The astronomy of Andean myth : the history of a cosmology

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It

THE

_{AS TRONOMY}

_{OF ANDEAN MYTH"}

-T

HE HISTORY OF A

COSMOLOGY

by

Willi

, --im

F. Suilivalt

'rity

çj4: ta

D-EC

_{LAS i=;}

T 10 N

1', Will _{:ia, 7-, F. Su: i 1 i. vin, hereby certi -i y that this thesis}

wh i c: _h

is _words in length has been _written

that

it

is

_{a record}

_of

_work

_carried

_out

by

_{me and}

_that

_it

_has

_not

been

_submitted

in

_any

_previ

_{oý_ _ application}

_{-for,, a higher}

_degree.

date.

4 >K

:

$:

* *: * *: * *: ***: ****

1 _{4ýja' td '11tti_d cKs a research Student und c r Ordinance I' o. 12}

on

tý: rnfýar- 1''80 _{and as a candidate} +0- _{the degree of Ph. D. on the}

Sam

d _: itrý three higher SE tud'y for which this is _{a record Wi. _t__.}

carried out in the University of St. Andrews between 1980 _and

datF_

ýýýý

*. ******: *** **** ***: *

T hereby _certi+v that the

conditions of the Resolution and

deciree _o+ Ph. D. _cif the University

guLiiTied to submit this thesis in

candidate has -Fulfilled the

Regulations _appropriate to the

of St. Andrews and that he is

application +o that de r-ee..

da. te- _{Si gnatur-e a- supervisor}

***: *** * *.:. *: Y ********

DECLARATION

OF USE

in _{subrrli tti ng this} thesi _s to the _{Uni -v er-si} ty _of Stn Andre 's" i

unddED --_týa rld that I a. sn _{chi vi nc per imi ssi on} +i or- it to be made

ct`: '" I abi CD I'- u

_SHE.

:in accorda1 nce ! di t! i the rc_'( ul ati OnS _{[_, i'} thC-" t: ]. '. t Li}bt aor t)'-1e time bE`ing in i'oI-"cRq = LRb 1ect to ctri"'"d t ý? \ I'°1 a I"it v4:. ". ' t=:? d i f"1 tf.. te work: not bei no a-'+t_cted ther-eb _:1 aZ sso

! _? r, dEr". tar-, d t hat the titIa and abstract vii 11 be published and that

ac0p/ _{o+s the L.} Wrk may be made? and supplied to any bon af

±i

de

L _{E. '4 S} -- --- _{-- ---}

4ss: L t_. h to tha. nf-:: a number _{o-f people} +or 1-1 _{Ez-, I pi na rrje to see thi}

a

pr-. t tiýroýýcýn. E=ros -I the _outsetq Douglas _Gi+ford,

sup(:

=er`, _{']. s="or} ha=y _{C7 ]. yen fi'iE'} tý-1e freedom to _{e:: 10 1- E,}

W'ýýtt i f"ýI ti _{ct]. 1"}

appeared a w: i1dq if intriguing hypothesis, _{while quietly (and}

insisting _{on adherence to method and}

moderation. I

thank _{ii .r Iuck'.:: v stars for his constant support.}

Li ke4Vi _si I _{hEt '"Je b}

: en }Gt tunitt r--- in bei no ab1 e tc dralid _on

k-i o: _ia tr- th' C. _{pr-- rti} in Qu echU,: t He has _made het p rul _{comments com on}

ct I; ýtflCiýw1'"' i_+ key phrases _and in _one i netance _{steered (Tie away i: rof-ri}

:: er1. aU = Li under I _{arri cira-ttefu1} far _all his help, _particularly

his translation (within) _{0+ a Cal1awaya myth.}

I _{OL(-! d1i 1--. E tC. thank F'rof essor Oven Gi nger i cht of the}

r-- _{Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory both Tor a1 1 owi nq ripe to}

use

the Hayden _{Pi anetar-i um and fr taking the time to critique a}

nLL ff 1iý r _- the _{ý-! rrayý=" generated} therein. hiny _{errors, C1T} E Lß: ';. 1 on 0+ th ct; t'":. '=' are Ct`<litý _{' el (Ts',} / own.

'r"i nd Johin"i Ri'c. i lard' on vol _unteered his word processor "-jFor

the duration _{" and stuck} by _{me through} thick _and thin despite his

load _{of commitments.} On _{one particularly memorable}

evening he spent 1''ve hours. of his _{. "`a.} 1uc! b1E time tea Chintg c! ''Jer-

rý __ý! i. ci rant Japanese pr-7. nte; - how to Make Span 'i _h accents. I cannot think how I _could have DUl led the r7. n=i } proud! kct . Lq i_! i; er i_ iti...

:. ýu. t.,... r-ý. _ ý_ of -

:. a ... ý'. n- ý_inting c-. cýa. ý_'ý. Tü at number u. other + r- :! I-', cs

among them Eric Mandel,, Bi 1: i Blea. k,, Wait Thornton, and John Speed

- rý; '; " thanks for their criticisms, questions, SLiggostion , and

above all their support and i nterest in this proect _.I am

gre,:! t. l y indebted to Tony Blake for setting me on the trail in the

first _place by lending _{cane his copies of} Thy RootS _gf Ci''i: tic tion

: nd Hti! rrs: i_'l. ₌ Mi. :Ii It is ar

. rte friend vahýo Groffc r. " the gift C. f

at in J. F U- .

w i... _10H 1ii _on _

Fund _{t I-ý iii c' -E} Mcý :L :iSStMd

in-ter-mit

.. rI crl rtC::.,. t' Ci 'L i-1 i T'I L:: ' v.. J. i_ c"_: r. l Cl '`"i' : I. l 1. "i. c: i s. 1u Cl

led _{tier- l r..}

l ý. _ oa rl Ui il ki F=' 1-- "' &t il <sub>'L L! i`" a is : t. nF!..!</sub> ±n- i"") i=' day=.: vJ }' 12 r1+ C" _' w r. ' f f! 2n11: 1 ,, _"ý'_; ex 11te <sub>t_i 'i" c! f' '</sub> t.; `=,, v. al [. _- iwiý: _{_'t"' and support Cjc --ve fTii^' }""iE:: a i"t at}

art ti. e'Tmi-ý !: J 'i"1 -ýI... _{t . U... tc pros")ec'Ls1} o ý- ever t. _0mT'l 'i } i". L1 nt.. the

.. r".. `-_,.. IeC: T_ vei=: mtý- d .. J. C: u1 ar"-1':

>: ' L, 1. e;:: tk,.

