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COST OF NATURAL DISASTERS IN OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES

OIC STATISTICAL

OUTLOOK

2021

STATISTICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE FOR ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION

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COST OF NATURAL DISASTERS IN OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES

OIC STATISTICAL

OUTLOOK

2021

2021-02

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© 2021 Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries (SESRIC) Address: Kudüs Cad. No: 9, Diplomatik Site, 06450 Oran, Ankara –Turkey

Telephone: +90–312–468 6172 Fax: +90–312–467 3458 Website: www.sesric.org E-mail: pubs@sesric.org All rights reserved

High standards have been applied during processing and preparation stage by the SESRIC to maximize the accuracy of the data included in this work. The denominations and other information shown on any illustrative section or figure do not imply any judgment on the part of the SESRIC concerning the legal status of any entity. Besides it denies any responsibility for any kind of political debate that may arise using the data and information presented in this publication.

The boundaries and names shown on the map(s) (if any) presented in this publication do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the SESRIC.

The material presented in this publication is copyrighted. By the virtue of the copyright it claims and as it encourages dissemination of its publications for the sake of the OIC Member Countries, SESRIC gives the permission to view, copy, and download the material presented provided that these materials are not going to be reused, on whatsoever condition, for commercial purposes.

For permission to reproduce or reprint any part of this publication, please send a request with complete information to the Publication Department of SESRIC at Kudüs Cad., No: 9, Diplomatik Site, 06450 Oran, Ankara-Turkey. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publication Department of SESRIC at the aforementioned address.

For additional information, contact Statistics and Information Department of SESRIC through: statistics@sesric.org

Acknowledgements: Conducted under the general guidance of H.E. Mr. Nebil DABUR, Director General of SESRIC, this publication is a product of the Statistics and Information Department at SESRIC led by Atilla KARAMAN, Director of Statistics and Information Department, and prepared by Davron ISHNAZAROV.

Photo Credits: Cover image by Moein Rezaalizade on Unsplash.

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Table of Contents

Introduction ... 1

Human and Economic Costs of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries ... 1

Reported Natural Disasters ... 3

Human Cost of Natural Disasters ... 5

Economic Cost of Natural Disasters ... 8

References ... 10

List of Figures Figure 1: Human and Economic Cost of Natural Disasters, OIC vs. World, 1991-2020 ... 2

Figure 2: Number of Natural Disasters in the World, by Type, 1991-2020 ... 3

Figure 3: Number of Natural Disasters in OIC Countries Group, by Type, 1991-2020 ... 4

Figure 4: Top 10 OIC Countries in Terms of Number of Natural Disasters, 1991-2020 ... 4

Figure 5: People Affected by Natural Disasters in the World (in Millions), by Type, 1991-2020 ... 5

Figure 6: Deaths due to Natural Disasters in the World (in Thousands), by Type, 1991-2020... 5

Figure 7: People Affected from Natural Disasters in OIC Countries Group (in Millions), by Type, 1991-2020 ... 6

Figure 8: Top 10 OIC Countries in Terms of Number of People Affected from Natural Disasters (in Millions), 1991-2020 ... 7

Figure 9: Deaths due to Natural Disasters in OIC Countries Group (in Thousands), by Type, 1991- 2020 ... 7

Figure 10: Top 10 OIC Countries in Terms of Number of Deaths due to Natural Disasters (in Thousands), 1991-2020 ... 8

Figure 11: Cost of Natural Disaster Damages in the World (in Billion USD), 1991-2020 ... 8

Figure 12: Cost of Natural Disaster Damages in OIC Countries Group (in Billion USD), 1991-2020 . 9 Figure 13: Top 10 OIC Countries in Terms of Cost of Damages due to Natural Disasters (in Billion USD), 1991-2020 ... 9

Abbreviations

ET Extreme Temperature

CRED Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters

MM Mass Movement

UNDRR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction USD United States Dollars

VA Volcanic Activity

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OIC Statistical Outlook 2021: Cost of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries 1

Introduction

Even though the terms “hazard” and “disaster” are used in place of each other, these two terms indicate different aspects. A hazard is a physical event, phenomenon or human activity that can cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation. Hazards have different origins: natural (geological, hydro, meteorological and biological) or due to human actions (environmental or technological). Disasters, on the other hand, are a combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the negative consequences of risk. A hazard becomes a disaster when it coincides with a vulnerable situation, when societies or communities are unable to cope with it with their own resources and capacities (UNDRR, 2011).

