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AKCE International Journal of Graphs and Combinatorics 12 (2015) 40–46

www.elsevier.com/locate/akcej

On

k

-edge-magic labelings of maximal outerplanar graphs

Gee-Choon Lau

a

, Saeid Alikhani

b,∗

, Sin-Min Lee

c

, William Kocay

d

aFaculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Johor, 85000 Segamat, Malaysia bDepartment of Mathematics, Yazd University, 89195-741, Yazd, Iran

c34803, Hollyhock St., Union City, CA 94587, USA

dDepartment of Computer Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2

Received 11 June 2013; accepted 8 March 2014 Available online 26 July 2015

Abstract

LetGbe a graph with vertex setV and edge setEsuch that|V| = pand|E| =q. We denote this graph by(p,q)-graph. For

integersk ≥0, define a one-to-one map f fromE to{k,k+1, . . . ,k+q−1}and define the vertex sum for a vertexvas the sum of the labels of the edges incident tov. If such an edge labeling induces a vertex labeling in which every vertex has a constant vertex sum (mod p), thenGis said to bek-edge magic (k-EM). In this paper, we show that a maximal outerplanar graph of orders

p= 4, 5, 7 arek-EM if and only ifk≡2(modp)and obtain all maximal outerplanar graphs that arek-EM fork= 3, 4. Finally we characterize all(p,p−h)-graphs that arek-EM forh≥0. We conjecture that a maximal outerplanar graph of prime orderp

isk-EM if and only ifk≡2(mod p).

c

⃝2015 Kalasalingam University. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords:Edge-magic; Maximal outerplanar graph; Labeling

1. Introduction

All graphs in this paper are simple graphs with no loops or multiple edges. An undirected simple graph Gwith vertex setV and edge setEsuch that|V| = pand|E| =q is denoted as a(p,q)-graph. LetHbe a subgraph ofG, the graphG\His the induced subgraph onV(G)\V(H). As usual we denote the complete bipartite graph with part sizesm,n, byKm,n.

A labeling for a graph is a map that takes graph elements to numbers (usually positive or non-negative integers). Various authors have introduced labelings that generalize the idea of magic square. Kotzig and Rosa [1] defined a magic labeling to be a total labeling on the vertices and edges in which the labels are the integers from 1 to the sum

|V(G)|+|E(G)|such that the sum of labels on an edge and its two endpoints is constant. In 1996 Ringel and Llado [2] redefined this type of labeling as edge-magic. Also, Enomoto et al. [3] have introduced the name super edge-magic for

Peer review under responsibility of Kalasalingam University.

Corresponding author.

E-mail address:alikhani@yazd.ac.ir(S. Alikhani).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.akcej.2015.06.006

0972-8600/ c⃝2015 Kalasalingam University. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 c = 5 (mod 6) c = 3 (mod 6) c = 1 (mod 6) c = 0 (mod 6)

Fig. 1. (6, 8)-graph is 1-EM.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 13 11 11 11 12 12 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 3 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 9 9 9 9 9 3 u 1 u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 u 1 u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 u 1 u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 u1 u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 u1 u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 u1 u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 0-EM

3-EM 4-EM 5-EM

1-EM 2-EM

Fig. 2. k-EM complete bipartite graphK3,3.

magic labelings in the sense of Kotzig and Rosa, with the added property that thenvertices receive the smaller labels,

{1,2, . . . ,n}. Park et al. [4] investigated whether some families of graphs are super edge-magic. Akbari et al. [5] defined lucky labeling and lucky choice number of graphs and obtained an upper bound for this number.

Lee, Seah, and Tan [6] defined a(p,q)-graphGto be edge-magic (EM), if there exists an edge labeling f : E → {1,2, . . . ,q}ofGsuch that the induced vertex sums are constant (modp). A necessary condition for a(p,q)-graph to be edge-magic isq(q +1) ≡ 0 (mod p). However, this condition is not sufficient as there are infinitely many connected graphs, such as, trees and cycles, satisfying this condition but are not edge-magic.