,... 'I

.. `'!, l%` EA f ....

ý

.... L.; ... ýh<. 1 I' i k. As'; / _{4d '1. . . _.} ýý rief. _{o p; r: '} t»} t-. _{i 1 ýý; "' -ý ý {: ý !`}

_" .! er .:: a CJ . I.. ": eý "Y-1 cif{1.1 _"_ il" i t'::? 1`- C_. {1. C.. _ .. l ci rl.. 1::? +".:? L':: + ! L? . i. ::;: _{i? +:::} I _°i °'" l _{ý_ t !... t i='}

S) R_i 't: _ c: \ +t. i. 1 iorwa : i. tnc pat 1ent. 1 ,.. O`_

{...

I (--M! `' h i_t'a. b 'i- ict y.

s

ABSTRACT

y}ze _{ors-)°r aims to}

s_zo: a tz3t Anden _{mvt` on ono leve}

ropres, _{-. ýnts tec'ýnical langu_ýge}

recording _{astronomical obsorvations}

of _{precession and, at the same hime,}

an historical _{record of}

simul-

taneous _{social and}

celestial transformations.

Topographic _{and architectural terms}

of Andean _{myth are}

interpreted _{as a metaphor -for the organisation}

of and location=.

t ýn the celestial _sphere. Via _{ethnoastronmi cal data, myth i cal}

animals are identified _{as stars and placed on the celestial}

sphere _according to their "topographical " _{location. Tested in}

the _{planetarium, these "arrays" generate clusters of dates}

- 200

E{. C. _and 650. A. D.

, Analysis o-f the names of Wiraqocha and

Manco Capac _{indicates they represent Saturn and Jupiter and that}

their _{mythical meeting represents their conjUncticin in 65(--) r. D.}

The _{astronomy of Andean myth is then used as an hi stor-i cal tool}

to _{ex am i ne 1-1 cow} the Andean _{priest-astronomers recorded the}

simultaneous _{creation of} the _{av11Lt and of} this distincti _{-. ve}

astronomical system about 200 B. C. The idea that the agr-i cul tural

_i. l1q with its double descent _system stressing the importance of

paternity, _{represents a} transformation of society from an earlier

matrilineal/htorticL! ltural era is examined in light of- the SeXUEkl

imagery employed in myth. W,. r"agocn"_t' s androca-,,,, nV and the dl'vi _. i On

0+ the celestial sphere into male (ecliptic) and _-female

(celestial _{equator =} Hearth ) _are interpreted _{as cosmological}

TABLE _{OF CONTENTS}

---

_{-- ---}

Prýyac _{i-. ii}

Introduction

, c3-.

Aim _{oTF the Study 1-4}

?. Re-view _{o+ the Literature 4-26}

11. a.

Theoretical Basis o'f' the Study 4-1J

+.?. 2. b. Secondary Sources: _{Andean 15-y}

0.2.

_C.

_Secondary

_Sources:

Non-Andean _Amerindian

d. Primary _{Sources: The Andes ý3-fi6}

l1u

. +i nu

Pr i

mary SoUrcE: _s

Non-Andean _{Amerindian '12-6}

Methodol og

y

_{26- 1}

C). 4. An Astronomical _{Primer _ 1-45}

4. ý.. The Three _{tSi v ns 1-"}

4.. b. Cardinal _Directions:

Orientation _{in Space}

_ý-40

':.?. 4.: _. Inter-cardinal Directions:

Orientation _{in Time 40}

4. d. _{Hel i acal Risse Phenomena 4tý?}

-41

?. 4. e. The Precession _o-f the Equinoxes _and

Hel i acal _{Rise Events 41--44}

ý. ;. + The Geometry _{o; the Milky Way 44}

0 4. ý: ý. Planetary F'er iodicities: The

Con. it_tncti _{ons of} Saturn _{and Jupi ter 45}

F-*. _{c-Ferenc es:} Introdt_tcti _{on 46-4}

F='HR

_{l' Td THE TECHNICAL}

_LANGUAGE

_{OF AtN.}

_{IDEr N MYTH}

----

-

---

_---

_---

_--

_---

_----

Chapter 1- The Synchronic _{Model of the Cosmos: The Three}

-- --- -- --- --- -- ---

Worlds _{and the Organization of the Celestial CnherE}

1.1. Introduction _{48-5 0}

1.

ý. H . nag F`ach a 51-5

U1:: hu Facha _{5 2-6C-)}

. =I . Han_a-: a Fagha . Ui-:: I-'[Lt Fachaa _--- and the

Dimension _{of Tim b+_>-ä4}

P

ý... _DH ß`1e -oExmEr"1can rrilfiipjc. _{Y'1won 8 '_ %.}

ý. -7- SUMM. _rv

i: _{; a- r- ar, c}

. El- Chapter- 1 90- i

Chi t _{. _r-}

_-T: t_et Ne en -Two Worlds _The I mace _{_o} f the H_OU-. L- and

oi t__ ýCo1 l cosec The Diachronic Model -o-" th2 _Cosmos

2 iA tit _ifl

The

0T

the

1 fl

cif Chapter 2 g

Sacred Structure _{in Amerindian Tradition 92-104}

Image _{car the} Euildinci _{as a Section}

the Celestial Sphere

Image _r- the Building

AndCEifl Cosmology

f ail l 0+ the hOOUSe Ort the False God

The Concept _of the Significant

Precessional Event

ý.. .b. Analysis of the Mythe The Role of Toad

2.5. _c. The _{Significance of the Feathered Roof}

2.5. d. The Andean Feathered Serpent

2.5. _e. The Snake _as Telluric Force

2.5.41'. Summary

Re+erences: Chapter

₂

li: i4-jji

107-116

--1: = 116

116-118) 118-124

1 4-1 8

12C: )- 1 "=ý

1=ý-1 5

1=ý6-1=7 1"=8-1.9

Chapter

The Llama Predicts a Flood, or How the Tip oT the

--

Fo_s Tail Turned Black: Signi+icart

---

---

---

---°

---

---

Pr-ece=_" si onal Event _o+ 65i--0 A. D.

