European Changes, Late 1800s
I. Economic Changes: Products and Markets
A. Products
– Steel and chemicals – Electricity
– Internal combustion engine
B. Markets
– Growing middle-class
• Real wages inc. by 2/3 Britain, 1/3 Germany
• Weekends and vacations
• Mass marketing, department stores
The Impacts The Impacts
of “Gas”
of “Gas”
II. Social Issues: Challenges
A. Darwin leads to vision of The Gladiator Contest: “Survival of the Fittest” applies to people, so rich people more fit than poor people
B. Spencer: Societies evolve through competition
C. Chamberlain and “volkish ideology”:
Aryans the original creative Westerners,
must fight against “lower races”
III. Nationalism Triumphant…
• Crimean War ends the Concert
• Italy unifies under Cavour
– Austria vs. France
– Use of socialist Garibaldi for Italian nationalism
• Prussia under Bismarck unifies Germany
– “Iron and blood”
– Realpolitik: engineered wars to prevent alliances against Prussia
IV. Social Changes: Living Conditions
A. Germ theory and Boards of Health
B. Water and sewage systems
C. Restructured cities
with urban planning
and technologies
V. Changes: Women and Peasants
A. Women in Western Europe 1. “Separate spheres”
2. White-collar jobs
3. Suffragette movements B. Russian changes
1. Rapid industrialization
2. Emancipation but tied to the
mir village
VI. Working Class Voting Makes Everyone Change
• Conservatism gives benefits and pushes nationalism.
• Liberalism gives up laissez- faire and gives benefits, tries to minimize government.
• Socialism chooses elections rather than violence
– German SPD, 1912 success
Ottomans: 1700s Ottomans: 1700s
“ “ Capitulations” Capitulations”
Ibn Saud and Ibn Saud and
Muhammad ibn Abd Muhammad ibn Abd
al-Wahhab:
al-Wahhab:
fundamentalist Islam fundamentalist Islam
Selim III attempts Selim III attempts reforms, but
reforms, but
Janissaries force him Janissaries force him
to abandon these
to abandon these
Problems in early 1800s Problems in early 1800s
Muhammad Ali moves against the Muhammad Ali moves against the Mamluks
Mamluks
Moves against ibn Saud in ArabiaMoves against ibn Saud in Arabia
Uses French method of the draftUses French method of the draft
Schools for European studies and Schools for European studies and newspapers
newspapers
FactoriesFactories
Lands confiscated from Muslim Lands confiscated from Muslim institutions for cotton
institutions for cotton
Europe “saves” Istanbul from EgyptEurope “saves” Istanbul from Egypt
Ottoman Reform Ottoman Reform
Attempts Attempts
Opponents: Janissaries, ulama Opponents: Janissaries, ulama
Mahmud Mahmud
Survives Egyptian attackSurvives Egyptian attack
Tanzimat (reorganization)Tanzimat (reorganization)
Suppression of Janissaries by new artillerySuppression of Janissaries by new artillery
Legal reforms, increasing limitations on Legal reforms, increasing limitations on Shari’a
Shari’a
Draft equality and uniform change (the fez)Draft equality and uniform change (the fez)
Tax collectionTax collection
Education in European style, French Education in European style, French language
language
Ottoman Decline Ottoman Decline
Crimean War against Russia Crimean War against Russia
DebtsDebts
ExtraterritorialityExtraterritoriality
Egypt: Isma’il uses cotton Egypt: Isma’il uses cotton profits for Suez Canal
profits for Suez Canal
Debt and British dominationDebt and British domination
Mahdi Revolt against Egypt Mahdi Revolt against Egypt and Britain
and Britain
Structured Academic Structured Academic
Controversies Controversies
Process on p. 8 Process on p. 8
Chart on p. 9 (India) Chart on p. 9 (India)
Chart on p. 18 (China) Chart on p. 18 (China)
Prep for 15, Discuss in small group Prep for 15, Discuss in small group
for 15, Whole-class discussion for 15
for 15, Whole-class discussion for 15
Imperialism &
India
Britain Takes India
