Teacher s Guide. Mitosis. Grades 5-9 MTTV

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Teacher’s Guide

Mitosis

Grades 5-9

MTTV

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C R E D I T S

P r o g r a m P r o d u c t i o n

S u n b u r s t Vi s u a l M e d i a

Te a c h e r ’s G u i d e

Te r r y G a t e s P r i n t M a t e r i a l D e s i g n

C e c i l e F o s h e e

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Table of

Guide Information ...05

Fast Facts...07

Before Viewing Activities ...10

During Viewing Activities ...14

After Viewing Activities ...16

After Viewing Quizzes ...20

Additional Resources ...25

Answer Keys ...27

Script...37

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About This Guide

Providing students with visual media is an excellent way to take them out of the

classroom and into the real world. Our programs offer real-world footage, dynamic graphics, engaging dramatizations, and first-person testimonials that keep students interested and help them visualize difficult concepts. More importantly, they reinforce critical learning objectives shaped by state and national educational standards. However, the learning doesn’t begin and end when the program does. You can make the learning experience even more effective by using the materials provided in this Teacher’s Guide.

Guide Information

This guide is divided into the following sections:

• Fast Factsare designed to give your students a quick overview of the information presented within the video.

• Before Viewing Activitieshelp identify what students already know about the subject, what they are curious about, and what they hope to learn.

• During Viewing Activitiesmay be used during viewing to enhance students’ understanding of the video.

• After Viewing Activities help students summarize and draw conclusions from the information that was presented.

• After Viewing Quizzes test students’ retention of the information presented in the program and activity sheets.

• Additional Resources are designed to help you extend the information presented in the program into other areas of your curriculum.

• Answer Keys are provided for relevant activities or reproducible pages.

• Script content is provided in an unabridged version for future reference.

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Join Professor Science as he presents the basic concepts about mitosis. He explains what mitosis is, names and describes the main parts of the cell that are involved in mitosis as well as exploring the steps of its process. The program is divided into two sections and at the conclusion of each one, interesting characters assess your students’ understanding of the concepts through multiple-choice and true/false questions. Answers are provided at the conclusion so students can self check their work.

Program Overview

Information^Guide

• Define mitosis

• List the stages of the mitosis process

• Describe what occurs in each stage of the process

• Explain why mitosis is important in the creation of new cells

• Define key vocabulary related to mitosis

• Respond to multiple choice and true/false questions

Upon watching the Mitosis Video Quiz DVD/Video, participating in the discussions, and completing the activities given in the program guide, students will be able to:

Viewing Objectives

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Fast Facts

Mitosis Fast Facts

1. Every living thing is made of cells.

• All living things go through mitosis in order to grow.

2. When organisms grow up, the cells don’t get larger, they multiply in number.

• Living things need to create new cells as bones, muscles, and skin grows.

• Cells don’t last forever so our bodies are always replacing old or damaged cells with new ones.

• Tissue cells are called somatic; they are the basic unit that makes up our body tissues and organs such as hair, skin, or lung cells.

• These somatic cells are for growth; they are not for reproduction.

3. Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells.

• During mitosis, each cell divides to make two new cells.

• These two cells divide to make four new cells, and these four make eight new cells, etc.

4. Each cell has parts:

• The nucleus controls the cell functions.

• Organelles outside the nucleus perform specialized tasks.

• Cytoplasm holds the organelles in place.

• The cell membrane separates the cell from other cells and lets nutrients in and waste out.

5. Different cell types have different cycles.

• Not all cells reproduce and replace themselves, such as nerve cells.

• Some cells have a faster division rate than others.

6. A cell’s cycle begins with the longest stage called interphase.

• During this stage, the organelles produce energy and proteins to grow and build new cells.

• Organelles duplicate themselves during interphase.

• Genetic material in the nucleus is duplicated.

• The cell is now ready for mitosis.

7. Somatic cells are eukaryotic, that is, they have a distinct nucleus.

• The nucleus is like the brain or control center of the cell.

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8. Somatic cells have a certain number of chromosomes inside their nuclei, depending on what organism it is.

• Examples are: pea plants have 14, gorillas have 48, and goldfish have 94 chromosomes in each cell.

9. Somatic human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes or a total of 46.

• Humans have 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes in each cell.

• This is a diploid cell, which means it has the full number of chromosomes.

• Other cells are haploid cells, which means they have one-half of the chromosomes.

• Haploid cells are the result of cell division for reproduction only.

10. Chromosomes start out as a tangled ball of long thin strands called chromatin.

• During interphase the chromosomes extend and replicate.

• The duplicated chromosomes join together at a central point called a centromere.