According to the UNDRR (2021), the year 2020 rivalled 2016 as the world’s hottest recorded year despite the absence of a strong El Niño effect. Apart from the COVID-19 pandemic, the year was dominated by climate-related disasters. While floods were the most common natural disaster worldwide (201 events) in 2020 alone, storms affected the highest number of people (45.5 million) and caused the most economic losses (around 93 billion USD). Moreover, extreme temperatures were the deadliest type of natural disasters, followed closely by floods. These climate-related natural disasters were largely responsible for the 389 recorded events which resulted in 15,080 deaths, 98.4 million people affected, and economic losses of at least US$171.3 billion.

In parallel to the increasing impact of natural disasters on development gains of the countries, the international community has endorsed the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (Sendai Framework) which was the first major agreement of the Post-2015 Development Agenda and provides countries with concrete actions to protect development gains from the risk of disaster. The Sendai Framework focuses on the adoption of measures which address the three dimensions of disaster risk (exposure to hazards, vulnerability and capacity, and hazard’s characteristics) in order to prevent the creation of new risk, reduce existing risk and increase resilience. The Sendai Framework also works hand in hand with the other 2030 Agenda agreements, including the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda on Financing for Development, the New Urban Agenda, and ultimately the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

This issue of OIC Statistical Outlook Series sheds light on the broad human and economic cost of natural disasters in the OIC countries group in comparison with the world from a statistical perspective.

Human and Economic Costs of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries

Due to the erratic and nonlinear nature of natural disasters, sum of ten-year periods was

preferred for making statistically robust comparisons and more reliable conclusions for

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OIC Statistical Outlook 2021: Cost of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries 2

the periods 1991-2000, 2001-2010, and 2011-2020. From the period 1991-2000 to 2011- 2020, the number of natural disaster occurrences has increased in the world from 2,702 to 3,485. The upward trend also holds true for the OIC countries group in which the number of natural disaster occurrences increased from 573 in the period 1991-2000 (21.2% of world total) to 785 (22.5% of world total) in the period 2011-2020. The cost of damages as a result of natural disasters followed two different trends for the world and OIC countries group. While the global economic cost of natural disaster damages exceeded 1.7 trillion USD in the 2011-2020 period, nearly 1 trillion USD more than its 1991-2000 level, the OIC countries group has recorded declines in the cost of natural disaster damages from 60 billion USD in the 1991-2000 period to 42 billion USD in the 2011-2020 period (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Human and Economic Cost of Natural Disasters, OIC vs. World, 1991-2020

Source: SESRIC staff calculations based on data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database.

As to the human cost of natural disasters, the number of people affected from natural disasters in the world decreased from around 2 billion in the period 1991-2000 to 1.6 billion in the period 2011-2020 whereas the OIC total increased from 197 million to 199

573 902 785

2,702

3,846

3,485

1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Natural Disaster Occurrences

(Number)

OIC World

60 55 42

696

978

1,703

1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Natural Disaster Damage Cost

(Billion USD)

OIC World

197 183 199

2,087

2,371

1,581

1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Natural Disaster Affected People

(in Millions)

OIC World

203 332

27 392

1,089

150 1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Deaths due to Natural Disasters (in Thousands)

OIC World

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OIC Statistical Outlook 2021: Cost of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries 3

million over the same periods. On the other hand, total number of deaths due to natural disasters in the world decreased from 392 thousand in the period 1991-2000 to 150 thousand deaths in the period 2011-2020. The OIC countries group saw also a decrease from 203 thousand to 27 thousand in the same periods (Figure 1).

Reported Natural Disasters

Accurate recording of natural disasters by type as well as people affected, associated deaths, and economic costs helps us support in formulating policies in mitigating the disruptive impacts of natural disasters on communities. For both the world and OIC countries group, much of the change in the number of natural disaster occurrences over the three decades was due to a significant rise in the number of droughts, extreme temperatures, mass movements, storms, and wildfires, which are all climate-related events.

Considering the world and OIC countries group, the number of natural disaster occurrences recorded was the highest in the 2001-2010 period (Figures 2 and 3). At the global level, floods and storms were the two most frequently occurred types of natural disasters during the period 2011-2020 which were followed by earthquakes (255), extreme temperature (185), landslides (171), drought (153), wildfire (97), volcanic activity (40), and mass movement events (5). Considering the change in the number of occurrences of disasters from 1991-2000 to 2011-2020 in the world, largest increases were observed in floods (586 occurrences) and storms (167 occurrences) (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Number of Natural Disasters in the World, by Type, 1991-2020

Source: SESRIC staff calculations based on data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database. ET=Extreme Temperature, MM=Mass Movement, and VA=Volcanic Activity.