The following definition was proposed by Lee, Su and Wang [7].

Definition 1. For any integerk≥0, define a one-to-one map f fromE to{k,k+1, . . . ,k+q −1}and define the vertex sum for a vertexvas the sum of the labels of the edges incident tov. If such an edge labeling induces a vertex labeling in which every vertex has a constant vertex sum (mod p), thenGis said to bek-edge magic (k-EM). Note that a 1-EM labeling is also an EM labeling.

Example 1. Fig. 1shows a graphGwith|V| =6 and|E| =8 which is 1-EM with different constant sums (mod 6). In [8], Lee, Sun, and Wen investigated somek-EM complete bipartite graphs.

Example 2. The complete bipartite graphK3,3isk-EM fork=0,1, . . . ,5 (seeFig. 2).

Theorem 1 ([9]).A necessary condition for a(p,q)-graph to be k-edge-magic is q(q+2k−1)≡0 (mod p). Theorem 2 ([9]).Suppose that G is a regular graph. If G is k-edge-magic for some k, then G is k-edge-magic for all k≥0.

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Since every magic square of p2boxes corresponds to an edge-magic complete bipartite graph Kp,p, it follows that

each Kp,pisk-edge-magic for all p≥2 andk ≥0. For more general results and unsolved problems on edge-magic

graphs, the reader can refer to [10–18].

A planar graph is a graph which can be drawn in the plane without crossing. A planar graphGis outer-planar if and only if there is an embedding ofGon the plane in which every vertex lies on the exterior face. If we consider a planar graph with no loops or faces bounded by two edges (digons), it may be possible to add a new edge to the presentation ofGsuch that these properties are preserved. When no such adjunction can be made, the graph is called a maximal outerplanar graph since any additional edge will destroy its outer planar property. A maximal outerplanar graph can be viewed as a triangulation of a convex polygon. Chartrand and Harary [10] showed that a graph is outerplanar if and only if it does not contain a K4or K2,3 minor. Kumar and Madhavan [19] gave a characterization of maximal

outerplanar graphs, in the context of planar chordal graphs. We record some facts about maximal outerplanar graphs. Lemma 1. Let G be a maximal outerplanar graph with n≥3vertices. Then G has

(i) 2n−3edges, of which there are n−3chords; (ii) n−2inner faces. Each inner face is a triangle; (iii) at least two vertices with degree2.

In this paper, we (i) show that all the maximal outerplanar graphs of order p = 4,5,7 are k-EM if and only if k ≡2 (mod p), (ii) obtain all the maximal outerplanar graphs that arek-EM fork = 3,4, and (iii) characterize all

(p,p−h)-graphs that arek-EM forh≥0. We conjecture that a maximal outerplanar graph of prime orderpisk-EM if and only ifk≡2 (mod p).

2. k-edge-magic maximal outerplanar graphs of small order

In this section we study the existence ofk-edge-magic labeling of maximal outerplanar graphs of small order. First we state and prove the following theorem:

Theorem 4. For k≥0, a maximal outerplanar graph G of order p is k-EM only if p|6(k−2).

Proof. ByLemma 1(i), we knowGhas 2p−3 edges. ByTheorem 1, we haveGisk-EM only ifq(q+2k−1)≡

0 (mod p). So(2p−3)(2p−4+2k)≡0(mod p), equivalently 3(2k−4)≡0(mod p). Thereforep|6(k−2). Lemma 2. The maximal outerplanar (MOP) graph of order4(M4) is not0-edge-magic.

Proof. Let the outer cycle ofM4bev1v2v3v4v1withdeg(v1)=deg(v3)=2. If M4is 0-EM, then its 5 edges need

to be labeled with 0,1,2,3,0 (mod 4). The vertex sum cannot be 0 since the 2 edges incident tov1andv3must be

labeled with 0,0 or 1,3. Similarly, the vertex sum cannot be 1,2 and 3. Hence,M4is not 0-EM.

Theorem 5. All MOPs of order p=4,5,7are k-edge-magic if and only if k≡2(mod p).