--- --- --- --- --

1. Introduction 140-14

The Llama Predicts _{a Flood} 142

_°. ý. The Versions o"f Molina and Avila 1422-144

2. Analysis _o+ Molina's Version 144-iß"8

c. idol i na' s Version Dated by Means o+

Planetarium

143-152

d° Ana IVsis _{o, TT Avi1a's} Version iJ _-1Lö

a .l Comments on the Týj To Versions

Addition

i he Death _{o-1: the} Sur; 1rß17C'

ýI

° LltfiIfI"ýýi+ and

1 _{ný. _i}

_: i. of ir.

1

rý -11

P 'RT I!: THE DAWN OF THE AGE OF WIF; HQOCHA

Ci i su ter- 4- ! =1 :i r- 3-c1`ýr. as _3<Rturrý

4.1 anti oducti c-n

a. The My th

4.1

. b. SaT urn

ý". . Wi r-Lgoci a-r,

ý;

il"

. ý. u cl .T1 E- T .i.,

k

ýý. ýr . TbF_ Name

174-1 ab

co-f Wi ragocha 1: 4-179

Thy- _{Mythical Paradigm} 17/9-1B6

ci Saturn 186- 13

13ö-18

of the Celestial Sea's

4. ý. c The Androgynous God

4. '7'. d. Tunapa: The Bearer _{of the Mill"}

y

..

e.

Ticci

Caoac:

Wiraqocha

and

the

Measures _of Time

4.2. f. Cu_co Capac: He Who Measures _the

Navel

_of

the

Earth

4.2.

_q.

Hucha:

The

Inca

Saturn

4.

. h. Summary of Saturnian Characteristics

of

Wiraqocha

4. _{;. Wir aqocha and Manco Capac: The Great}

"

Conjunctions

of

Saturn

and

Jupiter

4.

. a. Thee Transfer of the H: is Mundi _`---- from

Wi ragocha to Manco Capac

4. =3. b. _{Mapco Capac : Jup: i ter `s Regent on Earth}

c. Firua: The Inca Jupiter

4. _{d. Marco C: pac Wields the TueaYauri}

4. _{E. -!. Manco} Cýapac: Name _as Act

>1 _f. The Passing _of the Sta++ _: The Great

Conjunctions _{of Saturn and Jupiter}

4.7.

_g.

The

Great

Conjunction

_of

650

A. D.

4. =;. h. Summary _and Conclusions

Re-fer-ences: Chapter 4

187-191 191-19

194-199

19 9- 0_

ýO6-ý ₁₁

-22 16

X16-21 18

- 4c}

"18

-

220 - 21

i. i4

2Jam.

7

22

.. 2 4

24-41

241- 46

47

22'-f-i

Chapter 5- The Dawn _of the Age _{of GJi ragocha:}

--- --- - --- ---- -- -- -- --

The _{Si oni fi cant} Precessional Event _{of 2 fC) B. C.}

--- --- --- --- -- --- --

5.1. Introduction X51-253

5. C.

Twins,

Fire,

_and

the

Milky

Way

^S -27 `9r;

D. 2 a. The Canari Myth _of Origin X53- ₅₇

52b

The

Twins

in

South

American

Mythology

_{-22 59}

5.

. C. Andean Notions about Twins: An

Indigenous

Exercise

in

Comparative

Ethnology 59'- b

52d Striking Fire by the River:

The

Aztec

Gemini

26

_22-

2 68

ý.

ý. c. 1hß Ri'"vrer oti Fire in South American

Mythology `b8; - 2

: _.

.. f W, - ragocha and the Milky Way 272-. 17i

Z. 0. Wi r-agocha, Fire, and the Milky Way ₂ oß

5.

. h. Ataorupagui and Cusi cayo : The

Canari

Gemini

8 -ßg7

'. T+. i. The Significant Precessional Event

of 2(_)0 1-3. C. X87-ý9t_ý

5a : ;. From the Little Hut _of Grandmother Jaguar

to the Hvl l u: The Transformation _of the

Celestial Feline 90-= 17

5.. _a The Little Hut in Andean Thought 90-296

b. The Little _{House of Grandmother} Jaguar

5. =. c. Ch oguech i nchay: Guardian of the

r V11U =(D 7- 11

5. d. Choau: _{chi nch- --t v as Hail} Cat

. ý':. e.

and the Gateway God

ý. _. Y The Creation _{ci+ the} World _at

"Lion Cl i+T+

5.4. _{The Integration of the Soli-Lunar Calendar}

ýý. _{GummarV and Conc1USions}

Re+erences. _{w Chapter} 5

_ý=_- _i

-3 2

. 'i /-ý

. ý9

Cha2tcr- 6

--- - -T11a -- _Event -- Tecce -- ---- Wi ragocha: --- The _- Significant Social

of B. C. ---

6.1. Introduction

ý.

ý. T11ý. "i`ecce tai ragoch 40

_. T h-e r-; nthropo'± _{ogy -of} latri l my _{4c_; -= °}

b. 4. The Matri i ineal Paradigm in the

iP'oPro. l VUh _{=4 - 44}

6.5. The Sacrifice _of the Grandmother.

An Andean Version _{344- 5}

6.6

Linquistic

Traces

_of

the

Andean

Matrilineal AGe 3 i-3517

ä.;. Children _of Lightning: Twin Rites _and

the

New Social

Compact

=57-_62

6.3. _{TopaturE a: The Constellation of the Deer 622 - 70}

6.9. Summary _and Conclusions =77c

Re+erences: Chapter 6: =7- 74

Chapter

7-

Conclusions

7.1.

_Primary

Con^Lusions

373--373

7.2.

Secondary

Conclusions

378-

7.3.

_Diroctions

for

ý'urt er

Researc'.

z

379°

35

e-er"ences:

ý Conclusions

337

LIST

OF FIGURES

FIGURE

_{F ; GE}

The

_Celestial

_Llama

₁

The Earths _{Orientation within the}

Celestial Sphere

Wit.

The

Solstitial

Cross

4

b.

The

Solstices

_from

_the

_Copernican

_Perspective

_Y4

C.. 4. a.