Floods were also responsible for the largest number of natural disaster occurrences recorded in the OIC countries group which increased from 257 in the 1991-2000 period to 470 in the 2011-2020 period, a change equal to 213 occurrences. Another type of

145 166 153

254 283 255

962

1,752 1,548

864

1,040 1,031

477

605 498

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000

1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Drought Earthquake Flood Storm Other (Landslide, Wildfire, ET, MM, VA)

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OIC Statistical Outlook 2021: Cost of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries 4

natural disaster that withdrew attention in the OIC countries group was the landslides which can be caused by direct human activities such as cutting trees, overexploiting earth resources as well as indirectly by climate change. The landslide occurrences grew from 38 in the 1991-2000 period to 63 in the 2011-2020 period (Figure 3)

Figure 3: Number of Natural Disasters in OIC Countries Group, by Type, 1991-2020

S

ource: SESRIC staff calculations based on data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database. ET=Extreme Temperature, MM=Mass Movement, and VA=Volcanic Activity.

At the individual country level, the sum of natural disaster occurrences between 1991 and 2020 exceeded 100 in Indonesia (367), Bangladesh (202), Pakistan (163), Afghanistan (161), Iran (147), and Turkey (103) (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Top 10 OIC Countries in Terms of Number of Natural Disasters, 1991-2020

Source: Data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database.

32 45 33

94 121 84

257

512 470

95

97 91

95

127 107

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000

1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Drought Earthquake Flood Storm Other (Landslide, Wildfire, ET, MM, VA)

15 16 17 17 31 31 39

57 73

86

0 50 100 150

Malaysia Sudan Nigeria Algeria Afghanistan Turkey Pakistan Iran Indonesia Bangladesh

1991-2000

28 29 30 30 46

52 66

70 70

141

0 50 100 150 Malaysia

Mozambique Algeria Tajikistan Turkey Iran Pakistan Bangladesh Afghanistan Indonesia

2001-2010

23 24 25 26 26 38

46 58 60

153

0 50 100 150 Somalia

Uganda Mozambique Turkey Malaysia Iran Bangladesh Pakistan Afghanistan Indonesia

2011-2020

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OIC Statistical Outlook 2021: Cost of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries 5

Human Cost of Natural Disasters

In the period 2011-2020, droughts have negatively impacted the lives of 630 million people in the world in comparison to other natural disaster types. This is also a dramatic rise compared to 363 million people affected from droughts in the period 1991-2000.

Meanwhile, a substantial decrease has been recorded in the number of people affected by floods from around 1.5 billion in the period 1991-2000 to 538 million in the period 2011-2020. However, number of people affected from storms saw an increase to 367 million in the 2011-2020 period from 222 million in the 1991-2000 period (Figure 5).

Figure 5: People Affected by Natural Disasters in the World (in Millions), by Type, 1991- 2020

Source: SESRIC staff calculations based on data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database. ET=Extreme Temperature, MM=Mass Movement, and VA=Volcanic Activity.

In the 2011-2020 period, floods caused the largest number of deaths (48 thousand) in the world, which was followed by the number of deaths caused by earthquakes (41 thousand), storms (28 thousand), extreme temperature (23 thousand) and landslides (7 thousand). Volcanic activities, wildfires, droughts, and mass movements, on the other hand, caused lower number of deaths in the period 2011-2020 in the world (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Deaths due to Natural Disasters in the World (in Thousands), by Type, 1991- 2020

Source: SESRIC staff calculations based on data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database. ET=Extreme Temperature, MM=Mass Movement, and VA=Volcanic Activity.

363 733 630

25

87 29

1,464 1,066 538

222 391 367

14 93 17

0 300 600 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 2,100 2,400

1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Drought Earthquake Flood Storm Other (Landslide, Wildfire, ET, MM, VA)

3 21

61

680 41

99

56 48

208

172 28

21

160 33

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100

1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Drought Earthquake Flood Storm Other (Landslide, Wildfire, ET, MM, VA)

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OIC Statistical Outlook 2021: Cost of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries 6

The picture regarding the changes observed throughout the last three decades in the OIC countries group has noticeably been different from that of world. In the period 2011- 2020, 91 million people were affected by floods in the OIC countries group, which was previously 97 million in the period 1991-2000.

The second natural disaster type that affected the largest number of people in the OIC countries group was drought which affected 82 million people in the 2011-2020 period, a significant increase from 63 million people affected in the period 1991-2000 period.

