67 (Nos.

C

9

D

t E 9 F, G, 7, I) Plate

68

(Nos. A,

C

t

D

9 E t F,

K, M) Plate

69 (Nos. C, D)

Plate 71 (Nos. A), Plate

72 (Nos. B,E, F) Plate

73 (Nos.

A 9

D, E,

F

9 G, H,

I, J, K) Plate

74

(Nos. A,

B

9

C

9

F

9

I

9

J)

Plate

75

(Nos. A, B, C,

G

9 H,

J

9

K

9 L,

M

9

R

9

S

9

0

9

Y)

Plate 76

Nos.

C

9 D, F, G, 7, I, J,

K

9

M

9 N,

0

9

P

9

Q

9 R, S,

U9 V

9

W

9 X, Y, Z 9 AA, BB, DD) Plate

77

(Nos. A-D, F-L,

N, P, S) Plate 78 (Nos. A-G, L.,0 9 Q) Plate 87 (Nos.

(A-7 9

3

9

L

9

0

9

Q)

Plate

88 (Nos. A-D,

I9 L9 My N)

Plate

89

(

N

OS.

A,

C

9 G I

I

9

3

9

L

n

Ii

9

Z

9

AA,

BB.)

KAAFAJE7, ASMAR & ISC7ALI: Delougaz P. Pottery from the

Dtiyalti

5

ti:

_{Plate 142 (Nos. A.505.450 9 515.270, 5 1 5-37}

_.11

6,

ot

0, 524-260 9 514.270, 515.660, 525 . 2739 516.21u9

527.462) Plate 144 (Nos. A.645.720, 604.560, 652.5009

624.520, 654.920 9 624.563 9 654.520 9 655.120)

Plate 146 (all plate except B.001.200b and 001.310)

Plate 148 (Nos. b.052.200a-c, 062.210 a-b, 076.700,

063.200b,

077.700

a-b, 064.210, 072.200, 061.210,

072.210b) Plate 149 (all pl p

i-

p except B084.210a,

184.220

a &

b) Plate 152 (Nos.

B225.540, 226.

72 0 a-c) Plate 153 (Nos. B236.200 a & bt

237.100, 247.200, 247.700, 246.200a-b, 255.200)

Plate 154 (B.414.270, 416.371, 475.250a, 454.270,

275.250b. 416.373) Plate 155 (B.495.220, 505.250,

506.270c, 505.270a-b, 506.370, 506.270a, 514.270)

Plate 156 (B.516.271, 527.340, 516.371a, 525.220)

Plate 157 (all plate except B.533.252 and

533.

262) Plate 158 (all pl , te except B.544-570,

545 . 222a & b, 545.240b) Plate 159 (No. B.545.540,

546.220, 546.260,

545.640b, 546.223 1 546.240,

54

6.6

4

0

a9 547.320)

Plate 160 (555 . 2 24, 556.422,

555

.

540a, 566.560, 556.540)

Plate 161 (Nos.

575.

224, 575

.

240, 574

.

24

0

,

576.220) Plate 162

(Nov.

644.220, 644.520, 644.540) Plate 163 (Nos.645.220,

645.224, 645.540a, 655.520, 655.540a, 656.720)

Plate 164

(Nos.

665.520, 663.54 n a-b, 664.540a-b,

666.540a) Plate 165 (Nos. 666.620, 666.640,

65.220a-b, 706.360) Plate 166 (Nos.

754.540,

755.540, 756.220, 757.320,

786.520) Plate 168

(Nos. 0.001.200 a & bp 001.210, 002.210, 002.500,

013.210, 026.410) Plate 171 (ffos. C213.210, 215.210,

225.310b, 216.210, 246.310) Plate 175 (Nos. C406.

34 0 , 406.370) Plate 176 (Nos. 0446.470, 466.450,

436.320) Plate 177 (Nos. 0493.360, 505.370a & b,

503.470, 506.470c, 507.570, 506 . 470d) Plate 178

(Nos. C514.370a, 515.37 01),

515.371, 515.373)

Plate 179 (nos. C525.262 b & c, 5 16. 373, 516.471,

525.352) Plate 180 (Nos. C525.362b, 525.550,

526.362b) Plate 181 (Nos. C526.371a & b, 526.373

a &

_{b) Plate 183 (Nos. ) 545 . 3 10 , 545 . 3 20 ,}

545.340a,

545

.

44

0

9 545-5

20

9 545

.

64

0

)

Plate 184 (Nos.C555.420,

555

.

423, 555

.

44

0

9 555

.

32

0

, 555.510)

Plate 185

(All plate emept 557 . 64 0 , 556.320 , 576.242 and 585.

320 and 587.862) Plate 187 (all plate except

655.370a & b, 655.222) Plate 188 (Nos. 656.340,

656.540, 665.621) Plate 192 (Nos. D.514.370a,

514.370b, 515.362) Plate 194 (Nos.