The

_{Hel i aca 1 Rise}

_of

_Star

₃₅

0.4. b. The Sa, Te Event from the

Copernican Perspective _{::; 5}

ý_

. The Precession of the Equi no tes =b

C). _ab The Relationship _{of the, Earth to the Heliacal}

Rise _of Stars _{; "c and y through} Precessional

Time _i

0.7. _{a b.} The Same Event from the Naked Eye Perspective 7

S,. an b. To Schematic Views _of the _{Gal a:; y ,S}

t;. 9.

, Et, b. The Two Great Axes of the Milky Way 8

10. The Trig _{on of} the Conjunctions _Of Saturn

and Jupiter

1.1 The Southern Circumpolar Stars 5:

1.7

Cruz

Cal Var io

69

1.7

The

Three

Worlds

_on

the

Celestial

Sphere

7

1.4. The Three Worlds _with the Subdivisions _of

1K::. _ß:: F'acha 79

i

, '= Sarcophagus Lid from the Tomb of the Temple

o irts=rlptions-a PalengLte_ Ri

... ! -':.: neg. s From Tempi e or the Cross, F`ýý]. enque

`7. _{r=i Ge_neai .; i cal} Register from _r0 Zzaac: hi 1a Sý6

2.1

. Cheyenne Sund nce Lodge with 28 i af ter Pol es ý5

2. ;o Turtle Wheel _, Ml nton ₄ Saskatchewan 99

2... Sundance Lodge _{as a} Section _of the

Celestial Sphere 105

2.4. Cosmological Diagram of Pachakuti '`amqui 108

22.4. G- Cosmological Diagram a; Pachakuti Yamqui

redrawn in Markham (ed. 109

=,

o the Nazca Feathered Serpent

1

LM

ca

_. 1..

Juni=

_ ,.

4.1. _{Manco Capac Bearing the Tupayauri}

ý1. Star Diagrams from the Florentine _Code;;

ý. '

. Ani Inca Drinking Cup

5. Second Age House Type

5.4. Third Age House Type

j. 5. June---, Solstice 200 B. C.

5.6. December Solstice 2 (--*)i _{) B. C.}

5.71. The Ti ahuanacan Gateway God

264

29

294

. 2?

7

"'04

LIST _{OF TABLES}

/

TABLE

'AGE

4. _{Gon_iunction o+ Saturn}

and Jupiter in the

Jun8 _{Sol _. ti cam: Sung}

q 6)5('-) A. D.

4

PREFACE

The

_worst

_fate

_that

_could

_befall

_the

_research

_of

this

_monograph

_would

be

for

it

_to

_{be viewed}

_as

_{a "nea"}

or

"alternate"

"explanation"

_of

Andean

_astronomical

knowledge

aimed

at

"negating"

recent

fundamental

_advances

in

_our

grasp

of

the

Andean

(and

Mesoamerican)

_approach

to

_celestial

motions.

Grounds

for

such

a misunderstanding

do unfortunately,

however,

_exist.

First,

it

is

the

_position

_of

_this

_study

_that

_the

A

Andean

astronomers

_were

_aware

_of

_{a system}

_of

_{conceptualizing}

tble!

ýtial

_motions

in

terms

_of

_{a celestial}

_sphere

_with

pol

ar

and

equatorial

_coordinates

_employed

to

keep

track

of

precessional

motions.

On the

other

hand,

the

weight

A

of contemporary

research

has

convincingly

demonstrated

the

_existence

_of

_{a distinctive}

Andean

_system

tailored

to

tropical

latitudes

_and

_emphasizing

the

_sun's

_relation

to

the

Milky

Way,

the

_{zenith/anti-zenith}

_axis

_and

_an

east-west

baseline.

For

two

_reasons,

I

do not

think

that

these

two

_systems

need

be

considered

as

mutually

exclusive.

First

of

all,

the

fully

developed

_astronomy

_of

the

Empire

_of

the

Sun

must

be

viewed

as

-part

of

an historical

process

whereby

political

control

went

hand

in

hand

with

the

control

of ritual activities over a large geographical area which

in _{turn could} be _regulated by _solar motions. ^7 tie

evidence of this study indicates, the polar equatorial

model was introduced no later than 200 B. C. Second

tiese

_systems

served

different

functions,

the

one

to

measure

precessional

time,

the

other

to

track

the

annual

cylce

for

purposes

of

agricultuee

and

ritual.

A second, and perhaps more vexing, issue raised by

this study is that the polar/equatorial model use to

track precession strorly suggests its derivation from

a no. rtze! rn hemisphere model. This is evidenced by the

consistent designation in Andean myth and ritual of the

direction north as "higher" than the "lower" south.

This distinction is reflected in the division of Cuzco

into "upper" (h _{ncý71) and} "lower" (hurin) portions,

representing

_northern

_and

_southern

halves

_{respectively,}

in

_the

_prestige

_{classification}

_assigning

_the

_land

_of

the

_gods

_to

_some

_northern

_portion

_of

_the

_celestial

and

in

the

consistent

use

of

topographic

analogy

in

_myth

and

ritual

_whereby

_certain

northern

loci

_of

the

_celestial

sphere

are

likened

to

terrestrial

mountains,

_while

their

southern

counterparts

are

styled

to

lie

in

the

"sea.

"

This

form

_of

_spatial

_{classification}

does

_not

_mace

_sense

if

_one

_assumes

it

_was

_conceived

_of

in

_southern

_latitudes

since

the

declination

of

the

sun

at

June

solstice

(Le.

the

_sun's

_northernmost

_station

_on

the

_celestial

_sphere)

is

_considerably

lower

than

its

December

_solstice

declination.

Pe rsonallyT,

I would

have

been

_much

happier

_not.

_tv

have

found

_this

_pattern

_cleart

_evident

in

_the

_material

because

it

conjures

forth

one

of

the

towering

bogey-men

of

anthropological

t_Zeory,

the

_question

_of

the

diffusion

_of

ideas

_versus

their

_spontaneous,

local

_creation.

My aim

in

_conducting

this

_research

has

been

to

follow

the

_evidence

_where

it

led,

_and

decidedly

_not

to

_carry

_out

_{a theoretical}

_agenda.

I

_{am ., iel l}

_aware

_of

how

_utterly

_repugnant

diffusionist

ideas

_are

to

_many

_contemoorary

_scholars.