Proof. ByTheorem 3, it suffices to show that fork=0,1, . . . ,p−1, the graphs of orders 4,5 and 7 arek-edge-magic only fork=2. LetGbe a maximal outerplanar graph of order p. Suppose p=4. ByTheorem 4,Gisk-edge-magic only ifk≡0,2 (mod 4). ByLemma 2,Gis not 0-EM. The necessity holds. The graph of order 4 inFig. 3shows thatG is 2-EM. ByTheorem 3, the sufficiency holds. Thus, the theorem holds forp=4. Supposep =5 or 7. By a similar ar-gument as above and the graphs of orders 5 and 7 inFig. 3with their respective 2-EM labeling, the theorem holds. Theorem 6. A MOP graph is k-EM for all k≥0if and only if it is of order6.

Proof. Theorem 4implies that if a MOP graph is 1-EM, then it is of order 6. Hence, by contrapositive, the necessity holds. InFig. 4, we give ak-EM labeling for all three non-isomorphic MOP graphs of order 6 fork=0,1,2,3,4,5. ByTheorem 3, the sufficiency holds.

Corollary 1. Any MOP graph of order p≤7is2-EM.

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Fig. 3. MOP that arek-EM fork≡2(modp),p=4,5,7.

Fig. 4. MOP graphs of order 6 arek-EM for 0≤k≤5.

Proof. ByTheorem 3, it suffices to consider prime p > k ≥ 0. It is clear that p divides 6(k−2)if and only if k≡2 (mod p).

We pose the following conjecture that holds forp=5 and 7.

Conjecture 1. All MOP graphs of prime order p are k-EM if and only if k≡2(mod p). InFig. 5, we present some MOP graphs of order 8≤ p ≤10 that are 2-EM.

Problem 1. Prove that all MOP graphs are 2-EM.

Note that if the above holds, thenTheorem 3implies that all MOP graphs of orderparek-EM fork≡2 (modp). ByTheorem 7,Conjecture 1will then follow directly.

UsingTheorem 4we have the following results.

Theorem 8.A MOP graph of order p is3-EM only if p=6. Theorem 9.A MOP graph of order p is4-EM only if p=6or12.

Proof. LetGbe a(pt+4)-EM MOP graph of order p. ByTheorem 4, we know that p =4,6 or 12. ByLemma 2 andTheorem 3, we know that p =4 is impossible. Now suppose p =6.Theorem 2then implies thatGis 4-EM.

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2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 4 4 4 4 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 11 16 16 16 16 16 16 13 13 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 18 17 11 11

Fig. 5. Some 2-EM MOP of orders 8, 9 and 10.

4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 19 19 19 19 21 21 21 21 15 15 15 15 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 23 23 23 23 22 22 22 22 9 9 9 9 18 18 18 18 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 16 24 24 24 24 11 11 11 11 7 7 7 7 14 14 14 14 6 6 6 6

Fig. 6. Some 4-EM MOP graph of order 12.

We now consider p = 12. In [20], the authors obtained all 733 non-isomorphic MOP graphs of order 12. All 733 MOP graphs were input to a program written by the third author, which exhaustively searches for a 4-EM labeling. All graphs were found to admit a 4-EM labeling. Some of them with vertex sum 0 are shown inFig. 6. The readers may contact the first author for a list of a possible labeling for all such graphs. Hence, the theorem holds.

We close this section with the following notation. It is easy to see that ifpis odd, then MOP of orderpis notk-EM ifk̸≡2 (modp).

3. Onk-EM of(p,p−h)-graphs,h≥0

In this section we characterize allk-EM(p,p−h)-graphs forh≥0.

Lemma 3. For h≥0, if a(p,p−h)-graph G with end-vertices admits a k-EM labeling, then all the edge labels of G are distinct (mod p).

Proof. By definition, all the edge labels of a(p,p−h)-graphGforh ≥0 are distinct integers in{k,k+1, . . . ,k+

p−h−1}. Since p−h ≤ p,{k,k+1, . . . ,k+p−h−1}is of size at most p. Hence, all the edge labels must be distinct (mod p).