D555.340, 545.

640. 555.510a, 546.540

a & b) Plate 195 (Nos.D555.

54 0 , 565.310, 556.540b, 596.540) Plate 196 (Nos.

D654.310, 656.540.)

Ur: UE II P late 251 (Nos.

5

a, b,

c, 7 a, b, c,

10, 12,

141 Plate 252 roe. 18a, b, 21, 23, 26, 32a, 33b,

38b Plate 253 Noa.39, 4 0 , 42, 43. 44a, b.

_0,

459

4

6

, 48, 49h,

51a) Plate 254

(

/

08.

57,

58, 59,

60,

61-63) Plate 255 (Nos.

77-79, 81)

Plate 256 (Nos.

83 a-d, 84) Plate 257

(98, 99, 100

a &

b;

108 a-0

Plate 258 (Nos. 109b, 112, 114

9

119 a & b, 120

a & b) Plate 259 (Nos. 128, 129, 131, 132

a &

b,

133, 134, 136, 137, 139-141) Plate 260 (Nos.

142-145, 147, 149, 150 a & b, 151) Plate 261 (Nos.155,

157-160, 162-164) Plate 262 (Nos. 167-170, 171,

17 1 , 174, 179

a &

b, 180, 181) Plate 263 (all plate

but No. 185) Plate 264 (all plate except Nos.

80,

_{87) Plate 46 (Nos. 89 9 92-94).}

Milos de Genouillac H. Fouilles de Telloh I Plate II (Nos. 3737 9

5736, 5613,

5501 9,5454) Plate III (No.5293), Plate IV (No.

5430),

Plate V (Nos.

4418, 4327, 4

86

5, 45

1

3, 4707, 35

6

5, 4512, 5496)

Plate . VI (all but 5272, 4076,

4303 and

4657) Plate VII (Nos. 4605, 4603) Plate VIII (all but 4308) Plate 17 (Nos.

4357, 4744, 4385,

4516) Plate X (Nos. 52979 5298, 5356, 4858) Plate XI (Yos.

4557, 4561,

4560, and unnumbered pot) Plate XII (Nos. 590, 915 2 10439 559)

Plate XIII (Nos. 587, 1925, 887)

Vol.II; Plate XXX (all plate) Plato XXXI (all except 3348 & 3613) Plate XXXII (all except 2543) Plate XX7III

Call

except 905, 810, 803) Plate XXXIV (all on plate) Plate XXXV (Nos. 3011, 3146, 74 8 ) Plate XXVIII (all on plate) Plate XIX

(Nos.

614, 1022, 1228)

Nimruds Oates J. 'Late Assyrian Pottery from Fort Shalmaneser' Iraq XXI,

1959,

Plates XXXV (all exoept Nos. 12, 14-16) Plate XXXVI (Nos. 27-28,

30-31, 33-34, 37-38, 4011 44, 46-47) Plate

XXXVII (Nos. 60-61, 64,

7 -60)

Plate XXXVIII

(Nos. 84 9 92-949

96-99)

Bevelled-rim bowlst(Jemdet Nasr) Mackey E. Report on the excavation of the 'A I cemetery at Kish' Plate LXVII (Nos. 22-23); de Genouillac R. Fouilles de Telloh Plate VIII (No. 4241) (Tello);

UVB IV, Plate 19 At' (Warka); Starr Nuzi II Plate 50

a

(Nuzi); Delaugaz P. Pottery from the Diyala Plate 108 (No.

C002.210)

(Khafajeh); Mallowan M.E.L. 'Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar' Iraq IX,

1947,

Plate LXVI, 4.(Tell Brak);

Many bevelled-rim pots have been excavated but only

a handful

have actually been published.

Although the plates listed for the above sites include vessels smaller than .11 litre and larger than 1.12

litres only those falling between these measurements have been included in the tables.

It should be noted that the pottery from Tello

is

not securely dated and that the divisions into periods is therefore suspect. The divisions made by the

7. McCown D & Haines R. Kip pur I, Temple of Enlil Plate

87,

No.

14

and photos. Professor Gelb kindly confirmed this calculation. With the neck included the capacity is

188.5 - 1.07

_a

_ilLA.

But see Postgate J.K. 'An inscribed jar from Tell

al Rimah

,

to be published in

'rm.

Note

7:

Mr. Christoph3r Watkins made the capacity maximulD

_183.1

and minimum

180.3.

This would give a maximum 61LA

of

1.04

litre, and

a

minimum ot

1.025

litre, and

does not ch

.

ings the suggested SILA of approximately 1 litre in the Ur III period.

8. Dailey et al. No.

_274,

and Postgate J.N. 'An inscribed jar from Tell al Rimah' to be published in

am.

