A monthly research report from the EBRI Education and Research Fund © 2014 Employee Benefit Research Institute
March 2014 • No. 397
The 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey: Confidence Rebounds—for Those With Retirement Plans
By Ruth Helman, Greenwald & Associates; and Nevin Adams, J.D., Craig Copeland, Ph.D., and Jack VanDerhei, Ph.D., EBRI
A T A G L A N C E
The percentage of workers confident about having enough money for a comfortable retirement, at record lows between 2009 and 2013, increased in 2014. Eighteen percent are now very confident (up from 13 percent in 2013), while 37 percent are somewhat confident. Twenty-four percent are not at all confident (statistically unchanged from 28 percent in 2013).
This increased confidence is observed almost exclusively among those with higher household income, but it was also found that confidence was strongly correlated with household participation in a retirement plan (including an individual retirement account (IRA)). Nearly half of workers without a retirement plan were not at all confident about their financial security in retirement, compared with only about 1 in 10 with a plan.
Retiree confidence in having a financially secure retirement, which historically tends to exceed worker
confidence levels, has also increased, with 28 percent very confident (up from 18 percent in 2013) and 17 per- cent not at all confident (statistically unchanged from 14 percent in 2013).
Fifty-eight percent of workers and 44 percent of retirees report having a problem with their level of debt.
Furthermore, 24 percent of workers and 17 percent of retirees indicate that their current level of debt is higher than it was five years ago.
Worker confidence in the affordability of various aspects of retirement has also rebounded. In particular, the percentage of workers very confident in their ability to pay for basic expenses has increased (29 percent, up from 25 percent in 2013). In addition, there have been decreases in the percentages of workers reporting they are not at all confident about their ability to pay for medical expenses (24 percent, down from 29 percent in 2013) and long-term care expenses (32 percent, down from 39 percent in 2013).
Sixty-four percent of workers report they or their spouse have saved for retirement (statistically equivalent to 66 percent in 2013), although nearly 8 in 10 (79 percent) full-time workers say that they or their spouse have done so. Here again, participation in a retirement plan mattered: 90 percent of workers participating in a retirement plan had saved for retirement, compared with just 1 in 5 of those without a retirement plan.
A sizable percentage of workers report they have virtually no savings and investments. Among RCS workers providing this type of information, 36 percent say they have less than $1,000 (up from 28 percent in 2013), although those who indicate they and their spouse do not have a retirement plan (either an IRA, defined contribution, or defined benefit plan) are far more likely than those who have a plan to be in this group (73 per- cent vs. 11 percent). Moreover, 68 percent with household income of less than $35,000 a year have savings of less than $1,000. Of those who have saved for retirement, only 38 percent report savings of less than $25,000.
Cost of living and day-to-day expenses head the list of reasons why workers do not save (or save more) for
retirement, with 53 percent of workers citing this factor.
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 2
Ruth Helman is research director for Greenwald & Associates. Nevin Adams is director of Education and External Relations at the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI). Craig Copeland is senior research associate at EBRI. Jack VanDerhei is the research director at EBRI. This Issue Brief was written with assistance from the Institute’s research and editorial staffs. Any views expressed in this report are those of the authors and should not be ascribed to the officers, trustees, or other sponsors of EBRI, Employee Benefit Research Institute-Education and Research Fund (EBRI- ERF), or their staffs. Neither EBRI nor EBRI-ERF lobbies or takes positions on specific policy proposals. EBRI invites comment on this research.
Copyright Information: This report is copyrighted by the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI). It may be used without permission but citation of the source is required.
Recommended Citation: Ruth Helman, Nevin Adams, Craig Copeland, and Jack VanDerhei, “The 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey: Confidence Rebounds—for Those With Retirement Plans,” EBRI Issue Brief, no. 397, March 2014.
Report availability: This report is available on the Internet at www.ebri.org
2014 Retirement Confidence Survey Underwriters
AARP
Ameriprise Financial BMO Retirement Services Dimensional Fund Advisors Fidelity Investments
FINRA Investor Education Foundation Guardian Life Insurance
ING U.S.
J.P. Morgan Asset Management MassMutual Financial Group
Mercer MetLife
Nationwide Financial
New York Life Retirement Plan Services Principal Financial Group
Prudential Retirement
The Segal Company
T. Rowe Price
TIAA-CREF Institute
Vanguard
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 3
Table of Contents Introduction ... 5
Retirement Confidence ... 6
Overall Retirement Confidence ... 6
Confidence in Other Financial Aspects of Retirement ... 8
Workers ... 8
Retirees ... 10
Preparing for Retirement ... 12
Planning by Workers ... 12
Savings and Investments... 15
Retirement Plans ... 18
Lifetime Income Estimates ... 19
Tax Deductibility of Retirement Plan Contributions ... 20
Target Setting ... 21
Planning by Retirees ... 23
Use of Financial Advice ... 24
Expectations About Retirement ... 25
Retirement Age ... 25
Working for Pay in Retirement ... 27
Sources of Retirement Income ... 29
Health Care Expenses in Retirement ... 30
Confidence in Entitlement Programs ... 30
RCS Methodology ... 32
Endnotes ... 34
Figures Figure 1, Worker Confidence in Having Enough Money to Live Comfortably Throughout Their Retirement Years ... 7
Figure 2, Retiree Confidence in Having Enough Money to Live Comfortably Throughout Their Retirement Years ... 7
Figure 3, Retirement Confidence by Retirement Plan Ownership, Among Workers: 2013–2014 ... 8
Figure 4, Retirement Confidence Among Workers, by Assessed Level of Debt ... 9
Figure 5, Worker Confidence in Having Enough Money to Take Care of Basic Expenses in Retirement ... 9
Figure 6, Worker Confidence in Having Enough Money to Take Care of Medical Expenses in Retirement ... 10
Figure 7, Worker Confidence in Having Enough Money to Pay for Long-Term Care ... 10