Still,

I ''nave

felt

_obliged

_to

interpret

the

_materials

_of

this

_study

in the _way that _makes the _{most sense} to me, namely that

the Andean _{astronomers were} aware of a polar/equatorial

model used specifically for precessional record-'seeping,

and that this system came at some very early date to

the

Andes

from

the

_north

_or

through

some

other

source

in

_touch

_with

_such

_{a system.}

I 'glow

of

no other

way

to interpret various peculiarities in the record as for

example the aforementioned "norih. ern bias" of Andean

cosmology, or the uncanny similarity between the god

Wiragocha's most important eponym, "Tunapa", meaning

literally, "he who bears the mill, " and the identical

designation of numerous gods/ Saturn found all over

the _northern hemisphere.

INTRODUCTION

ry iTi C. tfi- _{i_ Ud`}

i he _{-kur c"nt ,, ý: U5t i. i nF_d interest in the}

_tstronon-: i cc 1. _{<nc)w1. sdoc.}

o's indaaenok_: _{swlmterican paop1C's represents a part}

ic!

_klarI; Vibrant t: _{tI ii} i° ?s _{cl t. 7. ( 1°t ý:} th

.: ' orovi : na . "t 4JarCnes`-" oi. the GeesLL 1 <=1r covicr end

beauty

_{of tnciEnt holew W---D r1d civi1i Ctic; rý. s ora-"entl}

-r

r: ý.:. 1 k; t =dq the _{studji' o- Amarican Indzc. In astronomy 1}

. 11s Intto

tk: a. P: _{ý0 0 rI c: =_. t thnaastr-c, nocn and}

, rch t=c, : s+ rc7j nýý . '.. .

Ethnci< _{s tr: cno; mv} ia the _{study o} the _astronomi

cal systems Either of

_na, mpor°arv. rr tditional peoples thrQk_kgh, direct 7' _ld

1n`. estio _{ti-ion, Cr 0'i} doCLkment _{CCfltca3. nlntý such} in+ _{rrnc"ltion about}

.. -;! p.! -. in the paßt. i-1rch. _teoastror1orfy is concerned vJi th 4- i1e s' l_! dof s]. i=ee _- bLL 11 dint _{natural settings m: ariý:} ed b

oooora. _phical cminCnctes whose 1r: dlge'nüLt ý'" names thi _{: tr use in} toil. _{nE, 2d c:.}

"tt"Crto: il1C 1 CC: _? ri= cns - or _{1=1 r} £05 s1 o1 ý_ astr°onc'mi cal 11 Qnments and use's.

The _of rmo ican Indian _astronomy has _{reached a} p1 ZR t eau

upon which a growing body of extrem e1 y interesting and uus I ui

i1-1+o: rrr+. i. tion is _{spread out} horizontal ly but _-Formidable barrier-_

tar-, dt _{=- =, Iboth} ethno:?. str onctmere and archtar oas"trono. mens in

t

v. -i

.yr....

tt tom, _{PF-ocE:: more deeply} lnto the l nd i oeniotl_ls

J`.. _-oec on matters C. stronoIm. cal

As the

i _cr'rl=! I'1o'_ t -. i- f 0 'i' _{t_. ontepr} i ft pcIr _{<_! r ";} and e-Col 1t ITI ý3 1 an t'- ýnd t_e f-'

ethnoca. stronomi cc-ai m eteri al Gary Urton =tested i r-I the introduction to his doctoral dissertation, a fundamental problem

+a _'ed

-

by tf-1EI investigator is that only, those parts of the

fr-1 (_L: Iiý. 11 cln Wi=tstI'-toncI1T1i C_ l system survived 4%1hi ch did not threaten

loci-i1 =i= hegemony in particular, "... the agricultural uses of the ', '--t y: 0 r' a`-tr(: onomy .. The. Pol nt to be made ... is that the s. '. vst eSma =i c peI' r5ec _. f_1t i on of 1 ndi ot_noU=" bel i e'r si- one +actor

-

_i_[ii, Int ng

i or t' IS _{i:. tj_', iJc a Fit ...} 1 =: _'C=- tnc, s ast r"'onI-ými_"ý

shortly

after the _contoUeet.. II Lil Alongside the

-: I M'1 e"-. iOn arlo ctppar nle =rti ucti'wn oT '1nriia'eno1.1s beI1 T _{S:,. '} ± _{ri_>} i'hr'e _{: G'ýtn}

. =I-t tirpattoI So idol tC1' 1F? S"ý the p a. S=L. Oý =it time has _{Create, -. Si}

mT,: l. 1 ar batrrl ers to _{archae0astnonoml `al} ýri'"vee tyC7<': '; t10n. _{CI r CctSE in point is the discussion by Di-} rtittrionv Ave _{l-_ pioneer} in _{modern-day archaf_oastronomical}

änv, / e: ' 1: 7E: ttJ. on ccncerni. _nta the _{orientation 0+ the Deculiarl"} `ictý!

_'=I ctý: t itE C =trLlCtUre at I`ionte rA t1 ban in I°Ie'. '": i Co : noleai I as. ELliIciI

;j Hi. _. iIn`r`Cstit; ý.: _ttionF3 Ied him Tm to _rFCrectte in tI-ie

=: l et r- iuri one hcricon ý! t Monte t 1ban _at the time _of the

construction 0t iidin J I-H _e found that the bLti1dinQ was

CAP": L F nd ow ard_ tl-1S _{etti n0 o±} tIne Southern Cross _{whto -: E:}

in Mt='c., C, amt_ric: _{_in c1Str-onomicaI} thought- he

"a1 s. tC, 0I"-

ictln to imVE''St. '. oats. "Is it mere co±nciden`S., " Dr. 4-1veni 'i.. " : 'ý. " L! t the Southern Cross, _{one OT} the _{ITl0zt pr=JlTilrlent}

on

constellations in the S; V Sit SO cl os e to the arrow point Ei. E.

'. '1 En accompanying di _{. -. Qraml} at precisely the correct bui ₁ di na e4 ch We can never answer the Quest,. on with certain

i; inhabitant of Monte r1býtn lF? _-i t that place I(- (-D ;x

titýCýn "[ 21 re th se _{to ; ctmoies} indicate the contemporary Study of

has been hampered by -

perceived lack 0t

in` ormation ow'a±nq to the passage of time as well as to the ' LtýGrt: =S1 on destruction. and improper interpretation of pr'e-i.... cIutTib1;.; n <sub>:! StronomiC4°t1</sub> 1 deaE bv the Spanish <sub>.</sub> onou_'ro{`=".

