1. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Qin Centralization (Definition, Effects)

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Advanced Placement World History

Unit 4: Age of Empires

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1. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Qin Centralization (Definition, Effects)

a. The “Dragon Emperor” Qin Shi Huangdi unified China through Legalist force. When he died, the Han Dynasty that emerged retained unifying measures such as maintaining the Great Wall, having a common coinage, requiring a standardized system of weights and measures, and keeping a single system of writing.

b. Han Lecture, POI (4.4), Bulliet Ch. 5

2. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Rome technology (Causes, Effects)

a) The Hellenistic Roman culture used many technologies developed earlier, like the “simple machines” (pulley, screw, lever and so on) but used them systematically and well. When Romans invented concrete, their abilities to create great public works increased as well. Arches were used for homes, colosseums, forums, aqueducts and many other applications.

b) Lecture, Roman City, POI (6.5) , Bulliet Ch. 5

3. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Roman government, Republic (Definition)

a) The Roman government was a republic, in which the Senate representatives of the wealthy aristocratic families passed laws. Consuls were the executive branch of the Roman Republic. The two served for only a year, but had imperium (control of military force) and could veto laws of the Senate.. The lower-class plebeians eventually gained representation as well, electing the tribunes and the plebeian council.

b) Lecture, POI (6.1), Bulliet Ch. 5

4. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Roman government, Republic (Effects)

a) Rome developed a system in which the head of the military (consuls) would follow the advice of the aristocratic representative council known as the Senate. During the wars of the Italian Peninsula, the commoners of Rome (plebeians) gained legal rights in the Twelve Tables such as the right to a jury trial and the need to be proven guilty by the state. They also gained the

tribunes, “voices of the people”, who could veto laws passed by the Senate. b) Lecture, POI (6.1) , Bulliet Ch. 5

5. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Roman government, Republic and social tensions (Effects)

a) The “struggle of the orders” was a chronic issue for the Roman Republic. In the beginning, the aristocratic landowning patricians utterly controlled all aspects of commoner plebeian life. As Rome became more involved in warfare, the aristocrats needed the support of the plebeians, who were able to gain many rights. When Rome won the Punic Wars, however, patricians gained most of the benefits, plebeian status declined, and the resulting unrest ultimately led to the collapse of the Republic.

b) Lecture, POI (6.2) , Bulliet Ch. 5

6. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Roman government, legions (Definition)

a) The Roman Republic relied on its military force. The armies, called legions, were made up originally of citizen-soldiers, much like the Greek hoplites. Traditionally, the Senate would pay the legions, thereby ensuring the loyalty of the military, though this changed over time.

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7. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Roman government, legal (Effects)

a) The Roman legal system evolved over time but included some significant concepts. The Twelve Tables established the right to a jury trial of 12 peers and the requirement to be proven guilty by the state (“presumed innocent until proven guilty”). In addition, the Roman Law of Nations meant that the principles of Roman law would apply equally to all peoples in the empire and that people from conquered areas would be able to become Roman citizens.

8. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Buddhist concepts, Four Noble Truths (Definition)

a) Gautama’s teachings included the notion of the “Four Noble Truths”. In order, they include what the challenge of living is and how to be free of it. Life causes suffering. That suffering occurs because people have desires for permanence. To get rid of suffering, one must get rid of desires. The way to get rid of desires is to follow the Noble Eightfold Path, which is a gradual training to create a disciplined life of moderation and clearing away false ideas and selfish desires to make things different.

b) Lecture, Unit Packet, POI (3.2) , Bulliet Ch. 6 (pp. 170-175)

9. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Christianity, Arian/Nestorian controversy (Effects)

a) Jesus emphasized compassion and forgiveness for sins before his execution by the Romans. His followers claimed him to be a “messiah” (savior). The religion known as Christianity asserted that he was a savior sent by God, though opinions differed on whether he was God himself. The controversy that arose was whether Jesus was the same as God, whether Jesus was divine but less than and/or was created by God, whether Jesus was human, and whether Jesus was both divine and human in some way.

b) Lecture, Unit Packet, POI (6.3) , Bulliet Ch. 5

10. Correct Answer: a, Christianity, Paul (Effects)

a) Saul of Tarsus began as a Sanhedrin agent whose job was to find Christian churches and report them to the Sanhedrin council, which would then eliminate the churches and punish their attendees. Saul underwent a conversion experience and became the most effective Christian missionary of all time, arguing that Christianity was a faith open to all and not just Jewish people. His communications with several evangelists and several churches make up a large part of the Christian New Testament.

11. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Christianity (Effects)

a) As Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, the government became concerned about the faith. Christianity shared Judaism’s belief that there was only one God and that no other worship was acceptable, which meant that the Roman expectation that its citizens would go through the motions of paying taxes at the Temple of Jupiter would be challenged. Christianity also had a message that all were equal before God, which challenged the Roman social order. Primarily a tolerant government, Rome eventually saw its leaders use Christianity as a scapegoat for other problems and begin to persecute it.

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a) Christianity was appealing to many in the Roman Empire. Its evangelist missionaries spread the word that all people were equal before God, that all people could have eternal life in heaven if they accepted Jesus as their savior. Similar messages had been in other Hellenistic faiths, but Christian churches and communities were well-organized and offered great hope to the faithful, so the faith grew rapidly.

13. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Punic Wars, Rome and Carthage (Causes)

a) Three wars were fought between the Greek-settled Rome and the Phoenician-settled Carthage for the purpose of controlling the Mediterranean trade routes

b) Lecture, POI (6.1) , Bulliet Ch. 5 describes

14. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Punic Wars (Effects)

a. Rome was successful, obliterating Carthage, though the wealth of the conquest changed Roman society. Patricians became superrich with latifundia plantations, which led to plebeian resentment. Eventually, generals recruited their own private armies and used them to dominate politics. Rome went through several political crises until the Triumvirate alliances of generals brought Julius Caesar to power. Even when Julius was assassinated, his heir Octavian became the de facto emperor, though he never took the title.

b. Lecture, POI (6.2) , Bulliet Ch. 5 describes

15. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Pax Romana (Definition)

a) The “Roman Peace” refers to the period after Octavian’s rise to power. Rome generally was safe from outside attack and was heavily engaged in long-distance trade.

16. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Roman cities (Effects)

a) Like previous Mediterranean empires, the Romans usually built cities in order to facilitate trade routes and organize the empire. The Romans also perceived that the advantages of being in the Roman Empire would become obvious to the conquered peoples when they lived in Roman-style cities. Aqueducts, baths, temples, theaters, colosseums, protective walls and many other comforts came with the construction of Roman cities. This spread of the Latin language and Roman way of life was known, appropriately, as Romanization.

b) Lecture, Roman City, POI (6.5) , Bulliet Ch. 5

17. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Artistic cultural diffusion, Gandharan Art (Causes)

a) When Alexander of Macedon conquered territories, he usually built Greek cities in order to facilitate trade routes and organize the empire. These cities became centers of the cultural diffusion we know as Hellenism (“Greek-ism”). In Afghanistan, Alexander built Gandhara (“Alexander City”). Even after Alexander’s death, the Greco-Buddhist combination led to Gandharan Art, in which Greek artistic styles emphasizing the humanist qualities of realistic depiction of key historical figures were used to represent the life and times of the Buddha and the bodhisattva.

b) Lecture

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a) The Stupa is a mound-shape construction containing Buddhist relics that is used for meditation and eventually, for Buddhist study and practice. Stupas are supposed to represent the Buddha in a sitting posture of meditation. As Buddhism spread to Central Asia and East Asia, stupa-style construction spread as well.

b) Lecture

19. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Artistic cultural diffusion, Fayum portraits (Causes)

a) When Alexander of Macedon conquered Egypt, Greek elites came to Egypt but retained much of their Hellenistic lifestyle in Greek settlements. As Greek elites married local Egyptians, the two cultures blended. By Roman times, the Fayum region had these Greco-Egyptian elites using Egyptian mummification burials, but with Greek-style panel paintings placed on top of the coffins. These Fayum mummy portraits show Greek naturalist artistic techniques using light and shade with careful depiction of anatomy in order to create highly-individualized and realistic portraits.