Figure 8, Retiree Confidence in Having Enough Money to Take Care of Basic Expenses in Retirement ... 11
Figure 9, Retiree Confidence in Having Enough Money to Take Care of Medical Expenses in Retirement ... 11
Figure 10, Retiree Confidence in Having Enough Money to Pay for Long-Term Care ... 12
Figure 11, Retiree Confidence in Financial Preparation for Retirement ... 12
Figure 12, Worker Confidence in Preparing Financially for Retirement ... 13
Figure 13, Workers Having Saved Money for Retirement ... 14
Figure 14, Retirees Having Saved Money for Retirement ... 14
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 4
Figure 15, Workers Currently Saving Money for Retirement ... 15
Figure 16, Years Saved for Retirement, by Age and Retirement Status ... 15
Figure 17, Total Savings and Investments Reported by Workers Among Those Providing a Response ... 16
Figure 18, Total Savings and Investments Reported by Retirees Among Those Providing a Response ... 16
Figure 19, Percentage of Household Income That Workers Think They Need to Save to Live Comfortably in Retirement ... 17
Figure 20, Average Percentage of Income Workers Think They Need to Save to Live Comfortably in Retirement, by Retirement Confidence and Age ... 18
Figure 21, Total Savings and Investments Reported by Workers Among Those Providing a Response, by Plan Ownership ... 19
Figure 22, Extent to Which DoL Lifetime Income Calculator Estimate Matches Expected Level of Income Among Those Providing Information ... 19
Figure 23, Usefulness of DoL Lifetime Income Calculator Estimate Among Those Providing Information ... 20
Figure 24, Likely Response if No Longer Able to Contribute to Employer Retirement Savings Plan on Pretax Basis, Among Plan Participants ... 21
Figure 25, Likely Response if Employer No Longer Made Matching Contributions, Among Plan Participants ... 21
Figure 26, Workers Having Tried to Calculate How Much Money They Need to Save for a Comfortable Retirement...22
Figure 27, Amount of Savings Workers Think They Need for Retirement ... 23
Figure 28, Timeframe When Retirees Began to Plan Financially for Retirement, Among Retirees Who Planned for Retirement ... 23
Figure 29, Follow Through on Implementing Advice, Among Those Receiving Investment Advice ... 24
Figure 30, Perceived Value of Withdrawal Recommendations, Among Plan Participants ... 25
Figure 31, Workers Expecting to Retire Later Than Planned ... 26
Figure 32, Trend in Workers’ Expected Retirement Age ... 26
Figure 33, Trend in Retirees’ Actual Retirement Age ... 27
Figure 34, Timing of Retirement, Among Retirees ... 28
Figure 35, Comparison of Expected (Workers Expecting to Retire) and Actual (Retirees) Work for Pay in Retirement ... 28
Figure 36, Reasons for Working in Retirement, Among Retirees Who Worked in Retirement ... 29
Figure 37, Reasons for Working in Retirement, Among Workers Who Expect to Work in Retirement ... 29
Figure 38, Expected (Workers Expecting to Retire) and Actual (Retirees) Sources of Income in Retirement ... 30
Figure 39, Expectations About Retirement Health Care Expenses ... 31
Figure 40, Worker Confidence That Social Security Will Continue to Provide Benefits of at Least Equal Value to Benefits Received Today ... 31
Figure 41, Retiree Confidence That Social Security Will Continue to Provide Benefits of at Least Equal Value to Benefits Received Today ... 32
Figure 42, Worker Confidence That Medicare Will Continue to Provide Benefits of at Least Equal Value to Benefits Received Today ... 33
Figure 43, Retiree Confidence That Medicare Will Continue to Provide Benefits of at Least Equal Value to Benefits
Received Today ... 33
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 5
The 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey: Confidence Rebounds—for Those With Retirement Plans
By Ruth Helman, Mathew Greenwald & Associates; and Nevin Adams, J.D.; Craig Copeland, Ph.D.; and Jack VanDerhei, Ph.D., EBRI
Introduction
The 24
thwave of the Retirement Confidence Survey (RCS) finds that Americans’ confidence in their ability to afford a comfortable retirement has rebounded somewhat from the record lows of the past five years. However, this increased level of confidence does not appear to be founded on improved retirement preparations. In the aggregate, worker
1savings remain low, and only a minority appear to be taking basic steps to prepare for retirement. On the other hand, there are notable differences between the behaviors—and confidence—of those who indicate they or their spouse have a retirement plan, and those who do not.
Findings in this year’s RCS, the longest-running survey of its kind in the nation, include:
The percentage of workers confident about having enough money for a comfortable retirement, at record lows between 2009 and 2013, increased in 2014. Eighteen percent are now very confident (up from 13 percent in 2013), while 37 percent are somewhat confident. Twenty-four percent are not at all confident (statistically unchanged from 28 percent in 2013).
This increased confidence is observed almost exclusively among those with higher household income ($75,000 or above), but confidence was also found to be strongly correlated with household participation in a retirement plan (including an individual retirement account (IRA)). Nearly half of workers without a retirement plan were not at all confident about their financial security in retirement, compared with only about 1 in 10 with a plan.
Retiree confidence in having a financially secure retirement, which historically tends to exceed worker
confidence levels, has also increased, with 28 percent very confident (up from 18 percent in 2013) and 17 per- cent not at all confident (statistically unchanged from 14 percent in 2013).
Worker confidence in the affordability of various aspects of retirement has also rebounded. In particular, the percentage of workers very confident in their ability to pay for basic expenses has increased (now 29 percent, from 25 percent in 2013). In addition, there have been decreases in the percentages of workers reporting they are not at all confident about their ability to pay for medical expenses (24 percent, down from 29 percent in 2013) and long-term care expenses (32 percent, down from 39 percent in 2013) in retirement.
Sixty-four percent of workers report they or their spouse have saved for retirement (statistically equivalent to 66 percent in 2013), although nearly 8 in 10 (79 percent) full-time workers say that they or their spouse have done so. Here again, participation in a retirement plan mattered: 90 percent of workers participating in a retirement plan had saved for retirement, compared with just 1 in 5 of those without a retirement plan.