9. The method used here is the one used in examining the pottery drawings. It is based on measurements taken of the pot ND

6673

on display in the British Museum. This inscription is published by Postgate J.N. in

Fifty Neo-Assyrian legal documents,

Note that he calculated the SILA to be

1.84

litres. (see also

v

allowan Nimrud,

168.)

J.N. Postgate's calculations of the capacity of the reconstructed inscribed vessel at Tell al Rimah give aussful comparison between two methods of

calculating capacities. He filled the reconstructed vessel with dried rice, which gave a capacity of

121.3

(allowing a 2% margin of errors the maximum

value was

123.5

and the minimum was 119.0 litres). From his details of the dimensions of the vessel it has been possible to calculate the capacity using the same methods as used for t'ac pottery-drawings and

the Ur III pot from Elppur. This gave a value of

123.495

litres and a Snk of

.82

litre - very close

to the maximum value given for the dried rice filling method.

10. Thureau-Dangin F. 'La mesure du

maan

RA 34, 1937, 81

11. It is not suggested that only these sizes of rations were issued, merely that these were the most frequently used.

Before any attempt can be made to discuss whether a food supply is sufficient for a local population, the size of the population must be established. The most accurate way of assessing population figures is to conduct a census but this process does not appear to have been carried out in ancient Mesopotamia. A number of rulers, for example Zimri-Lim of Mari, seem in have carried out a local census (one of his years carries the name 'Year when Zimri-Lim counted the landOlwhile others, in particular of Laga g , mention large numbers of people in their inscriptions but it is not clear whether they are

referring to certain sections of the:population, or to certain areas or to their states as a whole. Thus the figures they give (Entemena: 3600; Urukagina: 1 6,000; and Gudea: 216,000) cannot be assumed to be the population of the state of Laga g or of the city of Girsu.2

Professor Frankfort attempted to calculate the population of Mesopotamia by taking the average number of houses found per acre in the excavated sites of Ur, Tell Asmar and Khafajeh and reckoning six to ten people per house. This gave a density from 120-300 people per acre, which compared well with the density of 160 per acre which he found at modern Aleppo and Damascus.

A number of settlement surveys have been carried out recently in Iraq: the regions covered include the Diyala,- the area around Warka, 4 and central Mesopotamia north of Nippur.5 The periods during which the settlements were occupied were worked out on the basis of the types of pottery and other artefacts

(such as clay sickles, 'nails', mud-bricks etc.) found on their surfaces. The greatest danger in this is that the pottery sequences are not always equally well known for each period and many types overlap, so that it is not always possible to

say

that, for example, a particular site in the Warka area, was occupied in the Isin/Larsa period but not in the Old Babylonian. However, allowing for this, distribution maps of sites can give an idea of variations in settlement patterns. In the Diyala area there

period. This fall continued through the second millennium and the area would seem to have been almost deserted by the beginning of the first. In the Warka region, the eai.ly third millennium (Jemdet Nasr to Early Dynastic I) was the period with most settlement. In the late Early D ynastic III there was a fall in the number of sites although the sizes of the remaining settlements had increased. There was a

continued drop in sites in the Akkadian with possibly a slight increase in the Ur III—Isin/Larsa period. The second

millennium saw a gradual drop in the numbers and size of settle-ments, probably falling to the lowest amount in the early first millennium. The number of sites increased slightly in the Neo—Babylonian period. In central Mesopotamia the largest number of settlements date to the Ubaid/ Jemdet Nasr periods, but although there may have been a slight decrease in the number of sites in the Early Dynastic period the size of such towns as Kutha, Kish and Nippur increased. There wao a slight drop in the number of sites towards the end of the third millennium but the Kassite period shows an increase. The end of the second millennium saw a drastic fall in numbers of settlements but

there seems to have been an improvement during the Neo—Babylonian period, with Babylon dominating the area.

Adams made a provisional estimate of the sedentary population in the Diyala area.6 Taking a population density of 200 per hectare he calculated that the

384

hectares of recorded settlement for the Early Dynastic period would have carried some 77,000

people. But although population estimates could be made in this manner for other periods and other areas it is not really satisfactory to use a density based mainly on modern village settlements in

Khuzistan and on modern cities like Baghdad — and indeed a density which is much lower than the one computed by Frankfort from the sites of Ur, Tell Asmar and Khafejeb.

The follow-Ing is an attempt to estimate a population density contemporary with the periods of the settlements, based on Frankfort's method of estimating the average number of houses on a site.

A figure of

5 for the number of people ia a family has

been calculated from a text from Nippur giving members of

families receiving rations, two from Nuzi recording some men with their wives and immediate family and the 'Doomsday' texts from Harran which give the numbers in families plus details about their property.7

Khafajeh Mound A.8

Area of sites

275,000

sq.m. Residential area:

165,000

sq.m. Early Dynastic

Houses 10: Average for

5

dwellings:

_75.4

_sq•m•

No. of houses in residential area:

2188

Population estimate:

(10,941.6) 10,942.