J.

'. 1-c; l il 01t1oL: S:, Ln that Gý_ adc! Z t71 i-3 (E 10 ''.

11

L.; 0 a- e _.. ct r f'- ienLnC:.: _{T an}

at e

t- ot I"l E'. _-> :' '` oi i-"'t ndea. F.

ý. -. tr _{, rtcf-, ý".} - and <tiso. ý`. imlýl lcation to the stud' or Mesoaitieric n

- North rneri can i näi genous astronomy as Intel 1. as the copi cau_ts

amount 0+ apposite comparative material within suggESts. The

1 r, `., E, E,: point for this endeavour is the proposi ti on that the

1 rtiý e T7 SC portcatn rr repository O'} tA1! deEtn thOUg. ht on the subject

tronomv as not destroyed by the Spanish, but ha s Sur `red,

i' E,

I `noel"; i urtrte c: moni e d. to the present C7cty'. This source is frtndean .

it _{is not di++icult to}

see _{Ih_:} Andean _{myths. from the}

ceriod _o+

tf ;o:; _{r:;: ýný. sh} Conquest _{were preserved by the Spanish}

Chroniclers

the _{soldiers, priest. .,}

and _{admi n: i strators of the Spanish}

crown.

charged _with Subduing the _Andean

peoples _{and anni} hil

. a. ti nq the i. r culture.

. These Ch ron ic1ers saw. in what wEas for- them the

impwnerb1e i ant _{Lteies ci-} the _{native oeoples.}

a or1mca +cacig _case

oro :., i no the ignorance _{and savagery of their}

charge=, _and hený.. ce

.__..

_.; _{_;} pporti _{nro to} Spanish _{right to rule Peru. Cri st cba1 de Not. i na}

(ei _{C uzqueAo) for}

e: "; ampleq in commenting _{on a myth to be}

discussed _{at length in Chapter 3.}

w said of such stories.

;' stos _{-Y otr-os} des"=xtinos _{seme. iantes decian y dicen}

n. ber _{o sado; que nor pr of iii dc`td}

q como dicho tenoo _q no

1 c-s _ponoo. CE4. _{Ltsdse, todo esto. ademL=- de ! a. principal}

ca utsa _{er- a no conocer a} Dios _y darse _{a vi ci os e}

i dot _{atr1 as, no ser gentes gt_te}

usaban de _escri tura.;

por _que si la. _{Ltsaran no} tuvi _eran tan _{ci eaos,} torpes _y

desat _{in adds err-ores y +abul as... [-. 2', ] i" These}

and other

tales L "de'sat _{i nos" _ "fool i shnesses" J are told, which I} do _not insert to _{avoid pr-cl i;; i ttf}

. The cause o-i t! -Ie

invention _{of these Tables, was the ignorance o-f Lod and}

the _b

. ndonm: e nt of these people tc to idolatries and

T the had known _{the use of writing}

4 they

would not have been so dull and hl ind. "L _3aJ) _.

Or _{aoain Father Bernaba Coboq in recounting inTorirmation heard}

conce ni fin inic enoLuS notions about the Milky Way dismissed them

Lý. - _da Lt r, rfluntdo dc GIr__parates qu Seri an I ar, os dcc contar. _., U

+_i ": `` _{.. ea} worl d c- fon _{. en=_. e wwhi ch} would take too l ono to tell

. bout _e "' i No onl were A 1ri g ctn mt'. r-ecorded and sub e(ýLl rtl'ý:

ý: ur; -`-. huTt <sub>ýt_</sub> F-{ <sub>t= '.. '. 41`I F^ -rei irr lent as</sub> ti :m _{"_ ,u_} .r

4 a. 5 it leere o x: 6.1 t; lcL uni ntcý roreted _. because in their pristine state they were thouoht

to 1usti+a Sp _{nigh contentions concerning} the _Litter ignorance _o't'

nati ve fiendcan peoples..

No irony _{Of A=ndean} history _could have been _{more ,f el i ci ti ous} +01-

the _preservation of the _{genius of} Andean _{civilization,} +or! _As

this _{stud-,. v} si ms to demonstrate _{r ndsan myth} is, _{on one} level., _z.

it.! -_; :ni Kcal la ngU _! ag' dc^i Qnad t; ý record _{a=tronomi c al o5 r"vcati c, ns}

(_ '

ý... _'

'`.

oidino _{: 11 i: ' on earth.} In _{turnt na}

now to th _{SU1-'G`. ' 0 the</sub> li <sub>tt`=I'-cttur}

E,:

,1ti _-" nt;.: ces ar\i to begin with the _{Work:: which i t=r(T}

t! °; a theor-eti _{cal b asi - "4 or} this _{Stud---V, in order- to}

contrast the

present _{approach wi tri} Currently _{accepted vi}

- ý-J as. to the natur-'=

d- _{nct1 on i ýt FJindaan ms>tr-onomy. For,}

as _must ba _{ma. de c'1 eijtr}

ýlci`, rý nQ stated that <sub>On One</sub> 1`ePindean _{myth ia}

ao hi st i. t_ mit _rl t. R_ c{ =ni _c--al 1 anr4UEtc: e:. it does _{not -, "f-Dl low that,, once decoded.}

;. t ýJ 1si E-, " sw1res the same _{ac"tronomi c al observations al rea d'. ` dC =, cr-: 1 ý,: Äi}

in _{i he scholarly i to}

c'tur`i_ _.

ei4 cat: thG Li t2ra, t ur- FE,

ýý

.... TihEoor-cti c cl Eýtýs± =_. o-f the Study.

In _{the 1 ate Giorgio de Santi lI}

Cana, a professor of the

o Science at I'll. 'i _. T. and Hertha var. liechend, a. pro-. -. or

in the _sore field _{at t4loltt, ang Goethe University in 1=rankfUrt,}

co"-1 ia borated to _produce

what they termed an ýýunccýnventi onr;: L

cook, HamI1t=; t' i' 17. z. . 1. _i-in Essay _an I'll yth _and thI Fronte _oof Time E'-: 1

-- --- -- ---- --- --- --- -- ----

reasons heirs was an unusual ! tndertak: _{7 na .} in the

first _glace, they _weil knew that they _{were proceeding} in the _-face

-ý- -trc, nt. scholarly scepticism _. They _were taking a fresh lock at

a point of vi evw that represented the "losing side " in a. heated

4:: =ho ± an _{ý' dei} ate of the 1 alte

19th

and

early _{. '_Dth center'} '. Th

vi _{ew =ant 1;} Quc. t1 on wcas that myth possesses a ="ub'=tar-Iti a astr-onoma ca l content.