A sizable percentage of workers report they have virtually no savings and investments. Among RCS workers providing this type of information, 36 percent say they have less than $1,000 (up from 28 percent in 2013).
However, those who indicate they and their spouse do not have a retirement plan (either an IRA, defined contribution, or defined benefit plan) are far more likely than those who have a plan to be in this category (73 percent have less than $1,000 saved vs. 11 percent of those who have a retirement plan). Income is also a key factor; 68 percent with household income of less than $35,000 a year have savings of less than $1,000. Of those who have saved for retirement, only 38 percent report savings of less than $25,000.
Cost of living and day-to-day expenses head the list of reasons why workers do not save (or save more) for
retirement, with 53 percent of workers citing this factor.
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 6
Fifty-eight percent of workers and 44 percent of retirees report having a problem with their level of debt.
Furthermore, 24 percent of workers and 17 percent of retirees indicate that their current level of debt is higher than it was five years ago, while 35 percent and 25 percent indicate that their current level of debt is lower than it was five years ago.
Nevertheless, many workers appear to be aware of the need to bolster their savings if they want to enjoy a comfortable retirement. Twenty-two percent say they need to save between 20 and 29 percent of their income and another 22 percent indicate they need to save 30 percent or more.
Aggressive as those targets appear to be, they may not be based on a careful analysis of individual
circumstances. Only 44 percent report they and/or their spouse have tried to calculate how much money they will need to have saved by the time they retire so that they can live comfortably in retirement, a level that has held relatively consistent over the past decade.
Moreover, that sense of savings shortfall may influence their sensitivity to tax law changes. Asked how they would respond if the law were changed so that workers are no longer able to contribute to employer-sponsored retirement savings plans on a pretax basis, but would pay no taxes on investment income, two-thirds (65 per- cent) of plan participants say they would continue to contribute at their current rate. Just 10 percent indicate they would reduce the amount they contribute to the plan, and 5 percent say they would stop contributing altogether. Participants with household income of less than $35,000 may be more likely than higher-income participants to stop contributing.
Forty-three percent of plan participants say that having the financial services company that handles their retirement plan give them recommendations as to how much to withdraw from their plan each month to help savings and investment last throughout retirement would be very valuable. Another 45 percent think it would be somewhat valuable.
Nineteen percent of workers and 25 percent of retirees report they have obtained investment advice from a professional financial advisor who was paid through fees or commissions. Of these workers, 27 percent followed all of the advice, but more disregarded some of the advice and followed most (36 percent) or some (29 per- cent) of it.
Retirement Confidence
Overall Retirement Confidence
American workers’ confidence in their ability to retire comfortably, which languished at record lows between 2009 and 2013, has increased in 2014. Eighteen percent are now very confident they will have enough money to live comfortably throughout their retirement years, 5 percentage points higher than the low of 13 percent measured in 2009, 2011, and 2013, but still well below the historic high of 27 percent observed in 2007. Thirty-seven percent say they are somewhat confident. Twenty-four percent of workers are not at all confident that they will have enough money to live comfortably throughout their retirement years (still far above the low of 10 percent in 2007), and 19 percent are not too confident they will have enough money. While nearly half of all workers (48 percent) were not too or not at all confident of having enough money for retirement in 2013, 43 percent report this level of confidence in 2014 (Figure 1).
Retiree confidence about having a financially secure retirement has also increased. Twenty-eight percent are very
confident about having enough money to live comfortably throughout their retirement years (up from 18 percent in
2013) and 39 percent are somewhat confident. At the same time, 17 percent say they are not at all confident, and
another 14 percent of retirees are not too confident. Like worker confidence, retiree confidence in having enough
money for retirement has varied over the history of the RCS, though the confidence expressed by those already in
retirement has tended to outpace that of those still in the workforce. It remained fairly steady at roughly 40 percent
very confident and 10 percent not at all confident from 2002 through 2007, but the percentage very confident declined
in 2008 and 2009 (Figure 2).
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 7
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Very Somewhat Not Too Not At All Don't Know/Refused
Overall, how confident are you that you (and your spouse) will have enough money to live comfortably throughout your retirement years? (2014 Workers n=1,000)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1993–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
1 24%
19%
37%
18%
10%
19%
43%
27%
17%
18%
41%
22%
8%
19%
51%
21%
22%
22%
41%
13%
Figure 1
Worker Confidence in Having Enough Money to Live Comfortably Throughout Their Retirement Years
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1993–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
Overall, how confident are you that you (and your spouse) will have enough money to live comfortably throughout your retirement years? (2014 Retirees n=501)
2
Figure 2
Retiree Confidence in Having Enough Money to Live Comfortably Throughout Their Retirement Years
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Very Somewhat Not Too Not At All Don't Know/Refused
17%
14%
39%
28%
11%
10%
38%
41%
24%
24%
28%
19%
16%
16%
47%
20%
Retirement confidence is strongly related to retirement plan participation, whether in a defined contribution plan,
defined benefit plan, or IRA. Workers reporting they or their spouse have money in a defined contribution plan or IRA
or have a defined benefit plan from a current or previous employer are more than twice as likely as those without any
of these plans to be very confident (24 percent with a plan vs. 9 percent without a plan). Moreover, the increase in
confidence between 2013 and 2014 occurred primarily among those with a plan (an increase from 14 percent very
confident in 2013 to 24 percent in 2014 for those with a plan, compared with level readings among those without a
plan of 10 percent very confident in 2013 and 9 percent in 2014). Additionally, workers without a plan are four times as
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 8
likely to say they are not at all confident about their financial security in retirement (11 percent with a plan vs. 46 per- cent without a plan) (Figure 3).
Figure 3
Retirement Confidence by Retirement Plan Ownership, Among Workers: 2013–2014
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2013–2014 Retirement Confidence Survey.
3
14% 24%
10% 9%
46%
48%
19% 19%
18%
17%
26% 23%
21% 11%
44% 46%
Don't Know/Refused
Not at All Confident
Not Too Confident
Somewhat Confident
Very Confident Overall, how confident are you that you (and your spouse) will have enough money to live comfortably throughout your retirement years?