Houses

_9:

Average for

8 dwellings:

71.875

sq.m.

No. of houses in residential area:

2295.65

Population estimate:

11,478

Houses 81 Average for

7

dwellings:

₈₉

sq.m.

No. of houses in residential area:

1854

Population estimate:

9270

Houses

_7:

Average for

6

dwellings:

89

sq.m.

No. of houses in residential areas

1854.

Population estimates

9470.

Houses 6: Average for

3

dwellings:

202

sq.m. No. of houses in residential areas

817

Population estimates

4085.

Houses 51 Average for

3 dwellings:

200.66

No. of houses in residential areas

822.

Population estimate: 4110

Houses 41 Average for 11 dwellings:

124.8 sq.m.

No. of houses

in

residential areas

1322

Population estimates

6610

Houses

3:

Average for

5

dwellings:

232

sq. m. No. of houses-in residential areas

711

Population estimates

3555

Houses 1 &

2:

Average for 10 dwellings:

161.7

sq. m. No. of houses in residential area:

1020.

Population estimates

5100

Average population for whole period:

7180

Size of Early Dynastic and Akkadian town: 35, 000

sq.m.

Residential area: 21,000 sq. m.

Early Dynastic III

Stratum Vet

Average size of

4

houses: 126.5 sq.m.

No. of houses in residential area: 116

Population estimate: 830.

Stratum Vb:

Average size of 6 houses: 133.8

No. of houses in residential area: 157

Population estimate: 785.

Stratum Va:

Average size of 25 houses: 105.48

No. of houses in residential area: 199

Population estimate:

995.

Average population: 870

Density over whole site: 248.5 per hectare.

Akkadian

Stratum IVbs

Average size of

7

houses: 123.57

No. of houses in residential area: 170

Population estimate: 850

Stratum IVa:

Average size of

9

houses: 192.55

No.of houses in residential areal 109.

Population estimate:

_545.

Average population: 698

Density over whole sites

₁₉₉

per hectare.

Ur III/ Isin-Larsa

Size of town: 250,000 sq. m. Residential area: 150,000 sq.m.

Stratum III:

Average size of

4

houses:

147.5

No. of houses in residential areal 1017.

Population estimate: 5085.

Density over whole site: 203 per hectare.

Tell Harmal.

10

Size of site: 17,600 sq.m.

Residential area: 10,560 sq. m.

Isin/LArsa-Old Babylonian

Average size of 16 houses: 72.5

No. of houses in residential area: 146.

Population estimates 730.

TB Level IV: Average size of

3

houses:

158.66 sq. m.

No. of houses in residential area:

3,999

Population estimates

19,995.

Density over whole site:

189

per hectare. Isin-Larsa

TB Level II: Average size of

3

houses:

172.66 sq.m.

No. of houses in residential area:

3,675.

Population estimate:

_189375•

TB Level I 1:

No. of houses in residential areas

4825.

Average size of

4

houses,

131.5 sq.m.

Population estimates

24,125.

TA level XII: Average size of

3

houses:

99.33 sq.m.

No. of houses in residential area:

6,388

Population estimates

311940.

Average population:

23,436.

Density over whole site:

221.6

per hectare. Old Babylonian

TB Levels E & Dz Average size of

4

houses:

122.5 sq.m.

No. of houses in residential area:

5180

Population estimates

25,9000.

TA Levels

X3-2/ Average size of

5

houses:

65.4

Kim.

No. of houses in residential area:

9702.

Population estimates

48,510.

Average population:

37,205

Density over whole site:

352

per hectare. Kassite

TA Level VI: Average size of I house:

44

sq.

m. No.

of

houses:

14,420

Population estimates

72,100.

Density over whole site:

682

per hectare.

As

TA Level V: 1 houses

90 sq.m.

IV: 1 house:

182 + sq. m.

1 house:

177

sq. m.

Average size:

150

sq.m.

No. of houses in residential areas

4230.

Population estimate:

21,150

72,000 sq.m.

Old Babylonian Average size of 5 _{houses: 7 8 .5}

_Keno

No. of houses:

917

Population estimate: 4585. Density over whole site:

382

per hectare.

13 Nuzi

Size of site: 45,000 sq.m. Residential area:

_27,

₀

_{00 sq.m.}

Average size of

20

houses:

153.7

sq.m.

No. of houses in residential area:

176

Population estimate: 880

Density over whole site: 196 per hectare. Ur

—

Size of site:

593,750

sq. m.

_{Residential areas 356,250}

sq.m.

Isin-Larsa14 Average size of

33

houses:

131.9-sq.m.

No. of houses in residential area:

2701

Population estimate:

139505.

Density over whole site: 229 per hectare.

