Cells & Cell Organelles
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(2) Types of cells. bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles. Eukaryotes - organelles. animal cells Regents Biology. plant cells.
(3) Cell size comparison most bacteria. Animal cell Bacterial cell. 1-10 microns. eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns. Regents Biology. micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns.
(4) Why study cells? Cells → Tissues → Organs → Bodies bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life! . Regents Biology.
(5) The Work of Life What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… . “breathe” gas exchange: CO2 vs. O2. . eat take in & digest food. . make energy ATP. . ATP. build molecules proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids. . remove wastes control internal conditions respond to external environment build more cells. growth, Regents Biology. repair, reproduction & development.
(6) Organelles Organelles do the work of cells . each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive. Regents Biology. Model Animal Cell.
(7) Cells need power! Making energy . to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… . ATP. . take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) make ATP remove waste. organelles that do this work… . Regents Biology. cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles mitochondria.
(8) Cell membrane Function separates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell. phosphate “head”. . O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste . recognizes signals from other cells allows communication between cells. Structure . double layer of fat phospholipid bilayer. . receptor molecules proteins. Regents Biology. lipid “tail”.
(9) cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place. cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals.
(10) Vacuoles & vesicles Function moving material around cell storage . small food particle. Structure . membrane sac. vacuole. Regents Biology. digesting food inside cell.
(11) Food & water storage food vacuoles. plant cells central vacuole. animal cells. Regents Biology. contractile vacuole.
(12) cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage. cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals.
(13) Function. Lysosomes. . digest food clean up & recycle digest broken. organelles. Structure . lysosomes small food particle. digesting broken organelles vacuole digesting food. Regents Biology. membrane sac of digestive enzymes.
(14) cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage. cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals. lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling.
(15) Mitochondria Function . make ATP energy from cellular respiration sugar + O2 → ATP fuels the work of life. Structure . double membrane. in both animal & plant cells Regents Biology. ATP.
(16) cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage. mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals. lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling.
(17) Plants make energy two ways! Mitochondria . ATP. make energy from sugar + O2 cellular respiration sugar + O2 → ATP. Chloroplasts . make energy + sugar from sunlight photosynthesis sunlight + CO2. → ATP & sugar. ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy . Regents Biology. build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars. sugar. ATP.
(18) Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells. mitochondria Regents Biology. chloroplast.
(19) cytoplasm central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support. mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes Regents Biologysignals. chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up.
(20) Cells need workers (proteins)! Making proteins . to run daily life & growth, the cell must… read genes (DNA) build proteins structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors. . organelles that do this work… . Regents Biology. nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus.
(21) Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work!. structure enzymes signals receptors. DNA Regents Biology. proteins. cells.
(22) Nucleus Function control center of cell protects DNA . instructions for building proteins. Structure nuclear membrane nucleolus . ribosome factory . chromosomes DNA. Regents Biology.
(23) cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage. lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling. nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA. mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals.
(24) Ribosomes Function . protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA. Structure . 2 subunits some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER large subunit. Regents Biology. small subunit.
(25) cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage. mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals. lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling. nucleus protects DNA controls cell. ribosomes builds proteins.
(26) Endoplasmic Reticulum Function . part of protein factory helps complete the proteins. . makes membranes. Structure . rough ER ribosomes attached works on proteins. . smooth ER makes membranes. Regents Biology.
(27) cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage. lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling. ribosomes builds proteins. mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals. nucleus protects DNA controls cell. ER helps finish proteins makes membranes.
(28) Golgi Apparatus Function . finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department. . ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks”. Structure . vesicles carrying proteins. membrane sacs. Regents Biology. transport vesicles.
(29) cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage. lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling. ribosomes builds proteins. mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals. nucleus protects DNA controls cell. ER helps finish proteins makes membranes. Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins.
(30) endoplasmic reticulum. nucleus. protein on its way!. DNA RNA. vesicle. TO:. TO:. TO:. vesicle. ribosomes TO:. finished protein. protein. Making Proteins Regents Biology. Golgi apparatus.
(31) nucleus control cell protects DNA. endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes ribosomes make proteins. cytoplasm. central vacuole storage: food, water or waste. Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins. cell wall support. mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes Regents Biologysignals. chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up.
(32) Cells need to make more cells! Making more cells . to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells. . organelles that do this work… nucleus centrioles. Regents Biology.
(33) Centrioles Function . help coordinate cell division. Structure one pair in each cell “motor” proteins . Regents Biology.
(34) cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage. lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling. nucleus protects DNA controls cell. centrioles cell division ribosomes builds proteins. mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out Regents Biology recognizes signals. ER helps finish proteins makes membranes. Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins.
(35) Cell Summary Cells have 3 main jobs . make energy need food + O2 cellular respiration & photosynthesis Our need to remove wastes. . make proteins. organelles do all those jobs!. need instructions from DNA need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein . make more cells need to copy DNA & divide it up. Regents Biology.
(36) That’s my cellular story… Any Questions? H Biology.
(37) EXTRA SLIDES. H Biology.
(38) Nucleus. Regents Biology.
(39) nucleus nuclear pore. Making proteins cell membrane. protein secreted. rough ER. ribosome. vesicle. proteins. smooth ER Regents Biology. transport vesicle. cytoplasm. Golgi apparatus.
(40) Lysosomes. Regents Biology. white blood cells attack & eat invading germs = digest them in lysosomes.
(41) When things go bad…. Diseases of lysosomes are fatal digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up food, but can’t digest it . lysosomes fill up with undigested material . grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function example: Tay-Sachs disease build up undigested fat in brain cells. Regents Biology.
(42) But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed . some cells have to die for proper development in an organism ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns into a frog ex: getting rid of webbing between your fingers during fetal development. . “auto-destruct” process lysosomes break open and kill cell cell “suicide”. Regents Biology.
(43) Fetal development. syndactyly. 6 weeks. 15 weeks. Regents Biology.
(44) Chloroplasts sun energy →→ ATP & sugars photosynthesis. ATP. carbon + water + energy → glucose + oxygen dioxide 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy. Regents Biology.
(45) Compare the equations Photosynthesis carbon + water + energy → glucose + oxygen dioxide 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy Respiration glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + energy dioxide C6H12O6 + Regents Biology. 6O2. → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
(46) The Great ENERGY Circle of Life sun. Photosynthesis plants. CO2. + H2 O. O2 + Respiration animals & plants. ATP Regents Biology. glucose sugar.
(47) Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum rough ER ribosomes attached works on proteins . smooth ER . makes membranes. Regents Biology.
(48) Growth & Reproduction We’ll learn about this in a later unit!. Regents Biology.
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