b) Lecture

20. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Religious cultural diffusion (Effects)

a) Indian Ocean and Silk Road trade routes spread types of Buddhism and Christianity through Central and Eastern Asia. Mahayana Buddhism became more focused on mixing local rituals and practices into original Buddhism. Unlike original Buddhism, this type was more like a religion, with saintlike figures known as boddhisattvas who could be treated as gods. Nestorian Christianity accepted Jesus as a “messiah” (savior) sent by God, but this type of Christianity only believed that Jesus was a savior, not divine himself, though he had God within him.

b) Lecture

21. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Comparative political developments, Roman patronage and Han bureaucracy (Definition, Effects)

a) Large-scale, multiregional empires that formed in this time period had to create systems to run their large imperial systems. In Rome, the patronage system involved leaders rewarding their supporters with jobs. Retired politicians would become administrators in the conquered territories. In Han China, the government moved increasingly to specialists running specific functions. Chinese bureaucracy was a system in which government officials ran functions such as tax collection or military affairs, rather than a system in which officials ran everything within a specific territory. Ultimately, the Chinese system resulted in a larger group of talented officials who kept those talents even when the leadership changed.

b) Lecture, Sourcebook, Bulliet Ch. 5

22. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Chinese government (Causes)

a) The Han Dynasty began under Liu Bang when the Qin Dynasty was overthrown. b) Lecture, POI (7.3), Bulliet Ch. 5

23. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Chinese government, State Confucianism (Effects)

a) The Han Dynasty kept much of the Qin Legalist centralized government. Not wanting to have a reputation for viciousness, however, the Han also used State Confucianism to build a talented bureaucratic government of trained specialists who had to pass civil-service exams to gain power.

b) Lecture, Sourcebook, POI (7.3) , Bulliet Ch. 5

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a) The Han Dynasty oversaw a relatively rich period in Chinese economics. The development of steel improved farming tools, which improved production. Peasants were employed well on farms but were also subject to corvée taxation of their labor for canal-building and other projects. The Chinese also had a monopoly in silk production, so they made huge profits from the “Silk Roads” across Asia by exporting the silk.

25. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Chinese Han technology (Effects)

a) The Han Dynasty oversaw a period of great technological development. The development of steel improved farming tools, which improved production, as did new methods of crop rotation. The waterwheel was created. Astronomy and mathematics advanced. Papermaking was

developed, making printed work far more available to the wealthy classes. Lastly, the development of the crossbow was a powerful weapon for the Han military, which created systems of volley fire and cavalry attack using the weapon.

26. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Chinese government, Han Wudi (Effects)

a) Han Wu Di was the emperor who officially declared the policy of State Confucianism. He also expanded Chinese military efforts, allying with other nomads to drive the Xiongnu Huns away and sending massive numbers of troops into Southeast Asia. The latter campaign did not succeed in the tropical environment of SE Asia, but both military campaigns were terribly expensive. Han Wu Di raised taxes on the commoners, leading to class struggle.

27. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Collapse of Han Dynasty (Causes)

a. The Han Dynasty had multiple problems leading to its collapse. In an era of rich getting richer and poor getting poorer, Han Wu Di’s additional expenses and therefore, additional taxes on the poor, led to much upheaval. The regent Wang Meng led a temporarily successful commoner rebellion. He was unable to keep power, but Han weakness was exposed. The Daoist Yellow Turbans revolted. On top of these issues came widespread disease and farming difficulties due to overuse of productive land.

b. Lecture, POI (7.3) , Bulliet Ch. 5

28. Correct Answer: all of them :), Concept: Collapse of Roman Empire (Causes)

a) Rome faced many problems beginning in the third century CE. Economically, Rome had become dependent on slavery. Little innovation occurred, since greater labor forces could be used instead to solve difficulties. No law of succession meant that generals were constantly maneuvering to become the next Caesar. Generals raised taxes in order to hire German mercenaries for their own armies. The military, therefore, was no longer made up of loyal citizen-soldiers, but soldiers for hire, who could decide at any moment that they would make more money from betraying Rome. The Empire also had massive frontiers to defend, while the ambitious generals wanted their troops near the capital so that the troops could be used to influence local politics. This left the borders basically undefended, and attacking forces could easily use the Roman roads to move quickly into the interior.