These were followed by storm (18 million people affected), and earthquakes and extreme temperatures (each affected 3 million people). Besides, around 1 million people were affected by wildfires and 400 thousand by landslides in the OIC countries group in the 2011-2020 period (Figure 7).

Figure 7: People Affected from Natural Disasters in OIC Countries Group (in Millions), by Type, 1991-2020

Source: SESRIC staff calculations based on data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database. ET=Extreme Temperature, MM=Mass Movement, and VA=Volcanic Activity.

Overall, over 80% of the people affected by the natural disasters (94% in 1991-2000, 89%

in 2001-2010, and 82% in 2011-2020) were living in 10 OIC countries. Among them, Bangladesh had the highest numbers of people affected by the natural disasters in all the three decades covered.

The total number of people affected from natural disasters in Bangladesh between 1991 and 2020 amounted to around 200 million and followed by Pakistan (83 million), Iran (52 million), Niger (28 million) and Indonesia (25 million) (Figure 8).

Despite number of people affected from natural disasters increased in the OIC countries group, number of deaths due to natural disasters fell between the periods 1991-2000 and 2011-2020.

63 43

82

7 16

3

97 105

91

27 16

18

4 4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Drought Earthquake Flood Storm Other (Landslide, Wildfire, ET, MM, VA)

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OIC Statistical Outlook 2021: Cost of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries 7

Figure 8: Top 10 OIC Countries in Terms of Number of People Affected from Natural Disasters (in Millions), 1991-2020

Source: Data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database.

The number of deaths due to floods was also the largest in the OIC countries group. In the 2011-2020 period, 11 thousand people died in the OIC countries group as a result of floods (around 23% of the deaths due to floods in the world). Earthquakes were the second deadliest type of natural disaster in the OIC countries group with around 8 thousand deaths in the same period. Followed by landslides with 3.2 thousand deaths, storms and extreme temperature events resulted in a total of around 4 thousand deaths.

In the 2011-2020 period, deaths associated with droughts, mass movements, volcanic activities, and wildfires were only around 620 in the OIC countries group (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Deaths due to Natural Disasters in OIC Countries Group (in Thousands), by Type, 1991-2020

Source: SESRIC staff calculations based on data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database. ET=Extreme Temperature, MM=Mass Movement, and VA=Volcanic Activity.

Considering the period 2011-2020, 10 OIC countries registered a total death of 24 thousand people due to natural disasters (89% of total deaths due to natural disasters in the OIC countries group), which decreased from around 199 thousand deaths (accounting

1

20 34

282 8

19

17 11

144

7 2

5

7 6

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350

1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Drought Earthquake Flood Storm Other (Landslide, Wildfire, ET, MM, VA) 3

3 3 5

8 8 12

21 38

83

0 20 40 60 80 Somalia

Afghanistan Tajikistan Turkey Mozambique Indonesia Sudan Pakistan Iran Bangladesh

1991-2000

3 3 4 4 6 8

11 15

38 70

0 20 40 60 80 Afghanistan

Tajikistan Chad Uganda Mozambique Somalia Indonesia Niger Pakistan Bangladesh

2001-2010

9 10 10 10 11 13 14 16 24

47

0 20 40 60 80 Mozambique

Nigeria Burkina Faso Mali Iran Niger Somalia Afghanistan Pakistan Bangladesh

2011-2020

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OIC Statistical Outlook 2021: Cost of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries 8

for 98% of deaths due to natural disasters) in the period 1991-2000. Although significant decreases were recorded in some OIC countries, total death toll due to natural disasters between 1991 and 2020 were largely concentrated in seven OIC countries, namely Indonesia (192 thousand), Bangladesh (157 thousand), Pakistan (92 thousand), Iran (34 thousand), Somalia (23 thousand), Turkey (21 thousand), and Afghanistan (18 thousand) (Figure 10).

Figure 10: Top 10 OIC Countries in Terms of Number of Deaths due to Natural Disasters (in Thousands), 1991-2020

Source: Data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database.

Economic Cost of Natural Disasters

The cost of damages due to natural disasters in the world has considerably increased to 1.7 trillion USD in the 2011-2020 period from around 700 billion USD in the 1991-2020 period. Storms accounted for the largest proportion of the global cost of disaster related damages (47% or 805 billion USD) which was followed by floods (23% or 394 billion USD) and earthquakes (20% or 333 billion USD) in the 2011-2020 period (Figure 11).