• At this stage, the joined chromosomes are called chromatids.

11. The original cell is called the parent cell and new cells are called daughter cells.

• The pairs of chromosomes from the original cell are called sister

chromosomes and the duplicate ones are called daughter chromosomes.

12. There are four stages to mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

13. Prophase

• The chromosomes condense.

• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.

• Spindle fibers form and centrioles migrate apart.

• Chromatids attach to spindle fibers.

14. Metaphase

• Chromatids align at center or equator of the cell.

• Chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers.

15. Anaphase

• Centromere of each chromatid splits.

• One chromatid from each chromosome moves to centrioles at poles of cell.

Fast Facts

Mitosis Fast Facts

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16. Telophase

• Spindle fibers break down.

• Chromosomes elongate and become tangled in a ball of chromatin again.

• Nucleolus reappears.

• Nuclear envelope forms around separate set of chromosomes.

17. The rest of the cell divides.

• Cytokinesis occurs, that is, the cytoplasm divides as the cell membrane pinches inward and cuts the cell in half.

• Now there are two new daughter cells, separated and independent of each other and each with its own nucleus and organelles.

• The formation of these two new daughter cells now has the correct number of chromosomes.

18. Mitosis starts over again.

19. Cells separate differently in plants and animals.

• Wall of plant cells is more rigid than animal cell membrane.

• A cell plate develops until two cells are separated.

Fast Facts

Mitosis Fast Facts

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Name Before Viewing Activity 1

What We Know

Prior to watching Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD, provide students with an opportunity to share what they know about mitosis using this KWL chart.

ANIMAL VS PLANT CELLS PURPOSE OF MITOSIS

K

W

L

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Before Viewing Discussion

Teacher Note: Prior to asking your students to complete “Think-Pair-Share” on page 13, ask the following questions to help them focus on the topic. Space has been provided below for notes, additional questions, or their reflections of this activity.

1. Why is mitosis important to all living things?

2. How do animal and plant cells behave differently during mitosis?

3. What are the four stages of mitosis?

4. How do traits of a mother and father get passed on to their offspring?

5. What connection does the cell cycle called interphase have to do with mitosis?

NOTES:

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Vocabulary

Teacher Note: Prior to watching the program, be sure to provide your students an opportunity to become familiar with the following vocabulary words and their meanings.

1. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; the unique genetic code for every living thing

2. INTERPHASE –a stage of mitosis during which exact copies of chromosomes are made

3. CENTROMERE – a single point where two chromatids are held together

4. CHROMOSOMES – strands of genetic codes made up of DNA molecules

5. SOMATIC – any cell that is not a reproductive cell 6. HAPLOID –in humans, a type of cell that contains a

total of 23 chromosomes, half of what a diploid cell has 7. CHROMATIDS – two identical chromosomes that split and

contain the same genetic material

8. MITOSIS – division of somatic cells to create new cells

9. DIPLOID – a type of cell that contains 23 pairs or a total of 46 chromosomes 10. EUKARYOTIC – cells that have a clear, distinct nucleus

11. CENTRIOLES –two small parts in animal cells that direct the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

12. POLES – opposite ends of a cell

13. CYTOKINESIS – when a cell’s cytoplasm divides and cuts the cell in half and the result is two cells in place of one

14. ANAPHASE – third stage of mitosis; spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite poles

15. DUPLICATE – to make an exact copy of

16. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE – envelope around nucleus of a cell

17. PROPHASE –first stage of mitosis; chromosomes become visible and centrioles move towards poles

18. ALIGN – to line up

19. METAPHASE – second stage of mitosis; nuclear membrane dissolves and chromatids align in center of cell

20. TELOPHASE –fourth stage of mitosis; chromosomes at opposite poles, spindle fibers break down, and a nuclear envelope forms around both sets of

chromosomes

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Think-Pair-Share

Teacher Note: Two heads are better than one and this activity will jump-start your students’ journey into the world of mitosis! The following process will help your class generate questions they have about cell division.

SUPPLIES:

• index cards

• pens/pencils

• large sheet of paper/

overhead/white board

Step 1: THINK –Provide several minutes of quiet time for students to think about the process of mitosis and the questions they may have.

Step 2: PAIR –Assign each student a partner. Hand each pair 5 note cards. Direct the partners to discuss questions they have and to write down five of the most interesting ones.

Step 3: SHARE –Ask each group to stack their cards with their “best” question on top. Go around the room and ask each group to share their top question. Write the question where all can see.

After collecting the best question from each group, continue with more questions. Review them prior to watching Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD. Use these as the focus for watching the program.

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Name During Viewing Activity 1

Sequencing Wheel Graphic

Organizer

Complete the graphic organizer as you watch Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD.