*Has Retirement Plan defined as having at least one of the following: IRA, DC plan, or DB plan
2013 2014 2013 2014
Has Retirement Plan* No Retirement Plan
Many Americans carry what they see as a problematic amount of debt. Twenty percent of workers and 16 percent of retirees report their level of debt is a major problem, and an additional 38 percent of workers and 28 percent of retirees describe it as a minor problem. Forty-two percent of workers say debt is not a problem for them, level with 39 percent measured last year and 40 percent in 2005. Most (55 percent) of retirees surveyed don’t report a problem with debt, but that percentage has slowly decreased over time from 69 percent in 2005. In addition, 24 percent of workers and 17 percent of retirees indicate that their current level of debt is higher than it was five years ago, while 35 percent of workers and 25 percent of retirees say their debt level is lower.
The RCS has consistently found a relationship between the level of debt and retirement confidence. Just 3 percent of workers who describe their debt as a major problem say they are very confident about having enough money to live comfortably throughout retirement, compared with 29 percent of workers who indicate debt is not a problem. On the other hand, 49 percent of workers with a major debt problem are not at all confident about having enough money for a financially secure retirement, compared with 16 percent of workers without a debt problem (Figure 4).
Just as high debt levels weigh on confidence, worker confidence in having enough money for a comfortable retirement increases with household income, level of savings and investments, education, and improved health status. Not surprisingly, workers employed full time are more confident than those employed part time, self-employed, or unemployed, as are married workers (compared with those not married).
Confidence in Other Financial Aspects of Retirement
Workers
Confidence about some other financial aspects of retirement also rebounded slightly from the lows measured in 2013.
Twenty-nine percent of workers are now very confident that they will have enough money to pay for basic expenses
during retirement (up from 25 percent in 2013, but still below the 40 percent measured in 2007). At the same time,
16 percent are not at all confident about their ability to pay for basic expenses in retirement (unchanged from last year)
(Figure 5).
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 9
3%
21%
27%
49%
15%
41%
22% 19%
29%
40%
14% 16%
Very Confident Somewhat Confident Not Too Confident Not at All Confident Workers w/major debt problem (n=166) Workers w/minor debt problem (n=363) Workers w/no debt problem (n=465)
Figure 4
Retirement Confidence Among Workers, by Assessed Level of Debt
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey.
4
Overall, how confident are you that you (and your spouse) will have enough money to live comfortably throughout your retirement years?
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1993–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
5 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Very Somewhat Not Too Not At All Don't Know/Refused
Figure 5
Worker Confidence in Having Enough Money to Take Care of Basic Expenses in Retirement
Overall, how confident are you that you will have enough money to take care of your basic expenses during your retirement? (2014 Workers n=1,000)
16%
11%
43%
29%
7%
11%
42%
40%
11%
11%
42%
35%
3%
9%
49%
38%
11%
14%
49%
25%
Worker confidence about having enough money to pay for medical expenses and long-term care expenses in retirement
remains well below the confidence level observed regarding paying for basic expenses. While 3 in 10 workers are very
confident about paying for basic expenses, far fewer are very confident about being able to pay for medical expenses
(17 percent, statistically equivalent to 14 percent in 2013) and long-term care expenses (13 percent, statistically
equivalent to 11 percent in 2013). Nevertheless, the percentages of workers who are not at all confident about paying
for medical expenses (24 percent, down from 29 percent in 2013) and long-term care expenses (32 percent, down from
39 percent in 2013) in retirement have decreased slightly (Figures 6 and 7).
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 10
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1993–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
6 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Very Somewhat Not Too Not At All Don't Know/Refused
Figure 6
Worker Confidence in Having Enough Money to Take Care of Medical Expenses in Retirement
Overall, how confident are you that you will have enough money to take care of your medical expenses during your retirement? (2014 Workers n=1,000)
24%
18%
38%
17%
14%
18%
46%
20%
13%
19%
42%
24%
21%
22%
36%
17%
22%
22%
42%
13%
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1993–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Very Somewhat Not Too Not At All Don't Know/Refused
Figure 7
Worker Confidence in Having Enough Money to Pay for Long‐Term Care
Overall, how confident are you that you will have enough money to pay for long‐term care, such as nursing home or home health care, should you need it during your retirement? (2014 Workers n=1,000)
32%
24%
29%
13%
21%
23%
36%
17%
33%
27%
30%
9%
28%
26%
29%
15%
Retirees
Retirees tend to express higher levels of confidence than workers about each of these financial aspects of retirement,
and several confidence indicators have increased in 2014. The percentage of retirees very confident of having enough
money to pay for basic expenses has increased significantly since the last RCS, from 28 percent in 2013 to 39 percent
in 2014, although still below the recent high of 48 percent found in the 2007 RCS. At the same time, 11 percent
continue to be not at all confident about paying for basic expenses (Figure 8).
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 11
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1993–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
8 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Very Somewhat Not Too Not At All Don't Know/Refused
11%
8%
42%
39%
14%
6%
45%
34%
9%
7%
36%
48%
2%
14%
41%
40%
Overall, how confident are you that you will have enough money to take care of your basic expenses during your retirement? (2014 Retirees n=501)
Figure 8
Retiree Confidence in Having Enough Money to Take Care of Basic Expenses in Retirement
The percentage of retirees very confident about having enough money to cover medical expenses has also increased, from 24 percent in 2013 to 34 percent this year. However, there is no statistically meaningful change in the percentage very confident about paying for long-term care expenses: 20 percent of retirees continue to be very confident,
statistically unchanged from 16 percent in 2013. The percentages not at all confident about medical (14 percent in 2014 and 15 percent in 2013) and long-term care (30 percent in 2014 and 34 percent in 2013) expenses also do not show any statistically meaningful changes (Figures 9 and 10).