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a) By the 7th_{century BCE, people throughout Aryan India were searching for ways to overcome the}

spiritual limitations of the varna system. Lower-caste people felt that Vedic beliefs gave them little hope for themselves and no meaningful ways to improve their spirituality. Individuals known as yogis began to meditate on their own, the Jainist movement of intense devotion started, and Siddhartha Gautama’s teachings (Buddhism) emphasized the idea that caste did not matter, since enlightenment could be reached by anyone in this lifetime. Vedic beliefs evolved to give people options in how to achieve spirituality (study, prayer, good works) and what part of the universal Brahma to focus upon.

30. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Buddhist belief system, nirvana (Definition)

a) In Vedic beliefs, nirvana traditionally was the perfect peace of mind attained by moksha (liberation from samsara reincarnation). Buddhist teachings indicate that nirvana can only be achieved by freeing the mind from artificial ideas about the universe and about the “individual”. If the mind is released from identifying with impermanent material things, then it will be

released from suffering.

b) Lecture, POI (3.2) , Bulliet Ch. 6 (pp. 165-170)

31. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Vedic vs. Buddhist (Comparison)

a) In Vedic thinking, the varna divisions, based originally on skin color but focused primarily on occupation, turn out to be critical. The three higher divisions were able to participate in rituals and to study the Vedas. Enlightenment (moksha liberation) would only be possible for the highest varna. In contrast, Siddhartha Gautama’s teachings (Buddhism) emphasized the idea that caste did not matter, since enlightenment could be reached by anyone in this lifetime.

b) Lecture, POI (3.2) , Bulliet Ch. 6 (pp. 165-170)

32. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Buddhist belief system, Siddhartha Gautama (Causes)

a) The Buddha emphasized the notion that nirvana peace can only be achieved through a gradual process of purification. The Noble Eightfold Path shows people how to live lives of moderation that will result in liberation from falseness and its resulting suffering.

b) Lecture, Unit Packet, POI (3.2, 7.1) , Bulliet Ch. 6 (pp. 165-170)

33. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Mauryan Dynasty (Effects)

a) The Mauryan Dynasty ruled the first Indian empire after the death of Alexander. Chandragupta Maurya established the ruling family, then followed the tough advice of Kautilya in setting up a harsh government. The empire fell after only four rulers.

b) Lecture, POI (7.1), Bulliet Ch. 6 (pp. 175-177)

34. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Ashoka (Effects)

a) Ashoka was a Mauryan emperor who started out harshly punishing rebellion, but who shifted towards Buddhism later. He was responsible for building Buddhist worship and training centers, so that later Indians would travel on the trade routes and spread the faith elsewhere

35. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Gupta Dynasty (Effects)

a) The Gupta Dynasty was a loose Indian empire based on feudalism. In this “Theater-state”, local lords would come to the capital at Pataliputra in order to pay taxes, but they would be shown a great many new technologies and arts, since Pataliputra was a center of long-distance trade and cultural diffusion.

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36. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Gupta Dynasty, economics (Effects)

a) The Gupta Dynasty of India was heavily involved in long-distance trade, which is why the capital at Pataliputra became a center of cultural diffusion. Wet-rice and cotton was grown in abundance in India. Those goods were traded to Africa for gold and ivory. Rice and cotton also went to SE Asia in exchange for spices. India was in the center of trade across the Indian Ocean and also was connected to the “Silk Roads”.

b) Lecture, POI (7.2), Bulliet Ch. 6 (pp. 177-183)

37. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Gupta Dynasty, technology (Effects)

a) The Gupta Dynasty is known primarily for participating in trade and its cultural achievements. Mathematics were especially prominent, since the concept of zero was developed, as was the number system we use now. Place value and decimals were natural extensions of this. Medicine also advanced greatly.