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1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fig. 7. (p,p)-graph that isk-EM for allk≥0.

Lemma 4. For h ≥ 0, if a (p,p−h)-graph G admits a k-EM labeling, then G has no two adjacent vertices of degree2.

Proof. SupposeGadmits ak-EM labeling f. ByLemma 3, all the edge labels ofGare distinct (mod p). IfGhas two adjacent vertices of degree 2, then there exist verticesx and ysuch that x u andvyare two edges of G with

f(x u)+ f(uv)= f(uv)+ f(vy)(modp). This implies that f(x u)= f(vy)(modp), a contradiction. Lemma 5. For h≥0, if a(p,p−h)-graph G admits a k-EM labeling, then G has exactly two end-vertices. Moreover, these two end-vertices are adjacent.

Proof. SupposeGhas at least 3 end-vertices andGadmits ak-EM labeling. Obviously, these vertices are incident to at least 2 edges. ByLemma 3, the corresponding edge labels must be distinct (modp). It follows that at least two of the induced vertex labels of all these end-vertices are distinct (modp), a contradiction. Now supposeGhas exactly two end-verticesuandv. Ifuandvare not adjacent, then they are incident to 2 distinct edges that would be assigned with distinct integers (mod p) under ak-EM labeling. This means the induced vertex labels ofu andvwould be distinct (modp), also a contradiction. Hence,uandvare adjacent. IfGhas only one end-vertex, thenGhas no tree as a com-ponent. Hence, a component ofGis the vertex-gluing of a cycle and aK2, contradictingLemma 4. IfGhas no

end-vertices, thenGhas no tree as a component. Hence,Gis the disjoint union of cycles, also contradictingLemma 4. Lemma 6. If a(p,p)-graph G admits a k-EM labeling for some k, then G is k-EM for all k.

Proof. SupposeGadmits ak-EM labeling f such that for each edgeei ofG, f(ei)=k+i −1, 1≤i ≤ p. If we

replace f(e1)=kwith f(e1)= p+k, the resulting labeling corresponds to a(k+1)-EM labeling ofG. Similarly, if

we replace f(ep)=k+p−1 by f(ep)=k−1, the resulting labeling corresponds to a(k−1)-EM labeling ofG.

Theorem 10. The graph M4+K2is the only(p,p)-graph that admits a k-EM labeling. Moreover, it is k-EM for all

k≥0.

Proof. LetG be a(p,p)-graph that admits ak-EM labeling. Suppose each component of Gis 2-connected. Note that every connected graph of orderphasq ≥ p−1 edges and the equality holds if and only ifGis a tree. Hence, every component ofGis a cycle. ByLemma 4, this is not possible. We now assume that all components ofGare not 2-connected. Hence,Ghas some 1-connected components. If all the 1-connected components have no end-vertices, then they induce a(p′,q)-graph withq >p′. This implies thatGhas at least a tree which has end-vertices as a com-ponent, a contradiction. Suppose some of the 1-connected components ofGhave end-vertices. ByLemmas 4and5, Ghas only a 1-connected component which is aK2.Lemma 5further implies thatG\K2is a generalizedθ-graph.

ByLemma 4,G\K2∼=M4. Hence,G∼=M4+K2. The labeling inFig. 7shows thatGis 1-EM.

ByLemma 6, the theorem holds.

Theorem 11. The graph K2is the only(p,p−1)-graph that admits a k-EM labeling. Moreover, it is k-EM for all

k≥0.

Proof. LetG be a(p,p−1)-graph that admits ak-EM labeling. IfG is a tree, thenG ∼= K2. Since Ghas only 1

edge, by definition,Gisk-EM for allk ≥ 0. SupposeGis not a tree. This implies thatGis the disjoint union of a treeK2and some components that induce a(p′,p′+j)-graph, for j ≥0. ByLemma 4, this is not possible.

Theorem 12. For h≥2, all(p,p−h)-graphs are not k-EM.