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1993–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
9 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Very Somewhat Not Too Not At All Don't Know/Refused
14%
10%
39%
34%
9%
17%
39%
34%
10%
15%
32%
42%
14%
15%
38%
32%
Overall, how confident are you that you will have enough money to take care of your medical expenses during your retirement? (2014 Retirees n=501)
Figure 9
Retiree Confidence in Having Enough Money to Take Care of Medical Expenses in Retirement
Although the percentage of retirees very confident that they had done a good job of preparing for retirement fell from 39 percent in 2007 to 26 percent in 2008, it has remained steady since that time and stands at 29 percent in 2014.
Another 4 in 10 (40 percent) are somewhat confident, roughly the same level as in 2007. That said, 20 percent of
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 12
retirees are not at all confident about having done a good job (statistically unchanged from the 15 percent who expressed that sentiment in 2013) (Figure 11).
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1993–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
10
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Very Somewhat Not Too Not At All Don't Know/Refused
Figure 10
Retiree Confidence in Having Enough Money to Pay for Long‐Term Care
Overall, how confident are you that you will have enough money to pay for long‐term care, such as nursing home or home health care, should you need it during your retirement?
(2014 Retirees n=501)
30%
17%
31%
20%
16%
25%
33%
22%
38%
17%
29%
15%
27%
18%
23%
30%
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1993–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
11 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Very Somewhat Not Too Not At All Don't Know/Refused
20%
10%
40%
29%
18%
6%
34%
41%
7%
10%
41%
39%
9%
16%
40%
34%
Overall, how confident are you that you did a good job of preparing financially for your retirement?
(2014 Retirees n=501)
Figure 11
Retiree Confidence in Financial Preparation for Retirement
Preparing for Retirement
Planning by Workers
Worker confidence that they are doing a good job of preparing financially for retirement has also rebounded slightly.
The percentage very confident, which remained at roughly 25 percent between 2003 and 2007, declined to 17 percent
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 13
in 2013 but recovered to 22 percent this year. However, the percentage not at all confident, which rose from 12 per- cent in 2008 to 21 percent in 2013, holds at 20 percent in this year’s RCS. Combined with the 13 percent of workers who say they are not too confident, one-third (33 percent) indicate they lack confidence in their financial preparations for retirement compared with two-thirds who are confident (22 percent very confident and 44 percent somewhat confident) (Figure 12).
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1993–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
12 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Very Somewhat Not Too Not At All Don't Know/Refused
Figure 12
Worker Confidence in Preparing Financially for Retirement
Overall, how confident are you that you are doing a good job of preparing financially for your retirement? (2014 Workers n=1,000)
20%
13%
44%
22%
13%
15%
45%
26%
9%
17%
50%
23%
15%
20%
42%
22%
14%
49%
20%
16%
One might expect that the increase in retirement confidence noted above would be based on an improvement in retirement preparations, but this does not appear to be the case for many workers. The percentage of workers who reported they and/or their spouse had saved for retirement increased briefly in 2009 (to 75 percent), but this
percentage has slowly declined and now stands at 64 percent (Figure 13). The percentage of retirees having saved for retirement climbed slowly from 59 percent in 2000 to 74 percent in 2011 and now stands at 66 percent (Figure 14).
Moreover, not all workers who have saved for retirement are currently saving for this purpose. Fifty-seven percent of workers in the 2014 RCS report that they and/or their spouse are currently saving for retirement (down from 65 per- cent in 2009, but statistically equivalent to the percentages measured in 2010–2013) (Figure 15).
Not surprisingly, workers employed full time are more likely than self-employed, part-time, or unemployed workers to indicate they have set money aside for retirement (79 percent vs. 47 percent). In addition, households with a
retirement plan, whether an IRA, defined contribution, or defined benefit plan, are more likely than those without those
plans to report having saved (90 percent vs. 20 percent). The proportion having saved for retirement also increases as
income or education levels rise or health status improves. Other groups more likely to have saved for retirement include
married workers (compared with those not married), those age 45 and older (compared with workers age 25–44), and
those who have attempted a retirement savings needs calculation (compared with those who have not).
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 14
Figure 13
Workers Having Saved Money for Retirement
Not including Social Security taxes or employer‐provided money, have you (and/or your spouse) personally saved any money for retirement? These savings could include money you personally put into a retirement plan at work. (2014 Workers n=1,000, percent yes)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1994–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
57% 58% 60%
66%
59%
68%
74%
65% 67% 68%
73%
78%
69% 72% 71%
68% 69% 70% 66% 72% 75%
69% 68%
66% 66% 64%
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Respondent Respondent and/or Spouse
13 2014 Full‐time Workers: 79%
Not including Social Security taxes or employer‐provided money, did you (and/or your spouse) personally save any money for retirement before you retired? These savings could include money you personally put into a retirement plan at work. (2014 Retirees n=501)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1994–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
52%48% 52% 50%
59%
66%
54%
59% 61% 63%
67%
59% 61% 62% 64% 65% 66% 68% 68%
64% 62%
71% 74%
68% 71%
66%
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Respondent Respondent and/or Spouse
14
Figure 14
Retirees Having Saved Money for Retirement
Workers who have saved for retirement generally have not done so for their entire careers. Only 35 percent of workers
55 and older indicate they have saved for 30 years or longer, although an additional 34 percent report having saved for
20 to 29 years. Half (52 percent) of those ages 45 to 54 say they have saved for at least 20 years (Figure 16). Retirees
typically report having saved for retirement for 20 years (midpoint).
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 15
Figure 15
Workers Currently Saving Money for Retirement
Are you (and/or your spouse) currently saving for retirement? (2014 Workers n=1,000, percent yes)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2001–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
61% 61% 62%
58% 62% 64% 60% 64% 65%
60% 59% 58% 57% 57%
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
15
74%
24%
1% 0% 1%
32%
48%
18%
1% 2%
17%
31% 35%
17%
1%
8%
19%
34% 35%
4%
10%
26%
31%
27%
7%
Less than 10 years 10 to 19 years 20 to 29 years 30+ years Don't know/Refused Workers 25‐34 (n=110) Workers 35‐44 (n=150) Workers 45‐54 (n=216) Workers 55+ (n=248) Retirees (n=375)
Figure 16
Years Saved for Retirement, by Age and Retirement Status
For about how many years have you saved (did you save) for retirement? (Among those who have saved for retirement)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey.