The

Mitosis

Process

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Name During Viewing Activity 2

Stages Web

What is mitosis? What are the stages? What happens during each stage? Complete this graphic organizer while viewing the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD.

Definition of mitosis: Purpose of mitosis:

The stages: What occurs:

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Name After Viewing Activity 1

The “What” Web Organizer

After watching the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD, fill in the information missing from the following “what” questions below.

• What is mitosis?

• What is the purpose of this process?

• What happens before cell division can take place?

• What are the stages of mitosis?

• What do chromosomes have to do with mitosis?

• What is the reason this process is so important to all life?

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Extra! Extra! Read All About It!

Go back in time to the moment scientists

discovered the process of mitosis! Imagine what the front page of a major newspaper would look like. Create a headline, lead article, and

illustration that shares key information. Use at least five vocabulary words in your article.

_____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________

Headline

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Stages of Mitosis

Name each stage of mitosis and write a brief description in the box of what takes place during that stage. Make a sketch of each stage in each of the circles.

The Stages of Mitosis Stage:

Description:

Stage:

Description:

Stage:

Description:

Stage:

Description:

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Cell Division

Match the different steps of cell division with the correct label.

Draw the steps in the proper order. Label each. The last step has been completed for you.

Then, write a summary statement about this process.

cell division

parent cell

cell growth

daughter cells

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Name After Viewing Quiz 1

Mitosis Quiz

Mark the correct answer.

1. Mitosis:

a. Takes place only in brain tissue

b. Is how cells reproduce and tissues grow c. Divides only the cell nucleus

d. Creates cells that are different from each other

2. Human haploid cells have:

a. 23 pairs of chromosomes b. 46 chromosomes

c. 23 chromosomes d. A and B

3. TRUE OR FALSE: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells.

4. Humans have _____chromosomes in their somatic cells.

a. 47 b. 46 c. 23 d. 48

5. A eukaryotic cell has:

a. No nucleus b. A distinct nucleus c. An indistinct nucleus d. Two nuclei

6. Chromosomes are made of:

a. Sugar and spice b. DNA molecules c. DNA and cytoplasm d. The liquid from the cell

7. Chromatids are joined together at a point called the ___________.

a. Center point b. Middle c. Nucleus

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Mitosis Quiz (cont.)

8. Diploid cells have:

9. The genetic information for an organism is found:

a. In the cell nucleus b. In the cytoplasm c. In the cell membrane d. All of the above

10. The cytoplasm:

a. Is a thick liquid

b. Is another name for the nucleus c. Holds many of the cell’s organelles d. A and C

11. During prophase, the centrioles:

a. Join together

b. Move to center of cell and form 2 separate poles

c. Move to opposite ends of cell and form 2 separate poles d. None of the above

12. The four stages of mitosis in their correct order are:

a. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase b. Prophase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase c. Anaphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase d. Telophase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase

13. TRUE OR FALSE: In plants and animals, the cell membrane pinches the divided cell mass into two cells.

14. The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers during which stage:

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Mitosis Quiz (cont.)

15. During interphase:

a. The cell grows

b. Chromosomes start to duplicate c. The cell prepares for mitosis d. All of the above

16. During metaphase:

a. The chromosomes duplicate

b. The spindle fibers attach to the centromere c. The cell membrane closes around the new cells d. The chromatids split at the centromere

17. TRUE OR FALSE: During metaphase, the nuclear membrane finishes breaking down.

18. In which stage do the nuclear envelopes form around the separate sets of chromosomes:

a. Anaphase b. Interphase c. Telophase d. Prophase

19. After mitotic cell division, or mitosis, the daughter cells contain:

a. Half of the chromosomes of the parent cell

b. The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell c. A random number of chromosomes

d. An unknown number of chromosomes

20. What structure inside the cell helps pull the chromatids apart:

a. Centromere b. Spindle Fibers c. Nucleus d. Membrane

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Vocabulary Quiz A

Choose the vocabulary word to make each statement correct.

