World War I World War I
Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Section 1 Section 1
► -June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of -June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary [A.H.] is assassinated
Austria-Hungary [A.H.] is assassinated
► -He is killed by a Serbian named Gavrilio -He is killed by a Serbian named Gavrilio Princip
Princip
► -Princip is a member of a group called the -Princip is a member of a group called the Black Hand
Black Hand
-Group who wanted to overthrow A.H.’s rule -Group who wanted to overthrow A.H.’s rule
Major Causes of WWI Major Causes of WWI
-Assassination is one of the major causes of -Assassination is one of the major causes of WWI WWI
-Other major causes were: -Other major causes were:
Imperialism Imperialism
-One country controlling another -One country controlling another
-The countries of Europe began gaining all -The countries of Europe began gaining all uncolonized land in the world
uncolonized land in the world
Militarism Militarism
-Building up of your military -Building up of your military
-Caused other countries to strengthen their -Caused other countries to strengthen their militaries
militaries
Nationalism Nationalism
-Deep devotion to your country -Deep devotion to your country
-Each country wanted theirs to be the best -Each country wanted theirs to be the best
Alliances Alliances
-Europe’s countries backed their allies in wars -Europe’s countries backed their allies in wars
Growing Conflict
-AH wanted revenge for the assassination
-Declares war on Serbia on July 28, 1914
-Serbia’s main ally was Russia
-Russia joins war on July 29 by declaring war on AH
-AH’s main ally was Germany
-Germany declares war on Russia on August 1st
-Russia’s main ally was France
-France declares war on Germany on August 3rd
-France’s main ally is Great Britain
-Britain declares war on Germany on August 4th
-August 3rd, 1914 official start of WWI
-2 sides in war were Central Powers and Allies
-Central Powers were:
-Germany
-AH
-Ottoman Empire [OE]
-Bulgaria
-Allies were:
-Britain
-Russia
-France
-Serbia
-Italy
-U.S. in 1917
Modern Warfare
-WWI begins the age of modern warfare
-7 weapons are used for the 1st time in WWI
1. Machine Gun
2. Submarines
3. Long range artillery
4. Poison Gas
5. Airplanes
6. Tanks
7.Hand Grenades
Early Battles
-Germany is forced to fight a Two Front War
Fighting on each side of your country’s border
-Germany’s plan to fight a two front war is called the Schileffen Plan
Attack France, beat it quickly, and then use all troops against Russia
-Plan works until the 1st Battle of the Marne [Sept. 1914]
German troops are stopped by British troops 30 miles from capturing Paris
-Puts Europe in a stalemate
No one can take an advantage or win
Trench Warfare Trench Warfare
► -To end the stalemate, both sides try -To end the stalemate, both sides try Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
-Using six-foot holes to fight from -Using six-foot holes to fight from
► -Caused huge # of causalities and fatalities -Caused huge # of causalities and fatalities
► -Largest occurred at the -Largest occurred at the Battle of the Battle of the Somme
Somme [1916] [1916]
-20,000 killed in one day -20,000 killed in one day
-Bloodiest of WWI -Bloodiest of WWI
Reasons US enters WWI
-At the start of WWI, the U.S. is practicing Isolationism
-Staying out of Europe’s affairs
-Did make and supply Allies with war goods
-U.S. slowly brought into war for 3 reasons:
1. U-boat sinks Lusitania
-German subs [U-boats] began sinking ships traveling in Atlantic
-May 7 1915, U-boat sinks British passenger ship Lusitania killing 128 Americans
2. Sussex Pledge & Unrestricted Sub Warfare
-Germany agrees after Lusitania not to sink commercial ships
-Breaks that agreement one year later by creating Unrestricted Sub Warfare
-Germany will sink any ship not a part of the Central powers
3. Zimmerman Note
-Germany’s Foreign Secretary makes a secret offer to Mexico through a telegram
-Asks Mexico to invade U.S. & ally with Central Powers
-U.S. steals telegram
-Declares war on Germany on April 6, 1917
Russian Revolution Russian Revolution
-Russia had huge losses in war by 1917 -Russia had huge losses in war by 1917
-Close to 1.5 million soldiers killed -Close to 1.5 million soldiers killed
