Advanced Placement World History
Unit 10: Enlightenment and Revolution
Pretest Feedback
1. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Scientific Revolution (Causes)
a) The idea that observation and logic should be applied first came about in the field of astronomy, when new models were developed in order to account for discrepancies in what was seen.
2. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Copernicus (Definition)
a) Polish astronomer who was asked by the Roman Catholic Church to reconcile geocentric theory with the observable evidence of the motions of heavenly bodies. He ultimately concluded that the only way to account for the observable evidence was to assume the sun was the center of the universe instead (heliocentrism).
3. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Galilei (Definition)
a) Italian scientist who articulated the theory of inertia. He also used the telescope to observe the moon and pointed out its similarity to earth. He publicly championed heliocentrism, despite having to recant it publicly by the Inquisition.
4. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Newton (Definition)
a) English scientist and author of the Principia Mathematica, he argued that the universe operated by natural laws which could be expressed clearly with mathematics. His version of the
scientific method relied on both observation and mathematical logic. 5. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Descartes (Definition)
a) René Descartes was a French mathematician who argued that the universe operated by natural laws which could be expressed clearly with mathematics and logic. His method emphasized that general principles could then be applied to specific examples (deduction).
6. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Bacon (Definition)
a) Francis Bacon was an English scientist who argued that the universe operated by natural laws which could be discovered by a method of careful observation. From specific situations, one could infer general principles (induction).
7. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Enlightenment (Definition)
a) A European intellectual movement of the 1600s and 1700s. Characteristics included a belief that reason and logic could be used to improve societies and governments in order to protect individual rights. Individual people needed to think for themselves.
8. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Locke (Definition)
a) English writer often seen as the first of the Enlightenment, he argued that human beings were blank slates that formed personalities based on their experiences and education.
9. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Locke (Effects)
a) After joining in the Parliament side, John Locke wrote the Two Treatises on Government
10. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Voltaire (Effects)
a) …French philosophe who was very critical of the Roman Catholic Church. He believed the average person was not capable of higher thought, but that freedom of speech was critical in order to arrive at the truth of anything. It was logic and reason that would make understanding of the universe possible, not superstition and/or faith.
11.Correct Answer: d, Concept: Montesquieu (Definition, Effects)
a) A French philosophe who concluded that governments protected people’s rights the best when the “powers” of the government were controlled by different groups. This separation of executive, legislative, and judicial power would be the best protection against abuse. 12. Correct Answer: a, Concept: English Civil War (Effects)
a) The 1215 Magna Charta established the idea that the king had centralized power but still needed to gain the approval of his lords before levying new taxes. In the 1600s, the House of Stuart tried to create a more absolutist state, but the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution made Parliament supreme.
13. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Rousseau (Effects)
a) French philosophe who accepted the idea of a social contract, he believed people were good but were corrupted by social institutions. Children, therefore, needed to educate themselves through exploring nature. Eventually, Rousseau argued that governments were unnecessary evils and should be replaced by communities which enforced the “general will” without laws or law enforcement.
14. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Mary Wollstonecraft (Effects)
a) In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Wollstonecraft argued that the Enlightenment emphasis on rights should apply to women, as well. Wollstonecraft did bend to prevailing thoughts by justifying women’s education through arguments they would be better wives and mothers if they knew more and had more interesting thoughts.
15. Correct Answer: d, Concept: American Revolution (Causes)
a) The costs of the Seven Years War led Great Britain to increase taxes on its American colonies. Used to making most government decisions, the colonists turned to Enlightenment writings (particularly those of John Locke) to justify their resistance. Ultimately, French support was crucial to making the situation too difficult for Great Britain to continue.
16.Correct Answer: c, Concept: Declaration of Independence (Causes)
a) John Locke’s argument in Two Treatises on Government that government was the result of a social contract was significant in Jefferson’s defense of American independence.
17. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Estates (Definition)
a) Term used to describe social classes, used especially in France. 1st Estate: Church, not taxed
2nd Estate: Nobles, not taxed
3rd Estate: Commoners, including peasants, city workers, and wealthy merchants who resented being treated differently than the nobles.
a) Prior to the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie merchant class, increasingly wealthy and
involved with the government, still did not have the legal rights that nobles did. As Third Estate members, the bourgeois also had to pay taxes. Given that they had equivalent lives to the nobles in all other ways, the bourgeoisie resented this, especially when Enlightenment ideas included notions of equality.
19. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Estates-General (Definition, Effects)
a) …Meeting of representatives of the Three Estates of France. Kings had used this as an advisory group, but Louis XVI had to call it in 1789 in order to pass new taxes necessary to avoid
bankruptcy. Instead, the Third Estate resisted traditional voting by estate rather than representative. They created a new National Assembly with the Oath of the Tennis Court, claiming the right to rule based on the consent of the governed.
20. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Seven Years War (Effects)
a) The expenses of the court at Versailles were part of the 1789 difficulty, but the costs of the failed Seven Years War and of support for the American rebels were what really hurt. By 1789, half of all tax money went to pay the interest on the loans for the debt.
21. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Bastille (Definition and Effects)
a) A legendary Parisian fortress and prison, it was captured in June of 1789 by a mob angry over bread shortages and fearful of the army outside the city. This was the first attack on the king’s forces in the French Revolution. It also meant that the National Assembly had the support of the capital city’s inhabitants.
22. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Slogan of the French Revolution (Definition)
a) Liberte, egalite, fraternite…the values of the Revolution: freedom, equality before the law, brotherhood and equality in society
23. Correct Answer: b, Concept: National Assembly (Causes)
a) When the Third Estate demanded more equal representation, the noble of France forced Louis XVI to lock the Third Estate out of their chambers. Incensed, the Third Estate found an indoor handball court and swore an oath that they would not go home until a new government based on equal representation was established.
24. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Definition) a) This document, clearly influenced by the Enlightenment and the earlier American Declaration of
Independence, emphasized the idea that all citizens should be treated equally by French law, regardless of their social class. Tax-free estates were eliminated and all were guaranteed the right to a trial by a jury of peers.
25. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Olympe de Gouges (Definition)
a) Discussion of human rights including liberty, property, and safety are clearly influenced by Enlightenment writers such as Locke. De Gouges attempted to parallel the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, to illustrate that women were simply demanding the same rights as the men, but this effort ultimately failed (she was beheaded during the Terror). 26. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Committee of Public Safety (Definition)
27. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Political Spectrum, Left and Right (Effects)
a) In the French National Assembly chambers, delegates with the same ideas tended to sit together. The left side of the chamber (the political Left, or liberals) wanted a democratic republic without a king. The right side of the chamber (the political Right) wanted to preserve traditions and the king, though with more limits on the king.
28. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Napoleon (Effects)
a) Napoleon stabilized the economy of France but moved to censor free speech against him. His Napoleonic Code made all social classes equal under the law, ended serfdom, guaranteed
freedom of religion, and created public education. On the other hand, women’s rights to divorce were taken away, labor unions were abolished, and slavery was re-imposed on French territories. 29. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Napoleon, Religion (Effects)
a) Wanting a stabilizing force in French culture, Napoleon rejected the revolutionary movement of “dechristianization” and opted to make the Concordat arrangement with the Roman Catholic Church. Napoleon would give priests independence from government control and allow the Church to run education. In exchange, the Church would not criticize the emperor.
30. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Maroons (Definition)
a) When runaway slaves joined together and formed separate communities, they generally were called maroons. Starting as early as the earliest slavery systems existed in the Caribbean, maroons on smaller islands tended to disappear, but large islands like Jamaica and Haiti had large, armed maroon communities that raided plantations and fought regular troops at times. 31. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Guerrilla War (Causes)
a) As Napoleonic forces went through much of Europe, many non-French resented the
destruction of the wars and the changes that French rule brought. Wishing their ethnic nation to be free of French interference, some people continued to fight even though their armies had been defeated. In Spain, Italy, and Germany, many people chose to use guerrilla warfare, in which the occupying force is irregularly attacked by people who live among the average citizens of an area.
32. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Congress of Vienna (Effects)
a) The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of the victors after the defeat of Napoleon. This conservative group led by Metternich tried to re-establish stability by reinstating the royal families dethroned by Napoleon, by creating a balance of power among European nations, and by surrounding France with strong neighboring countries. It succeeded for a few years, but waves of revolution occurred in 1830 and 1848 over nationalist, democratic, and socialist concerns.
33. Correct Answer: b, Concept: 19th century battlefield conditions (Causes)
a) Based on the difficulties of loading and firing inaccurate single-shot guns, military tactics of the nineteenth century included volley lines, bayonet charges, grenades, cannon fire, and cavalry charges. Wounds were often fatal because of weak medical techniques which led to loss of blood, shock, and infections.