15

Kassite Average size of

4

houses:

159

sq.m. No. of houses in residential area:

2241

Population estimates

11,205

Density over whole site:

190

per hectare.

Neo-Babrlonian16 Average size of 6 houses:

_763.4

sq.m.

No. of houses in residential area:

467

Population estimate:

_2335.

Density over whole site: 40 per hectare. Nimrudl

7

Size of site:

3,600,000

sq.m. Residential areas

2,160,000

sq.m. Neo-Assyrian Average size of

4 houses:

_137.5

sq.m.

No, of houses in residential area:

159709.

Population estimate:

789545.

Density over whole site:

218

per hectare. Uruk18

Size of site: 5,060,000

sq.m.

Residential area:

3,036,000 sq.m.

800-600BC Average size of

6

houses:

213.4

sq.m.

No. of houses in residential area:

149227.

Population estimates

719135.

size of the population. The settlement areas have been taken from the sizes of sites given in the regional surveys.

For the Diyala Adams gave these sizes himself19 but for the Narka and central Mesopotamia regions the areas hal to be

calculated from the measurements published in the catalogues.20 The sites have ben grouped into the main dating periods for which evidence was found on the surface. Problems here include the above mentioned difficulty of dating material and the fact that no variations in size could be made according to the extent of occupation. In other words a site of 50 hectares with dating material from the Early Dynastic to Kassite periods has had to be counted as 50 hectares for all these intervening periods, although it may only have been 10 hectares during Ur III and 2 hectares in the Kassite.

Where possible the population density is taken from

a

town (or average of towns) in the particular area. If this is not possible, then the density from the nearest town has been taken. In addition an avarage density per period has been worked out. Diyala area

(The densities have been taken from an average of the figuras for Tell Asmar and Khafajeh in the Early Dynastic period, from Tell /Lamar in the Akkadian period, from an average of Tell Asmar and Tell Hamel in tue Ur III‘Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian periods,

from Nippur and Nuzi in the Kassite period and from Nippur in the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods)

Period Settlement area Est.Population Density Early Dynastic

384

hectares

97,920

255

Akkadian

403 "

80,197

199

Ur

III/Isin-Larsa

462 "

142,758

309

Old Babylonian

380 "

117,420

309

Kassite 230 100,970

₄₃₉

Neo-Assyriani

(The densities for the Waska region have been taken from an average of Khafajeb and Asmar for the Early Dynastic period, from Asmar for the Akkadian period and Ur III period, from Ur for the Isin/Lassa

and Old Babylonian periods and Kassite period, and from Waska

itself for the Neo-Assyrian/Neo-Babylonian period. Estimated areas for Warka, Larsa and Shuruppak have been added to the settlement areas listed in the survey catalogue.)

Period Settlement area Est.Population Density Early Dynastic

III 1536.4 hectare L191,782 255

Akkadian 1420.5 “ _{282,680 199}

Ur III 2042 " 414,526 203

Isin/Larsa 1831 " 419,299 229

Old Babylonian 1440.6 " 329,870 229

Kassite 1073 " 203,870 190

Neo- Assyrian/

Neo-Babylonian 1004 _141,564 141

Central Mesopotamia

(The densities , have been taken from an average of Kbafajeh and Asmar for the Early Dynastic III, from Asmar for the Akkadian period and from Nippur for all the others. An estimated area for Babylon has been added to Gibson's survey around Kish and Adams' survey in ancient Akkad)

Period Settlement area Est.Population Density Early Dynastic

III 733.3 hectares 186,992 255

Akkadian 904 to 179,896 199

Ur III 902 170,478 189

Isin/Larsa 908 201,213 221.6

Old Babylonian 1102 " 387,904 352

Kassite 1804•5 _" 1,230,669 682

Neo-Assyrian/

Neo-Baby1odian1267.6 "

_253,520

200

Population estimates based on average densities (from appropriate sites)

Period Cent .Mesopotamia Warka Diyala Density Early Dynastic 186,992 391,782 97,920 255

Akkadian 179,896 282,680 80,197 199

Ur III 177,968 400,232 90,552* 196

Isin/Larsa 242,436 488,877 123,354 * 267

Old Babylonian 422,066 551,750 145,540 383

Kassite 642,402 381,988 81,880 356

Neo-Assyrian/

676,694 542,773 668,752 854,667 1,119,356 1,106,270 351,990 These population figures do not cover the whole of

Mesopotamia nor even the whole of the alluvial plain. The most noticeable gaps in the south are the area around Bismaya between the Central Mesopotamian and Warka surveys, the Ur and Eridu areas and the Girsu-Lagat region, nor has there been any allowance for any nomadic population. However if the average density for all

periods in the southern areas (264) is compared with the average density for Chagar Bazar (Old Babylonian), Nuzi (m1d-second

millennium) and Nimrud (Neo-Assyrian) (265) it can be seen that these are almost the same so that it is poseible that the populations were also about the same. Thus if the population is doubled to cover the northern areas, and then a third of the southern population is added to cover other unsurveyed areas plus the nomadic population some idea may be gained of the population for the whole of

Mesopotamia. It must be stressed that this is only tentative as the doubling of the population implies that periods of expansion and adversity in the south were mirrored in the north.