16
Savings and Investments
A sizable percentage of workers have virtually no money in savings and investments. Among RCS workers providing this
type of information, 60 percent report that the total value of their household’s savings and investments, excluding the
value of their primary home and any defined benefit plans, is less than $25,000. This includes 36 percent who say they
have less than $1,000 in savings (up from 20 percent in 2009 and 28 percent in 2013).
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 16
Approximately 1 in 10 each report totals of $25,000–$49,999 (9 percent), $50,000–$99,999 (9 percent), $100,000–
$249,999 (11 percent), and $250,000 or more (11 percent) (Figure 17). Retirees provide similar estimates (Figure 18).
These findings are similar to some other estimates of American household assets: Quantifiable data from the 2010 Survey of Consumer Finances (conducted by the Federal Reserve Board) found that the median (midpoint) level of household assets of the Americans having these assets was $21,500.
2Figure 17
Total Savings and Investments Reported by Workers Among Those Providing a Response
(not including value of primary residence or defined benefit plans)
In total, about how much money would you say you (and your spouse) currently have in savings and investments, not including the value of your primary residence (or value of defined benefit plans)? (2014 Workers n=783)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2004–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
17
2004 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
2014 Has Ret.
Plan*
2014 No Ret.
Plan Less Than $1,000
54%
20% 27% 29% 30% 28% 36% 11% 73%
$1,000
–
$9,99919 16 17 18 18 16 17 16
$10,000
–
$24,99913 11 10 12 11 8 10 5
$25,000
–
$49,99914 11 12 11 10 9 9 14 2
$50,000
–
$99,99911 12 11 9 10 10 9 14 <0.5
$100,000
–
$249,99913 12 11 14 11 12 11 16 2
$250,000 or More
9 12 11 10 10 12 11 17 1
*Has Retirement Plan defined as respondent or spouse having at least one of the following: IRA, DC plan, or DB plan
In total, about how much money would you say you (and your spouse) currently have in savings and investments, not including the value of your primary residence (or value of defined benefit plans)? (2014 Retirees n=345)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2004–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
18
Figure 18
Total Savings and Investments Reported by Retirees Among Those Providing a Response
(not including value of primary residence or defined benefit plans)
2004 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
2014 Has Ret.
Plan*
2014 No Ret.
Plan Less Than $1,000
49%
23% 27% 28% 28% 31% 29% 9% 54%
$1,000
–
$9,99917 15 14 19 16 17 14 21
$10,000
–
$24,99916 14 12 8 8 12 12 12
$25,000
–
$49,99913 13 11 6 9 9 8 13 3
$50,000
–
$99,9997 9 6 11 8 9 7 9 4
$100,000
–
$249,99917 10 15 12 12 10 11 16 4
$250,000 or More
15 12 12 17 15 17 17 27 4
*Has Retirement Plan defined as respondent or spouse having at least one of the following: IRA, DC plan, or DB plan
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 17
Older workers tend to report higher amounts of assets. Eighty percent of workers age 25–34 have total savings and investments of less than $25,000, compared with 48 percent of workers age 45 and older. At the same time, 16 per- cent of workers age 45 and older cite assets of $250,000 or more (vs. less than 1 percent of workers age 25–34).
As one might suspect, total savings and investments also increase sharply with education, health status, and household income. More than two-thirds (68 percent) of those who report having less than $1,000 in savings have household income of $35,000 a year or less.
Workers who have done a retirement savings needs calculation (compared with those who have not) also tend to have higher levels of savings. In addition, those who have saved for retirement are more likely than those who have not saved to have substantial levels of savings. The large majority (73 percent) of those who indicate they and their spouse do not have a retirement plan (IRA, defined contribution, or defined benefit) say their assets total less than $1,000, compared with 11 percent of those who have a plan. Conversely, those without a retirement plan are far less likely than those with a plan to report assets of $100,000 or more (3 percent vs. 33 percent).
There is evidence that many workers acknowledge their savings shortfalls for retirement. Many workers report they need to save a sizeable—perhaps unmanageable—chunk of their total household income in order to live comfortably in retirement. While one-third (32 percent) say they need to save up to 20 percent of their income, 22 percent say they think they need to save between 20 and 29 percent of their income, and another 22 percent indicate they need to save 30 percent or more. However, 2 in 10 (22 percent) do not know how much they should be saving (Figure 19). All in all, RCS respondents reported a wide disparity in estimates of these target savings rates, although workers participating in a retirement plan tended to express targets that were somewhat smaller than respondents without a plan.
Figure 19
Percentage of Household Income That Workers Think They Need to Save to Live Comfortably in Retirement
About what percentage of your total household income do you think you (and your spouse) need to save each year from now until you expect to retire so you can live comfortably throughout your retirement? (2014 Workers n=1,000)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, Inc., 2013–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
8%
15%
9%
22%
5%
3%
14%
22%
Under 10%
10% to 14%
15% to 19%
20% to 29%
30% to 39%
40% to 49%
50% or more Don't know
19
The percentage of income that some workers report needs to be saved to ensure a comfortable retirement may seem
unlikely, but it may not be far afield from what they actually think they need. The average amount individuals reported
they need to save increases as retirement confidence decreases, particularly for older workers, who have less time to
save. In fact, workers age 45 or older who are not at all confident about having enough money for a comfortable
retirement think they need to save almost half (48 percent) of their total household income, on average, from now until
they retire (Figure 20). Not surprisingly, those who are not confident about their retirement prospects are also more
likely to say they do not know how much they need to save. As one might expect, the percentage that workers report
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 18
they need to save each year is inversely related to current levels of saving and investments. Further, those without a retirement plan (whether an IRA, defined contribution, or defined benefit) on a household level are more likely than those with a plan to think they need to save at least 50 percent of their income (23 percent vs. 8 percent) and to say they do not know how much they need to save (30 percent vs. 18 percent).