Figure 11: Cost of Natural Disaster Damages in the World (in Billion USD), 1991-2020

Source: SESRIC staff calculations based on data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database. ET=Extreme Temperature, MM=Mass Movement, and VA=Volcanic Activity.

36 24 92

187 221

333

233 190

394

205 482

805

34.5

61.6

78.9

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800

1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Drought Earthquake Flood Storm Other (Landslide, Wildfire, ET) 1

1 2 2 4 6 7 10

20

146

0 60 120 180 Mozambique

Egypt Tajikistan Somalia Iran Indonesia Pakistan Afghanistan Turkey Bangladesh

1991-2000

1 1 1 4 5 9

20 29

79 179

0 60 120 180 Nigeria

Turkey Morocco Algeria Afghanistan Bangladesh Somalia Iran Pakistan Indonesia

2001-2010

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 6 7

0 60 120 180 Sudan

Turkey Iran Sierra Leone Mozambique Nigeria Bangladesh Afghanistan Pakistan Indonesia

2011-2020

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OIC Statistical Outlook 2021: Cost of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries 9

Contrary to the upwards trend in the world, the cost of damages associated with natural disasters in the OIC countries group decreased from 60 billion USD in the period 1991- 2000 to 42 billion USD in the period 2011-2020. In the period 2011-2020, the cost of damages due to floods (27 billion USD) was highest when compared to other natural disaster types, accounting for 65% of the total cost of natural disaster damages. It was followed by the costs caused by earthquakes (8 billion USD - 18% of the total cost of natural disaster damages) and storms (6 billion USD - 14% of total cost of natural disaster damages). Other natural disaster types claimed a share of 3% in the total cost of natural disaster damages in the OIC countries group in the period 2011-2020 (Figure 12).

Figure 12: Cost of Natural Disaster Damages in OIC Countries Group (in Billion USD), 1991- 2020

Source: SESRIC staff calculations based on data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database. ET=Extreme Temperature.

Figure 13: Top 10 OIC Countries in Terms of Cost of Damages due to Natural Disasters (in Billion USD), 1991-2020

Source: Data extracted from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT International Disaster Database.

The OIC countries that were vulnerable to natural disasters were also among those that were hit hard economically due to the high cost of damages caused by natural disasters.

Between 1991 and 2000, Turkey alone incurred a cost of damage due to natural disasters

5

0.02 0.1

25 24 8

17 21 27

3 9 6

10.3 1.0 1.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2020

Drought Earthquake Flood Storm Other (Landslide, Wildfire, ET)

0.4 1 1 1 1 1

8 9

11 24

0 5 10 15 20 25 Mozambique

Tajikistan Morocco Yemen Egypt Pakistan Bangladesh Iran Indonesia Turkey

1991-2000

1 1 1 1 2

5 5 6

12 17

0 5 10 15 20 25 Saudi Arabia

Turkey Tajikistan Iran Malaysia Oman Bangladesh Algeria Indonesia Pakistan

2001-2010

0.4 1 1 1 2

3 4

8 10

10

0 5 10 15 20 25 Malaysia

Albania Algeria Nigeria Mozambique Turkey Bangladesh Iran Indonesia Pakistan

2011-2020

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OIC Statistical Outlook 2021: Cost of Natural Disasters in OIC Member Countries 10

equal to 24 billion USD. During the periods 2001-2010 and 2011-2020, Pakistan incurred cost of damages due to natural disasters equal to 17 billion USD and 10 billion USD, respectively. Between 1991 and 2020, the OIC countries with total cost of damages due to natural disasters over 10 billion USD included Indonesia (33 billion USD), Pakistan (28 billion USD), Turkey (28 billion USD), Iran (18 billion USD), and Bangladesh (17 billion USD) (Figure 13).

References

• CRED (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters) 2019. Human Cost of Disaster: An overview of the last 20 years 2000-2019

• CRED (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters), EM-DAT International Disaster Database

• UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction), 2011, “Disaster Through a Different Lens: Behind Every Effect, There is a Cause”, available online at:

https://www.undrr.org/publication/disaster-through-different-lens-behind-every- effect-there-cause

• UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction), 2021, “2020: The Non-

COVID Year in Disasters”, available online at:

https://www.undrr.org/publication/2020-non-covid-year-disasters

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STATISTICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE FOR ISLAMIC COUNTRIES Kudüs Cad., No: 9, Diplomatik Site, 06450 Oran, Ankara –Turkey

Tel: +90–312–468 6172 Fax: +90–312–467 3458 Email: oicankara@sesric.org Website: www.sesric.org

References

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