Early Akkadian Ur III Isinjtarsa Old Kassite Neo-Assyr.

Dynastic Babylonian Neo-Babyl.

1 ,57 8 ,953 1,560,421 2,611,831 821,310

1,266,470 1,994,223 2,581,297

Some points of criticism should be noted, while historically

the end of the third millennium and the beginning of the second were prosperous with flourishing trade from all parts of Mesopotamia and many vigorous kingdoms in existence (Mari, Babylon, Rimah, Atgur

etc.) the following period is not usually considered to be so stable. The high population figures for the Kassite period may be biased by the high density figure found at Nippur for this period, which was

based on the measurement of only one house and may therefore give a completely false impression. However the Kassite dynasty in

the south was the longest reigning dynasty in the history of Mesopotamia and this alone should have provided some stablitiy. This period is paralleled in the north by the rise of the Assyrian

state. T he drastic drop in population, between the end of the Kassite period (c.1220) and the 9th century may only apply to the

southi _{The figures certainly seem low for the Assyrian kingdom}

A contemporary population estimate exists for the city of Nimrud dated to around

_875-867

BC. AMMUrnasirpal gave a

feast when the city of Nimrud was completed and set up

a

stele to commemorate the event.21 In this he states that his feast was for

69,574

people made up of

16,000

'citizens' of Nimrud,

47,074

workmen and women from all the lands under the king, 5,000 officials Plso from the neighbouring states and 1,500 officials from the royal palaces. Although it is not clear whether the

16,000

were the original inhabitants of Nimrud before the king began to build it as his capital city or whether the

_47,074

workmen and women and all the officials had become permanent

residents in the city, the figure of

69,574

compares well with the total of

78,545

estimated from the house plans. This large population is reflected in the Neo-Assyrian inscriptions

recording the numbers of towns and villages listed as being conquered by their armies.22

Before completing this appendix on population estimates mention must be made of Professor Gelb's comments that the average

21

house size in Mesopotamia was

35.3

sq.m. or one ear, - and that the estimated averages of the archaeologists based on the excavated plans are incorrect possibly because these houses were owned by nobility and high officials and did not cover a sufficient range of size. The average size of house in the above calculations

is 159.29

sq.m. and the size of house measured varied from under 30 sq.m. to over 700. For example at Ur in the Isin/Larsa period two houses of

36

sq.m. (Vi . and VIII) on Straight Street and one of

28

sq.m. (VI) existed on Store Street. At the other end of the scale

a

house of

330

sq.m. (IV) was found on Paternoster Row.

documents of sale from which the average of one ear is taken refer not to whole houses but to rooms or groups of rooms?

If Professor Gelb l s contention that the average size of house in Mesopotamia was 1

5.3

sq.m. is correct this would raise the population figures substantially. As examples, the

population of Tell Asmar (Early Dynastic and Akkadian town)

would be 1 000, Nippur

90,642, Ur 50,893,

Warka

_433,714

and Nimrud

308,571.

(Densities of

857

per hectare). The last two in

particular would seem to be

a

little high.

1. Dossin G. Les noms d'anneep et eponymea dan lee 'Archive de Mari'

2. Frankfort H. Kingship and the Gods,

396,

note

23.

Adams Diyala

4

. Gibson M. City and Area of Kish including Appendix V 'Settlement and irrigation patterns in ancient Akkad o by R. Adams,

182.

5•

Uruk Countryside. 6. Adams Diyala

41

7. Nuzis HSS XVI No.

392

Average

_4.5

HSS XVI No.

402

₅

Nippur: BE

rr

y No.

58

_4.33

Assyria: Johns Doomsday Book: Nos. 1, 2

9

3 9

4, 6,

8,

lls

• Average

_4.33

Averages:

_{4.54 -}

rounded up to

5.

8. Delougaz P, Hill H.D

9

Lloyd S. Private Houses and Graves in the Diyala,

276,

Table II. Details of plans for Khafajeh and Tell Asmar sites takan from Plate 1 and Plate

23.

9. ibid.,

196

and Plate

23

re the excavation of

a

pie-Larsa wall.

10. Baqir T. 'Tell Frarmal, a preliminary report' Sumer II

1946,

Plate before p.31.

11. McCown

D 9

and Haines R. Nippur I, Temple of Enlil Plates

5, 59,

61, 63,

64, 70B,

74

A &

B 9

75 A & B. 12. Mallowan M.E.L. 'Excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar'

Iraq IV,

1937 9

Figs 12

&

5.