18% 18%
28%
36%
19% 21%
33%
48%
Very confident Somewhat confident Not too confident Not at all confident
Under 45 45 or olderFigure 20
Average Percentage of Income Workers Think They Need to Save to Live Comfortably in Retirement, by Retirement Confidence and Age
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, Inc., 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey.
20
About what percentage of your total household income do you think you (and your spouse) need to save each year from now until you expect to retire so you can live comfortably throughout your retirement?
But if workers recognize they need to save more to ensure a comfortable retirement, why aren’t they doing so? Most—
53 percent—say they simply can’t afford it due to the cost of living and the press of day-to-day expenses. Other reasons for not saving, or not saving more, for retirement include:
Currently unemployed or underemployed (14 percent).
Paying off non-mortgage debt (6 percent).
Paying off a mortgage or housing expenses (5 percent).
Education expenses (5 percent).
However, 1 in 10 (10 percent) say they don’t need to save or save more.
Retirement Plans
One of the primary vehicles that workers use to save for retirement is an employer-sponsored retirement savings plan, such as a 401(k). Indeed, 70 percent of employed workers (45 percent of all workers) report they are offered such a plan with their current employer, and more than three-quarters (77 percent) of eligible employees (34 percent of all workers) say they contribute money to their employer’s plan.
Workers with some sort of retirement plan, whether through their employer or an IRA, have significantly more in
savings and investments than do those without a plan (Figure 21). Furthermore, on a household level, these workers
tend to have retirement savings in multiple vehicles. Two-thirds (66 percent) of those with money in an employer-
sponsored plan report they or their spouse also have money invested in an IRA (which may have originated as a
rollover from an employment-based plan), and 53 percent say they have retirement savings in addition to money in
their employer’s plan and an IRA. Moreover, the vast majority (83 percent) of workers with a defined benefit plan
through their current or previous employer also have money in an employer retirement savings plan.
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 19
Figure 21
Total Savings and Investments Reported by Workers Among Those Providing a Response, by Plan Ownership
(not including value of primary residence or defined benefit plans)
In total, about how much money would you say you (and your spouse) currently have in savings and investments, not including the value of your primary residence [or value of defined benefit plans]?
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey.
21 5%
10% 10%
29%
44%
11% 15%
11%
28%
35%
7% 8% 11%
32%
45%
12% 12% 11%
26%
38%
73%
16%
5% 3% 3%
Less than $1,000 $1,000–$9,999 $10,000–$24,999 $25,000–$99,999 $100,000 or More IRA (n=509) DC Plan (n=598) IRA + DC Plan (n=417) DB Plan (n=365) No retirement plan (n=241)
Lifetime Income Estimates
Workers participating in their current employer’s retirement savings plan were provided with an estimate of how much annual income their plan would provide in retirement based on the Department of Labor’s Lifetime Income Calculator.
Most of these workers (58 percent) report that the calculator’s estimates are about what they expected, although 27 percent say that it is less than expected (Figure 22).
If you and your employer were to continue contributing at the same percentage of compensation until you retire, some retirement calculators estimate that your employer‐sponsored plan could provide a monthly retirement income for life of [estimated amount]. Keep in mind that this does not account for any retirement savings that you might have outside of your employer‐sponsored plan. Would you say that this amount is…
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey.
* U.S. Department of Labor.
22
8%
19%
58%
7%
5%
Much less than you expected
Somewhat less than you expected
About what you expected
Somewhat more than you expected
Much more than you expected
Figure 22
Extent to Which DoL* Lifetime Income Calculator Estimate Matches Expected Level of Income Among Those Providing Information
After hearing the estimate, 81 percent indicate they will continue to contribute what they do now, just 9 percent would
delay retirement based on the estimate, and 62 percent say it does not affect their confidence in their ability to save
enough to live comfortably in retirement. Nevertheless, the large majority of those who were provided with this
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 20
estimate found it very (36 percent) or somewhat (49 percent) useful (Figure 23). A more in-depth analysis of this aspect of the Retirement Confidence Survey can be found in the March 2014 EBRI Notes, “How Would Defined Contribution Participants React to Lifetime Income Illustrations? Evidence from the 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey,” online at www.ebri.org
How useful is it to hear an estimate of the monthly retirement income you might expect from your plan? Would you say that it is…
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey.
* U.S. Department of Labor.
23
36%
49%
5%
10%
Very useful
Somewhat useful
Not too useful
Not at all useful
Figure 23
Usefulness of DoL* Lifetime Income Calculator Estimate Among Those Providing Information
Tax Deductibility of Retirement Plan Contributions
Amid federal budgetary concerns and questions about the efficacy of the tax preferences currently provided to workplace retirement savings plans, some in Congress and elsewhere have proposed changing those preferences.
Respondents to the 2014 RCS were asked how they would respond if the law were changed such that they could no longer contribute to employer-sponsored retirement savings plans on a pretax basis, but if instead contributions and subsequent earnings on those contributions were not subjected to additional taxes at withdrawal—basically
transforming the current 401(k) structure to a Roth 401(k) approach. Perhaps responding to their already-expressed sense of savings shortfall, two-thirds (65 percent) of plan participants say they would continue to contribute at their current rate(s), while 16 percent report they would increase their contribution to the plan. Just 10 percent indicate they would reduce the amount they contribute to the plan, and 5 percent say they would stop contributing altogether (Figure 24). While the sample size is extremely small, 1 in 10 of those with income of less than $35,000 indicates an intention to stop contributing under these circumstances.
Current retirement savings tax preferences encourage some to save in an employer-sponsored plan who might otherwise not do so. In fact, many of those who would reduce or eliminate their plan contributions maintain that they would continue to save the same amount in total by saving the amount they no longer save in the plan somewhere else (75 percent). A much smaller percentage state they would reduce the total amount they save (14 percent), while an even smaller percentage say they would stop saving that amount altogether (8 percent).
Respondents were also asked how they would respond if, in addition to the Roth change outlined above, employers no
longer made matching contributions to the plan; 41 percent of plan participants indicate they would continue to
contribute what they do now, and one-quarter (24 percent) say they would increase the amount they contribute. One
in 10 each states they would reduce the amount they contribute to the plan (10 percent) or stop contributing altogether
(12 percent) (Figure 25).