Proof. Forh≥2, each(p,p−h)-graph has a forest that has at least 4 end-vertices. Since all these graphs have more vertices than edges, byLemma 5, they do not admit anyk-EM labeling.

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4. Discussion

Finding ak-edge-magic labeling of all MOP graphs for a particularkis a very difficult problem. New approach would be needed to proveProblem 1. In this paper, all the edge labels are distinct positive integers. It would be an interesting topic of research if two edges may have same labels. We end this paper with the following question. Question 1. For h≥2, let Ghbe the family of all(p,p+h)-graphs. Does there exist h such that Ghhas only one

graph that admits a k-EM labeling? If so, does that graph admit a k-EM labeling for all k≥0?

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the referee for careful reading and helpful comments. References

[1] A. Kotzig, A. Rosa, Magic valuations of finite graphs, Canad. Math. Bull. 13 (1970) 451–461.

[2] G. Ringel, A.S. Llado, Another tree conjecture, Bull. Inst. Combin. Appl. 18 (1996) 83–85.

[3] H. Enomoto, A.S. Llado, T. Nakamigawa, G. Ringel, Super edge-magic graphs, SUT J. Math. 34 (2) (1998) 105–109.

[4] J.Y. Park, J.H. Choi, J.H. Bae, On super edge-magic labeling of some graphs, Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 45 (1) (2008) 11–21.

[5] S. Akbari, M. Ghanbari, R. Manaviyat, S. Zare, On the lucky choice number of graphs, Graphs Combin. 29 (2) (2013) 157–163.

[6] Sin-Min Lee, Eric Seah, S.K. Tan, On edge-magic graphs, Congr. Numer. 86 (1992) 179–191.

[7] Sin-Min Lee, Hsin-hao Su, Yung-Chin Wang, Onk-edge-magic Halin graphs, Congr. Numer. 204 (2010) 129–145.

[8] Sin-Min Lee, Hugo Sun, Yihui Wen, On thek-edge-magic complete bipartite graphs, 2010, manuscript.

[9] Sin-Min Lee, Hsin-hao Su, Yung-Chin Wang, Onk-edge-magic cubic graphs, J. Comb. Math. Comb. Comput. 82 (2012) 87–103.

[10] G. Chartrand, F. Harary, Planar permutation graphs, Ann. Inst. Henri PoincareB 3 (1967) 433–438.

[11] D. Chopra, H. Kwong, Sin-Min Lee, On edge-magic(p,3p−1)graphs, Congr. Numer. 179 (2006) 49–63.

[12] D. Chopra, R. Dios, Sin-Min Lee, On mod(2)-edge-magic-graphs, J. Comb. Math. Comb. Comput. 78 (2011) 323–339.

[13] Sin-Min Lee, W.M. Pigg, T.J. Cox, On edge-magic cubic graphs conjecture, Congr. Numer. 105 (1994) 214–222.

[14] Sin-Min Lee, Ling Wang, Yihui Wen, On the edge-magic cubic graphs and multigraph, Congr. Numer. 165 (2003) 145–160.

[15] W.C. Shiu, P.C.B. Lam, Sin-Min Lee, Edge-magicness of the composition of a cycle with a null graph, Congr. Numer. 132 (1998) 9–18.

[16] W.C. Shiu, P.C.B. Lam, Sin-Min Lee, Edge magic index sets of(n,n−1)-graphs, Electron. Notes Discrete Math. 11 (2002) 443–458.

[17] W.C. Shiu, Sin-Min Lee, Some edge-magic cubic graphs, J. Comb. Math. Comb. Comput. 40 (2002) 115–127.

[18] B.M. Stewart, Magic graphs, Canad. J. Math. 18 (1966) 1031–1059.

[19] P.S. Kumar, C.E.V. Madhavan, A new class of separators and planarity of chordal graphs, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci. 405 (1989) 30–41.

[20] Sin-Min Lee, M. Kitagak, J. Young, W. Kocay, On edge-graceful and edge-magic maximal outerplanar graphs, J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput. 59 (2006) 119–129.

References

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