-March 1917, Russian leader Czar Nicholas II -March 1917, Russian leader Czar Nicholas II abdicates
abdicates
– Give up your power and rule Give up your power and rule
-Begins the Russian Revolution -Begins the Russian Revolution
-Vladimir Lenin becomes the new leader of -Vladimir Lenin becomes the new leader of Russia
Russia
-Takes Russia out of WWI -Takes Russia out of WWI
-Brings new Govt. to Russia called -Brings new Govt. to Russia called Communism Communism
– Govt. owns the businesses and all the property Govt. owns the businesses and all the property – “ “ People share ownership equally” [Not true] People share ownership equally” [Not true]
– One political party rules One political party rules
– Little or no rights for the people Little or no rights for the people
Vladimir Lenin
Section 3
-U.S. enters war in April of 1917
-1st U.S. troops land in Europe in June
-Led by Gen. John “Black Jack” Pershing
-Pershing had only 14,500 men
-To build up the U.S. military, U.S. creates in May 1917 The Selective Service Act
-Gives govt. the power to draft men into the military
-By Nov. 1918, 24 million men registered with draft board
-3 million selected and drafted
-Troops were called American Expeditionary Force [AEF]
-Many women served in WWI
-11,000 as nurses, drivers, and clerks
-14,000 in govt.
Military Segregation Military Segregation
► One major problem in military was One major problem in military was Segregation
Segregation
-Separation by race -Separation by race
► -Most branches would not let minorities -Most branches would not let minorities fight
fight
► -One regiment of U.S. African-American -One regiment of U.S. African-American soldiers fought for France
soldiers fought for France
► -Called -Called Harlem Hell Fighters Harlem Hell Fighters
-Group of black soldiers whose fighting earned -Group of black soldiers whose fighting earned them France’s highest military honor.
them France’s highest military honor.
-Proved to many that minorities were capable of -Proved to many that minorities were capable of fighting in war for U.S.
fighting in war for U.S.
Turning the Tide
-German U-boats sank 400 Allied ships in April 1917
-To beat U-boats, Allies create Convoys
-Merchant ships travel together surrounded by war ships
-After Russia leaves the war on March 3, 1918, Germany goes to fighting a one front war.
-Germans push again into France and reach 50 miles outside of Paris
-U.S. Marines push the Germans back at the city of Chateau-Thierry
-Begins to turn tide of the war
Corporal Alvin York
The final Allied offensive begins on Sept. 26, 1918
-The AEF begins to push Germans out of France
-Final offensive sees major acts of heroism
-Greatest by Corporal Alvin York
-Kills 25 Germans and captures 132
-Takes machine gun position alone
-Receives Congressional Medal of Honor
-True account differs from military record.
-Allies finally force Germans to sign Armistice
-Cease Fire
-Signed on 11/11/18 at 11:11 AM
-9 million killed in WWI [5000 per day]
On the Homefront
-Back in the U.S., govt. raising money to support military
-Create Liberty Bonds
-War bonds sold to Americans
-Redeemed after war for price plus interest
-Collected $20 billion
-$10 Billion loaned to Allies
-To regulate fuel use, govt. passes new law
-Called Food & Fuel Control Act
-Govt. controls food & fuel used in U.S.
-Act created Rationing
-Govt. fixes amount of items used
-Also creates Price Control
-Govt. sets prices for food and goods
-Change still seen today is Daylight Savings Time
Loyalty At Home
-U.S. needed the people at home to support war
-Created Committee on Public Information
-Used propaganda & censorship to keep people pro- war
-Also used propaganda to promote Nativism
-Hatred of Foreigners
-Next passed Sedition Act
-Made speaking out against govt. illegal during times of war
-Many jailed for breaking act
-Most famous was Eugene V. Debs
-Others were beaten by Vigilantes
-People who take law into their own hands instead of
using courts
Changes At Home
-Industry needed new workers to replace those at war
-Started hiring minorities
-Caused huge migration North [Great Migration]
-Women also hired [400,000 in workplace]
-1917, Congress proposes 18th Amendment
-Sale, use, manufacture of alcohol illegal