13. Starr Nuzi II, Plans

2 & 13.

14. Woolley C.L. 'Excavations at Ur

1930-31'

Antiquaries Journal Vol. XI,

1931, 359-368,

Plate XIVII

15. U2 VIII Plate

63

A & 63 B.

16. UE IX Plate

71.

17. Yallowan Nimrud 19 Plan on

p.185.

18. UVB

21 9

Plates

27 & 28.

19. Adams Diyala, Tables 11-16.

20. Gibson M. City & Area of Kish,

118-158, 182-208.

Uruk Countryside

ls

City of Kinabu, 600 warriors slain and 3000 captives burned.

149, para.448: A g 5urnalirpa1 Year 31

1,460 warriors slain, 12,000 soldiers captured east of the Tigris.

153, para.455: Aurnapirpal Year 3:

6

forts and 150 'towns' listed for the state (?)

of Ameka ir the campaign against Zamua. . 129 para. 257: Sennacherib's let campaign:

80,000 bowmen in the army of Merodach Balodan of Babylon.

Selected. Vocabulary

abilt nlri/UBI.A.DA.KU

6

abut ttmti/UBI.A.A3.BA.KU6

gargms0/AGARGARA,

NUN.KU

6

aj(j)alu/D1RA.BAR

akalu, k

alaiNINDA,

NINDA.MEg,

NINDA.HI.A.

alapplinu/KAg .U.SA ZCZ.A.AN

elza/m4

.1iTall

-apsasO/AB.ZA.ZA

Irstrinu/GIggAggUR.KUR.RA

arnabu/A.GIR .E DIN . NA

9

KA.EDIN.NA

arsInu

arsuppu/EgTUB.KU6

azuiruid.FR.SAG

banniru/BAPPIR

billatu/KA g h.SA (DIDA)

buq1u/kUNEr

4

buriNuiag.(Nrm).LI

butuntu/GIg.LAM.GAL

DAR.RA

diNiptubhu/ktt.U.SA

Z Z.A.AN

dignuAlL

Page in

Volume I

River-UBI -fish (type of barbel)

172

Sea-water -UBI -fish -

Polydactylus

172

tetradactylus

shad

ilisha)

173

?fallow deer

161

bread

₁₂₄

special beer

₁₄₄

ox

99

type of ohiok pea

261

?water buffalo

103

'apricot'

210

hare

164

?burgbul -like product

111

Barbel (Barbus (Puntius) sharpeyi 170

Gunther)

?saffron

222

beer bread

137

common beer

141

green malt

136

pine-nut

217

pistachio nut

₂₁₇

dried

174

?sweetened beer, made from emmer

wheat

143

bole at bottom.

₁₄₇

NVEit I-q

aBi millet

43

1112/1.0A

vegetable oil (see %amnu)

₁₉₉

ISELO

z

she—goat, goat

₉₈

2

arma/ait.Ap

IN seeder plough

₆₈

eqTdu , type of cheese , 186

erh2BUR17

5

_locust

₁₆₄

GA.gAR

cheese

185

GA.UAR KASx (GAZI) ?spiced obeese

186

gaj(j)itu type of cereal

88

GA.§E.A ?cheese mixed with barley

or barley & milk gruel

186

GA.SIG

7

.A dairy product

186

..

GIR.LAM ?cake

₁₂₆

gakkallu/GUKKAL

(IIDG.FL) fat—tailed sheep (Type

3)

₉₇

GU4 madlate ?salted beef or stuffed beef

rolls?

154

/

GU.SAR ?dried or green pulse

₂₅₈

babbu/GA.

g

EBBUR (KIB) GAL

?plum

215

ha

llsu.

to press

201

. P

ba1/Pa/M.0AL chick pea

192

p.mdt

?eel

173

Walm/GILAPIN.TUK.KIN,

plough

used to break up

GILAPINA

.

U.KIN soil (see El

am)

68

Dmig/VI.IS.SAR

lettuce

₁₉₆

bantru/GILITAkTUR apple -

₂₀₉

tg2/641AR4AR

?thyme

₂₂₃

kEEITI onion, or garlio

190

215 220 227 190 221 140 140 140 140 42 172 219

225

42 VI+WHUX f I.AB S.

I.GIS sirdi

.E.KU

6

isqlqu/LKUM

kakkg/dr.TUR

kakkullu/GAKKUL

kaminaru/GIg.gENRUR

(KIB).KUR.RA

kamtinu/6.DIN.TIR,

GA .MUM

kar1nu/(0ft).GEgTIN

karalu/G/LRAg(.SAR)

ia_

e_VGAZI

KAg.Gf0

KAg.KAL

KAg.SI 4 KAg.SUR kibtu/GIG

ki.KAxSAR.KU6

kisibirru/(4)46E.L6(.SAR)

kuddimmu

ku

z f z

KU6.NE

121Einta

kuppt/dEBI.KU6

kurangu/U.SM.LI.A

type

of barbel.