Name After Viewing

Quiz 2

A. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid; the unique genetic code for every living thing

B. INTERPHASE a stage of mitosis during which exact copies of chromosomes are made

C. CENTROMERE a single point where two chromatids are held together D. CHROMOSOMES strands of genetic codes made up of DNA molecules E. SOMATIC any cell that is not a reproductive cell

F. HAPLOID a type of cell that contains a total of 23 chromosomes, half of what a diploid cell has

G. CHROMATIDS two identical chromosomes that split and contain the same genetic material

H. MITOSIS division of somatic cells to create new cells I. DIPLOID a type of cell that contains 23 pairs or

a total of 46 chromosomes J. EUKARYOTIC has a clear, distinct nucleus

1. When an organism grows or repairs damaged tissue, new cells are created through a process called_____.

2. Your body has two types of cells: reproductive cells and _____cells that make up all the other body cells.

3. These cells have a distinct control center, or nucleus, which means they are _____.

4. Each nucleus contains the genetic code or _____for that organism.

5. Each human has 46 special genetic codes or _____that determine what characteristics we get from our parents.

6. A cell’s cycle begins with_____, a stage where the genetic information in chromosomes is copied.

7. Almost all of the cells in humans are _____which means having 46 chromosomes.

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Vocabulary Quiz B

Choose the vocabulary word to make each statement correct.

A. CENTRIOLES two small parts in animal cells that direct the movement of chromosomes during mitosis B. POLES opposite ends of a cell

C. CYTOKINESIS when a cell’s cytoplasm divides and cuts the cell in half

D. ANAPHASE third stage of mitosis; chromatids separate into

chromosomes and spindle fibers pull them to opposite poles E. DUPLICATE to make an exact copy of

F. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE envelope around nucleus of a cell

G. PROPHASE first stage of mitosis; chromosomes become visible and centrioles move towards poles

H. ALIGN to line up

I. METAPHASE second stage of mitosis; nuclear membrane dissolves and chromatids align in center

J. TELOPHASE fourth stage of mitosis; chromosomes at opposite poles, spindle fibers break down, and a nuclear envelope forms around both sets of chromosomes

1. The phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane dissolves is the_____.

2. The envelope that surrounds the cell’s nucleus is the_____.

3. Another word to describe opposite ends of a cell is_____.

4. It is the function of the _____to assist the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.

5. During _____, the centrioles move towards opposite ends of the cell.

6. During _____, a cell is cut in half when the cytoplasm divides.

7. Before mitosis, each pair of chromosomes makes an exact copy or a_____.

8. It is during _____that new nuclear envelopes form around both sets of chromosomes.

9. During metaphase, the chromatids _____ at the center of the spindle.

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Alberts, Bruce, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter. Molecular Biology of the Cell.

This book is a classic in-depth text reference in cell biology. The authors talk about the story of cell biology and help the non-expert reader create a framework to grasp the subject. The authors also explore the implications and possibilities that await us in the future. Written clearly and concisely, this beautifully illustrated book is a joy to read.

Bowen, I. D., M. Bowen, and A. Jones. Mitosis and Apoptosis: Matters of Life and Death.

This intriguing book takes a close look at the delicate balance between the birth and death of cells as well as the molecular processes involved in cellular cycles. Illustrated with line drawings and cartoons, this book is a treasure of information for young biologists.

Klug, William and Michael Cummings. Concepts of Genetics.

A clear writing style plus an emphasis on basic concepts makes this book very attractive to those interested in the world of genetics. Includes recent research and findings.

Reider, Conly. Methods in Cell Biology, Volume 61: Mitosis and Meiosis.

Mitosis and meiosis, those great processes for nuclear division in cells is the topic of this volume. It is a practical handbook that wraps itself around the modern technologies that are used to study these two processes. The author places an emphasis on the

composition and function of centrosomes, spindle pole bodies, and kinetochore structure.

Steingraber, Sandra. Living Downstream: A Scientist’s Personal Investigation of Cancer and the Environment.

Application of scientific information to the real world, this book draws parallels from Rachel Carson’s work. It’s time to ask the big questions of the relationship between cancer and the environment. An important contribution to the future of cell biology.

Thomas, Lewis. The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher.

This incredible collection of essays covers various biology subjects. Although the

vocabulary can be challenging, the string of essays lead the reader through a stream of extremely interesting readings.

Additional Resources

http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

Animal cell animation that demonstrates the stages of mitosis. Control buttons aid in running the animation. Click on intermediate stages for a representative still frame.

http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/mitosis.html

Graphics gallery that includes vocabulary.

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html

Interesting tutorial site for studying cells, mitosis, meiosis, the cell cycle, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, & viruses. In English and Spanish.

http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/salmon/lab/mitosis/mitosis.html

Includes Mitosis World, Lab, Movies, Links, and Journals buttons.

http://biology.nebrwesleyan.edu/benham/mitosis/

Colorful photographs of the stages of mitosis.

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/mitosis.htm

Great outline format detailing the stages.

http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/mitosis/mitosis.html

Photo gallery.

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Mitosis.html

Stages of mitosis with electron microscope images.

http://www.nature.com/ncb/celldivision/

Nature journal website.