Al t ho _{tg iit. i-! 1 s approach ýül_lnds 7. nnoc nt e nOu gh 1t ; "d as an 1 dea} so

_educt1` e cts a means of

"exp1aln1rtg the _{new and rapidly}

accumul aa. t _. ng tztateri a1 from Babylonian, Eoypti an ý and

Indo-European _sources" that it _quickly i n-vol ved into a series o+

r git; _H exc1. ý_isicýrii_t theories championing one or another-

astronomical phenomenon not only at the expense of all others,

hut _also to the exclusion o`fi any other possible point o-F view as to the sl _{"_! n} iT1 cane e o-f myth. Max Muller' s "solar c poth'esi s" _.

f+or _{eX Bfr; i_p rte. that} the V _das could best be "explained" in terms o+

i'hW_ un' s annual f_Ieometr v LC]_1 pr owed a sca++o1d±"ig 0+

1 rlsrrý _{r' j cl ent sturdl nest} to bear the _{UI 1 Uaei ght o+ these tle : ts,}

or o-f: _{scho3 arI : scrLitinv.} When this _{mode o, enq:. rirv Tell from}

f a"Vor _, later _{studies o++ exceptional insight, such as Tii}

al-: ' s Th E,

Arrcti _c Homeland _{in the} Vedas [71, _{were simply ignored. The}

wr_? _{r ::}

of cd +r`d 3eremias CB J holds the dubious distinction _of having

pr ov: LdEE'd to ýf: 'il1l: ý'ý-1nq _a target _{of criticism} +or- _{a number- of}

critics. among then Andrew Lana _o+ the University _of St

. Andret j_>

L'-' I. _{L+t semi its' claims, tha t myths recorded the pa=-a eoP,}

r . -at.

pari od s of time b %. l ; -ecordi n the precession _of the _{eqU i no::: es.}

were not s. stemati ca ly presented _{R and} were simply too antasti c

tor his time. Since this hypothesis, incomparably more clearly pry

. _i(='(-Itsk-J!,

forms _{one of the central arguments oi'} Ham]. _{et s} 1*11 i=I

it _{r- =qui. red Et certain re sol. uteness of purpose} to _{reexami ne myth}

in licht _{o-r thý_. ories} long _{Sao abandoned.}

cri i _stated, the _main idea _o+ Ha. rniet' M ii iE that _myth

rapr _ sent =" techni cal 1 a. nguage encoding coýT, p1 ax astrconomi. cal

0bsC'I-`. %at1onS. pý, rtiCLlIc. _-tr1V GT the preC'ess3. Qn G+ thr" C LlinCý E, E,, ' th _{i_ c=1-1 niC:} 1 anauaoee i+O! _{lnd v4 or} 1 d-wi de _{-. I P. onc} '° hi gh

Fis _{a result of} diminished interest in the astronomical

interpretation _{o myth, scholars} whose area 0i= interest is myth

anthr op: -j 1 oqi st s hi st ori ans of religion, specialists in lit _{='rat! trs, of} d _{-a o on - rWi=tre1} `s' are trained in the vagaries 0+ nI<=! 1.: E., rd <sub>s-, y, E,</sub> sstronomi'o For this reason a second di++iC`tit`v,

i ne".! i tabi': _{' :} ttendsd the publication of Hamlets Vil 1 most ü+ those _{who WOU1} d read the book WOUI CI have to "mug Up" on naked

astronomy _a if they were to be able to evaluate its contents.

;i nce HLar1 2t: ' S 1ii 11 ie an important part of the theoretical

basis for this stud; there is, at the and of this Introduction

Cvicif 3. ft r<: t ! _{_"'n4Jq} Et bri ý-f "primer" in na i.:: ecl eye astronomy,

de,. itined

to

help

overcome

this,

second

di++iculty

It

i

ad'ýi ab1 (-e t0 turn

to thi _{ection -f1rSt if required?} before

ci: nti t;. i-, u s-jit1 the remainder cf this section.

D" _what

9 then , is the technical l a. nquage of myth ccmpri sed,

according to de Santiliana _{and von} Rechend, _and

what _can it tell

LIST Fir-st,. _according to their _{researchq ttir ms o+ topographic}

r- _E r-iý _ric r... c: F er- to l oc., ti cps, _on the _{cel eSti el =[Dhere. E: en the} term "the _{earth" has a particular}

celestial location: "earth"

r-e _Fers to the _{cone of} the _{celestial sphere} between _{the cel esti ZA}

tr: _{is=_., whose loci are marked by the extremes}

of the _solstitial

sun a This "earth" has two further subdivisions. the "dry land,

to the _{area 0+ the celestial sphere from the}

ccl esti al

equ for to the _northern tropic _and the "sea _of the _earth

stand i. E-", u or the rag i on of the _{celestial sphere} f r-om the

celestial equator to the _southern tropic _{C. C 1COJ} The _celestial

equator, according to this imagery represents "sea level" _or the

"Sur')-aC= _{CI+ wate-rS"}

Second

, the use+ulness o+ these terms is not restricted merel y

to descr-i _{bi no} the _{relationship o+} the _{celestial equator} to the

ec"± --'~i. c plane (as demarcated by the extreme positions o-f the sun

at oooo. sinq solstices) _. ºhey +orrr, the basis for describing the

ar, more C. o(Tnp Ii carted _{phenomen o1 og of} the _{precession o+} the

eou. i nox es . Just as a terrestrial +1 ood represents a change in

the _relationship between _sea level _and dry land, _so does the term

" food" in _{itý-, " ctstronomical L(Sagel,} describe _{a change} in th

re-l =at i onsh ip hst.: aeen the celestial equator and the ecl i pt _.cq or

to _use the technic-m-, term= _{of myths,} a change in the rel at i =.. onsh:!. p