?cream

olive oil

fish oil or

a type

of fish

semolina or burghul-type prodaut

lentils

mash tub (see namenu)

pear

cumin

grapes, wine,

vine leek

?mustard

dark beer

strong beer

red-brown beer

filtered beer

'bread -wheat'

sea-fish (Pampri_altesaz)

(Arab. subeidi

coriander

plant used to produce salt

or

alkali.

emmer wheat

fresh fish (MOIL),

kustpu/AINDA.la

bread

125

laptuAUJIB.SAR turnip

195

laptuAM.SA

roasted barley

110

%

112I.UDIJ

mutton fat

198

.

/

1ittu/AB

cow

₉₉

lulImu/tULIM

?red deer

161

majiiru/GII.APIA.k.KIN

plough

used to break up soil

GI .APIff.TUK.KIN

(see

abrbu)

68

mailku

out of meat

150

munduAl90.2.RA

semolina (see simdu)

110

muttqu/WINDA.1CU

7

.1CU

7

.

'

sweet pastry'

127

nikamil.tAg

pig fat

198

nii

_neftlitGAKICUL

mash tun (see kakkullu)

₁₄₇

namAtu/GI.MA.AW .SIM

reed

sieve

118

.

_naetan

_l

_{earrim/NIG.W.LUGAL meal for the king}

₂₄₄

naspanu/GIt.6.N.RA

barrow

71

nassabu

_..

?artichoke

₁₉₅

AMA emsu

'sour' bread

125

NINDA.KUM

flat

_{tannour —type bread}

₁₂₅

.

/

NINDA mersuATINDA.I.DE.A

'sweetened bread'

126

WINDA

_{mutqa/NINMA.LIL.L1L 'sweet cake or bread'}

127

BMA sammTdEtum

bread from semolina

111

EIDA.KUR

Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga)

222

nurmft/GI g.NG.UR .MA

pomegranate

209

paplasu

coarsely crushed grain from which

malted dishes or bread can be

made.

113

paspasu/UZ.TUR.MUtEN

duck

179

purIdVtutturt.M6 barbel (Barbum esooinus (aeokel))

171

214/WAN.VUL.A.ritEff,

sandgrouse (Pterooles

URU.UUL.A.MUSEN

&lobate)

180

sahlt/ZA0.F.LI.SAR

cress

₁₉₄

samidu to grind 111

alsiiidu/KA0A plant whose

ashes are used as a

salt replacement

₂₂₄

sasqq/A.TIR (11§A)

dish made from semolina, mixed with

water, milk or oil.

112

simdu[NIG.AR.RA

semolina (see mundu)

118

sUkanninu/TU.KIL(GUR 4 )

dove

or

pigeon

180

8u1umhO/aDU.d4.SUD

wool-coated sheep (Type 2)

96

su1uppu/Z11.LUM

date

205

zummatu/TU.MUtEA

dove or pigeon

180

SU.SU

smoked

175

!abltu/MAA

gazelle

160

ts Nati-

to press

201

zulRmu, sell-Motu/

DARALLIT.p.MegEN

?domestic ben

180

lellt/OIR.KU 6 sea-fish (Carlota sexfasoiatus)

171

Albg/tAg , t4Y

pig

154

takiku

_to

harrow

₇₁

galIaru/0IMENBUR (KIB) ?plum 215

lamaNkillum/SUM.SIKIL onion (or garlic) 190

"samattamtUAE.C6.1 ?linseed

₁₉₉

iambaliltu/d.SULLIM.SAR fenugreek 222

s

tsamnu/i.0It

vegetable oil (see ellu)

₁₉₉

14ebg

ru

to

level

71

belep4l/BAL.0I.KU6 turtle/tortoise (see raqqu)

173

g

E+Suttutt

sea-fish (Polydactylus dactylus)

172

1212/tE

barley

42

Iliktru/KAM

beer

136

MIEN

male of domestio ben?

180

tarru/DAR.MARIT

?domestic ben

180 _

tinaru/IMATTJTIGIN.VA,

IIIIUN.MUIIALDIM ovens

₁₃₄

titi

p

u/TITAB

malted beer-bread

137

tittu/GA.PE(MA)

fig

208

91.122/MUN salt 223

WM

green dates

212

Mt

cucumber

195

uluginnuin

g .Z

f

i

li

/

beer with emmer-wheat

Ki g .DIN

.010

in it. 141

urip.

/

MA

goat

98

liANG.DIA.TIR.GE 6 black cumin (ligella sativa) 220

LUTU

milk and flour gruel

185

ziti

_jzinuSIIM.ITT§.A

type of onion

190

ZI

samedltum

flour from semolina

111

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