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Brilliant color photographs of stages of mitosis.

http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/cell_division.html

Interactive questions and answers about the process of mitosis.

http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/navigator.html

Features mitosis animations.

Additional Resources

Internet Sites

Below is a list of sites that you may use to find more information about mitosis. Due to routine web maintenance, not all of the links will be accurate at the time of access.

If the link is not available, try to conduct a search on that topic from the main site or from a search engine.

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Answer Key - During Viewing Activity Sheet 1

Sequencing Wheel Graphic

Organizer

Complete the graphic organizer as you watch Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD.

Chromosomes replicate

as the cell prepares for the next

four stages of mitosis

Nuclear

membrane

reappears; spindles

disappear; two

daughter cells form

as cytoplasm

divides;

cytokinesis

occurs

Chromosomes

become visible

and attach to

spindle fibers;

nuclear membrane

disappears

Chromosomes

are pulled by

spindle fibers

and line up in

One chromatid from each

chromosome moves to

poles of cell; there are

now twice as many

The

Mitosis

Process

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Answer Key - During Viewing Activity Sheet 2

Stages Web

What is mitosis? What are the stages? What happens during each stage? Complete this graphic organizer while viewing the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD.

Definition of mitosis:

Mitosis is cell

division of

somatic cells

Purpose of mitosis:

The purpose of mitosis is to

create new cells for growth

or tissue repair

The stages: What occurs:

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Chromosomes become visible

and attach to spindle fibers;

nuclear membrane disappears

Chromosomes are pulled by

spindle fibers and line up in

center of cell

One chromatid from each

chromosome moves to poles of

cell; there are now twice as

many chromosomes in the

cell as in parent cell

Nuclear membrane reappears;

spindles disappears; two

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Answer Key - After Viewing Activity Sheet 1

The “What” Web Organizer

After watching the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD, fill in the information missing from the following “what” questions below.

• What is mitosis?

• What is the purpose of this process?

• What happens before cell division can take place?

• What are the stages of mitosis?

• What do chromosomes have to do with mitosis?

Mitosis is cell division of somatic cells.

The purpose of mitosis is to create new cells for

growth or tissue repair.

Interphase is the first stage before cell division can

begin. This is when the chromosomes replicate as the

cell prepares for the next four stages of mitosis.

After interphase the four stages of mitosis are

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

The chromosomes are the genetic codes for each

organism and it is through the stages of mitosis

that the chromosomes are replicated.

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Stages of Mitosis

Name each stage of mitosis and write a brief description in the box of what takes place during that stage. Make a sketch of each stage in each of the circles.

The Stages of Mitosis Stage:

Prophase

Description:

Chromosomes become visible

and attach to spindle fibers;

nuclear

membrane disappears

Stage:

Anaphase

Description:

One chromatid from each

chromosome moves to the

poles of the cell; there are now

Stage:

Metaphase

Description:

Chromosomes

are pulled by

spindle fibers

and line up in

center of cell

Stage:

Telophase

Description:

Nuclear membrane

reappears; spindles

disappear; two daughter

cells

form as cytoplasm

divides; cytokinesis

occurs

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Cell Division

Match the different steps of cell division with the correct label.

Draw the steps in the proper order. Label each. The last step has been completed for you.

Then, write a summary statement about this process.

cell division

parent cell

cell growth

daughter cells

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Answer Key - After Viewing Quiz 1

Mark the correct answer.

1. Mitosis:

2. Human haploid cells have:

3. True or False: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells.

4. Humans have _____chromosomes in their somatic cells.

a. 47 b. 46 c. 23 d. 48

5. A eukaryotic cell has:

6. Chromosomes are made of:

a. Sugar and spice b. DNA molecules c. DNA and cytoplasm d. The liquid from the cell

7. Chromatids are joined together at a point called the ___________.

a. Center point b. Middle c. Nucleus d. Centromere

Mitosis Quiz

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8. Diploid cells have:

9. The genetic information for an organism is found:

10. The cytoplasm:

11. During Prophase, the centrioles:

12. The four stages of mitosis in their correct order are:

13. True or False: In plants and animals, the cell membrane pinches the divided cell mass into two cells.

14. The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers during which stage:

a. Anaphase

Mitosis Quiz (cont.)

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16. During metaphase:

17. True or False: During metaphase, the nuclear membrane finishes breaking down.

18. In which stage do the nuclear envelopes form around the separate sets of chromosomes:

19. After mitotic cell division, or mitosis, the daughter cells contain:

a. Half of the chromosomes of the parent cell

b. The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell c. A random number of chromosomes

d. An unknown number of chromosomes

20. What structure inside the cell helps pull the chromatids apart:

Mitosis Quiz (cont.)

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