British East India Company took over religion- torn India during the Seven Years War (1756- 63)
Sepoys, a group of Indian troops, heard that the British were now greasing cartridges with the fat of cows and pigs
The Sepoy Mutiny arose in 1857
British parliament transferred the leadership of India back to British Government
Britain Takes India (Cont)
They began exporting India’s cash crops (cotton to England and opium to China)
India came to have the densest railroad
network outside of Europe and North America
Creation of the Indian Civil Service
Nationalist movements: Indian National Congress and the Muslim League
• Beginnings of
Imperialism in China
– Chinese attitudes
• Isolationism: Canton system
– The Opium Wars of 1839- 42
• The trade
• Reasons for increase
• Results of the wars
– The trade
– Extraterritoriality – Hong Kong
• Spheres of Influence
– Geographic realities
• Massive territory with enormous population
• Widespread starvation
• Difficulty in
dominating all of it
– Countries that became involved
• Europe: English, French, Russians, Germans
• U.S. (“Open Door”)
• Eventually, Japan
• Resistance and Transformation
– Taiping Rebellion
– Empress Cixi blocks reforms – 1900 Boxer Rebellion
– 1908 promise of constitutional monarchy
“Nipponesia”
• Turn to page 8 of your unit packet.
• Your group should read the scenario and pick a letter. Write down the letter chosen and tell Mr. Treppa what it was.
• He will give you a slip of paper. Your
group should read the paper, write down your new choice, and trade your slip for another slip of paper.
• Continue this until you have finished.
• The Beginnings of Imperialism in Japan
– Isolationism (perception of divided loyalties if Christianity)
– The Arrival of the American “black ships” (1853)
– Fuel station – Markets – Sailors
– Missionaries
– The Treaty of Kanegawa
– Opening Japan – Extraterritoriality
• The Meiji Restoration (1868)
– The Samurai
overthrow of the
Tokugawa shoguns – Methods of
improvement
– Gov’t. support of business
– Using the expertise of the West
• Japanese Imperialism
– Motives
– Fear of the West
– Acquiring raw materials
– Specific Actions
– Sino-Japanese war over Korea (1894)
– Russo-Japanese war over Korea and Manchuria (1904)
Calls for Action!
Exposed the atrocities in the Congo:
• George Washington Williams
• Roger Casement
• E.D. Morel
• Joseph Conrad, author of Heart of Darkness
• Humanitarianism
• Leopold’s response: persuade, discredit, bribe, threaten
George Washington
Williams Roger Casement E.D. Morel Joseph Conrad
European and African choices in the Age of Imperialism
British gain Dutch S.Africa at Congress of Vienna
Dutch Boers fighting native
Xhosa, while northward, Shaka unifies the Zulu
Intense discipline in the military
Iklwa and buffalo horns
Zulu Empire and opposition
1856: Xhosa cattle- killing movement
Xhosa cattle dying
Nongqawuse and ancestor prophecy
Chief Sarhili orders killing (British Grey may also
have been involved)
Widespread starvation
1880s: Boer Wars
Guerrilla warfare and concentration
French and the “civilizing”
mission of pride
Algeria in 1830
French West Africa: assimilation for citizenship
French language
Christianity
Italy and attempts to restore national pride
1861 and moves in North Africa
Loss to Menelik II at Battle of Adawa
Small territories
1904 Herero Wars in SW
Vernichtunsbefehl
Namib Desert
1905-1907 Maji Maji Rebellion in SE
Cotton indentures
“Bokero” spirit medium…
bullets into water
Guerrilla war and famine
“Beto Febolé Yiwo”
(Rubber is Death)
Whipping with the chicotte
“Leopold’s Ghost”: Be Prepared to Explain these
Cartoons
June 9, 1904: Moment of Decision
• What, if anything, should Great Britain do about the human tragedy in the
Belgian Congo?
– Skim option information
– Write down which option you favor and why…