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 21
Figure 24
Likely Response if No Longer Able to Contribute to Employer Retirement Savings Plan on Pretax Basis, Among Plan Participants
Currently, employer‐sponsored retirement savings plans, such as a 401(k), allow you to contribute to the plan without paying federal income taxes on those contributions until you withdraw money from the plan, when it is taxed as income. If this were flipped, such that your contributions were taxed now but you did not have to pay additional taxes on those contributions and associated earnings once they have been held in the plan for five years, how would this likely change your contribution to your plan? Would you… (2014 Workers who contribute money to an employer‐sponsored plan n=414)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey.
24
5%
10%
65%
16%
4%
Stop contributing altogether
Reduce the amount you contribute
Continue to contribute what you do now
Increase the amount you contribute
Don't know / Refused
Figure 25
Likely Response if Employer No Longer Made Matching Contributions, Among Plan Participants
Suppose that in addition to this change in the tax treatment of your retirement plan, your employer no longer made matching contributions to your plan. How would this likely change your current contribution to that plan?
Would you… (2014 Workers who contribute money to an employer‐sponsored plan n=414)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey.
25
12%
10%
41%
24%
12%
Stop contributing altogether
Reduce the amount you contribute
Continue to contribute what you do now
Increase the amount you contribute
My employer does not currently provide a matching contribution
Again, many of those who would reduce or eliminate their plan contributions as a result of the elimination of the employer match and the change in tax treatment maintain that they would continue to save the same amount in total by saving the amount they no longer save in the plan somewhere else (77 percent). Only a small minority say they would reduce the total amount they save (7 percent) or would stop saving that amount altogether (10 percent).
Target Setting
Their sense of savings shortfall notwithstanding, many workers continue to be unaware of how much they need to save
for retirement. Less than half of workers (44 percent) report they and/or their spouse have ever tried to calculate how
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 22
much money they will need to have saved so that they can live comfortably in retirement. This is comparable to most of the percentages measured from 2003–2013, though lower than the 53 percent recorded in 2000 (Figure 26).
Figure 26
Workers Having Tried to Calculate How Much Money They Need to Save for a Comfortable Retirement
Have you (or your spouse) tried to figure out how much money you will need to have saved by the time you retire so that you can live comfortably in retirement? (2014 Workers n=1,000, percent yes)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 1993–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
32% 31% 32%
29%
33%
42% 45%
51%
39%
32%
37%
48%
53%
44%
38%
43% 42% 42% 42% 43%
47%
44% 46%
42% 42%
46% 44%
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Respondent Respondent and/or Spouse
26
The likelihood of doing a retirement savings needs calculation increases with household income, education, and financial assets. Moreover, workers reporting they or their spouse have an IRA, defined contribution, or defined benefit plan are twice as likely as those who do not to have done a calculation (56 percent vs. 25 percent). In addition, married workers (compared with singles) and retirement savers (compared with nonsavers) more often report trying to do a calculation.
However, the methods of calculation reported have been quite varied. According to the 2013 RCS, workers often guess at how much they will need to accumulate (45 percent), rather than doing a systematic retirement needs calculation.
Eighteen percent each indicated they did their own estimate or asked a financial advisor, while 8 percent each used an online calculator or read or heard how much was needed.
Considering the aggressive savings target percentages acknowledged earlier, it is not surprising that most (60 percent) say they need $250,000 or more saved to retire comfortably (Figure 27). As might be expected, savings goals tend to increase as household income rises.
As prior iterations of the RCS have shown, workers who have done a retirement savings needs calculation tend to
report higher savings goals than workers who have not done the calculation. In this year’s RCS, 29 percent of workers
who have done a calculation, compared with 15 percent of those who have not, estimate they need to accumulate at
least $1 million for retirement. At the other extreme, 17 percent of those who have done a calculation, compared with
37 percent who have not, think they need to save less than $250,000 for retirement. Consistent with prior RCS findings,
despite higher savings goals, workers who have done a retirement savings needs calculation are more likely to feel very
confident about affording a comfortable retirement (25 percent vs. 13 percent who have not done a calculation).
ebri.org Issue Brief • March 2014 • No. 397 23
Figure 27
Amount of Savings Workers Think They Need for Retirement
How much do you think you (and your spouse) will need to accumulate in total by the time you retire so that you can live comfortably in retirement? (2014 Workers n=1,000)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2011–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
32%
21%
18%
8% 7%
10%
34%
18% 20%
6%
9% 10%
29%
21% 22%
8% 10%
8%
28%
18%
21%
10% 11%
8%
Under $250,000 $250,000 to
$499,999
$500,000 to
$999,999
$1,000,000 to
$1,499,999
$1,500,000 or more
Don't know/
Don't remember
2005 2012 2013 2014
27
Most workers who state a specific amount they believe they need to accumulate for retirement are confident that that amount will provide them with a comfortable retirement, although they tend to be somewhat (50 percent) rather than very (33 percent) confident about that result. Two in 10 are not too (11 percent) or not at all (6 percent) confident.
Planning by Retirees
Six in 10 retirees (60 percent) indicate they did some type of financial planning for retirement. Forty-two percent of these retirees say they began to plan 20 years or more before they retired, and another 27 percent report beginning to plan between 10 and 19 years before retirement. However, 11 percent say they started planning five to nine years before retirement, and 14 percent started less than five years before that point (Figure 28).
Figure 28
Timeframe When Retirees Began to Plan Financially for Retirement, Among Retirees Who Planned for Retirement
When did you (or your spouse) begin to pay serious attention to planning financially for your retirement? (2014 Retirees who planned financially for retirement n=341)
Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and Greenwald & Associates, 2011–2014 Retirement Confidence Surveys.
6%
1%
7%
11%
27%
42%
6%
The year you retired
The year before you retired
2 to 4 years before you retired
5 to 9 years before you retired
10 to 19 years before you retired
20 years or more before you retired
Don't know / Refused
28