. ýY ý. ". I ee"ý el"

tom _-he 1° dr _{;v1 and}

."Lill (i sa (ratter- OT naked eye

cci=er''-v-ation this phenomeno1oQ`; can be observed (over 1onq

periods

of

ti ý: me)) iss

a

displacement

or

"preces.

si nq"

0+

stars

rising heel i deal 1Y at a given solar date. Terms such as "il ood

and a11 i ed terms li i":: e "earthquake" represent techni cal terms -For

that is the "destruction" _of the _relationship

r Et4,. Jeen important solar dates and the stars rising iel i acal ly at

them. The stars- rising heliacally at solstices and/or equinoxes

--i=.; n eI-!: te I: -j i 11 ar w 01, ti i_ wor- ldq !' that is the -Frame in

ý-ý ,, Mý-t: lme or ý. 6^ýC'r1d agey whose parameters

: "pi _{11 ars" are} to b=be

Tcunci in the _{e. týlre, ri -`incl}

i-1 2_! Tn _{other w ords, the}

i-eci-e _{at: l on 0} the "earth"

trad iti. _{on ev, ervwhere. Ta}

d nami c_. _{re re"sents" en}

r-- t_or- di. no _tnd _{r _memberi na}

E1 _{equip xe}

. In

"1onii"Zi. <=nt Ca s- r

o-t: tocu _{si na en pa. rt: i r-LL'L cr}

f gel :i acal _{l "y at sot sti ces ý. nd egUi rox se}

notion _of the _{periodic destruction and}

by _{"+ i oods"}

4 SO comrr, on in rn :thi cal

from, _{being ja naive}

view _{oT Qeol oai c}

ancient, _{sophisticated svstcsm or-}

the- _{visible e+t ect s}

of the _precession

this _{st! tdy, I have}

Used tha e! _im

e=vent +' to describe the Andean _{prellt' e} (Torrents in _{precessional tiMe,.}

Th ir ti M as to _{the question of at what point does the}

slow

S"i i po age of the . tars in _relation to _{given solar dates represent}

cl lion-ý _{f_-ant entough change to warrant recordino}

in myth. de

San tl _{: i. l a-, a and von Dechend have t oun d that}

in cultures _{aal 1 0"v. er}

he _{world the location of the Milky Way}

at hel i acal _{ri sea either}

in _{rel motion to the solstices or equinoxes. is}

a primary

determinant _{«+ s'i qni +i cance. E173,3 Termed variously "road", "path",}

_ : '-i

,- Ir' ` the III]. 11": `: ' Way possesses a we11-n1oh universal

si cni icý. nce in traditional _{cults ! res as} the _pathway for the _{soul ý"}

Ci the d e- ad Ages in _which the _stars in Gemini, _and hat t'viay

ar-oL! nd the ecliptic in the region of SCorpiUS/Sag ittc. =triL! S _-

mark: inq the two junctions _of the Milky Way _with the _ecliptic

plane _{- rise} he liacat 11y at either soi'stices or equinoxes arc'

thoo!

_. Qht O i- as

bl _{e Wised a oes".} The _ß"1'i has _opened t "q=ttesu _'I

cross e h; = =el 2_, ti _{_l} Causi= wa''. to reoi. ons!! bcvon+`1 i. he earth _°- t hee

1. _ind C'r ?tt cod _. to the north of the northern tropic.. the land

of t _Fe dead _. to the

_south

Ot the southern tropic Ages _-in which

tl ýe hates" ire "° cl osed"

"

that _{i =_ when} the Mi 1 ky Way _ceases. to

ri =se hei i aca11 y at the appointed time, are termed - not

n'ecess _tri iv "bei loved" - to %e less fortunate.

Fourth, in i":: c ping track _y through _{mythic -f ormal} ae. c, -f the

-`-, 1 0, C, nsnil_, l ett. )een the ezu-t h's orientation Within the ce1 esti a. 1

r, "ýi_' [q I= fe ecliptic p" 1 a. ne, and the Ii Milky G{avN anc, ent peoples

i r: '"; i ýG d ce tai n`i `J1 di manes - vi sua1 metaphor': - +or

-s=ýi; -n. -; i motion. Amonci the m0 st potent in Eura_ian

-i-

tr-adi _ti

on y WaS. the term "mill". developed _{as an astronomi}

cal

m taphor- to describe the _relationship

of the _{axis o+} the

c ý1. essti _{al sphere, represented by the axle}

of the _mill, to the

celestial _{equator, represented by the}

circular _millstone through

which the _{axle passed.} Myths _{describing how the}

(Ili 11 Go1 eis

wrenched from its "socket, " that _{is its (former) location}

at the

celestial _{pole, and} the _{catastrophic "destruction"}

wrought by

this. "L1nhinoed _{mill",, thereby describe}

precessional _motion. C15_!

In _{m-, /-hic 1 anguageq on the level}

of astronomy, _{events concerning}

destruction. _{chaos, and}

cataclysm literally describe

": dis-asters", _{the destruction of the framework}

of a world-age.

1-hus _{the subtitle of Hamlet's Mill is "An Essay}

on Myth _. and the

Frame _{of i me. " The example of the "mill" points to}

one of the

central assumptions _of Hamlet's Mill, that the technical 1 anoua'e

of archaic astronomy _{employed artifacts} from _everyday lifte- in

order to create _moving, three-dimensional _mental images for

describing _{complex celestial motion.}

:=ift 1-i _. there is the whol e ranoe of technical termi no! oov

designed to try to _come to _{grips with} the _{causes, significance}

and timing of precessional motion, the obstinate habit of the

"mill" _{- the earth"s orientation within} the _{celestial sphere as}

reflected in the a;; is of the celestial sphere at right ang 1 es to

the _{ceiestiCpl equator - constantly} to _slip through the _eciiptlc

rl _{na .} in the terminology of myth, this action was styled the

resoon'= i b1 1i tv" of the pia nets. Foremost among these was.

Saturnq termed the original "owner" of the "mlll. "1ib3 Here,

archaic "formulations depart from anything like a scientific

"description" of 1":: inematic _reality, but minds keenly at work in

the _realm of analogy are nonetheless _-evident. To the Western

mind the ideas that planets. "cause" precessional motion is self

evident nonsense. * The sense behind this archaic formulation

b, gins from analoqy. Precession represented a principle of

disorder on the greater scale, while, on the lesser scale, the

o: l _ý is appeared to represent an analogous principle of