NASA Near Earth Network (NEN), Deep Space Network (DSN) and Space Network (SN) Support of CubeSat Communications

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0 0 GSFC Compact Radiation belt Explorer (CeREs) Principal Investigator Shri Kanekal holds an early version of one of

the mission’s solid-state detectors – demonstrates a shift in the paradigm for satellite development. CeREs is a 3U CubeSat ~10 cm by 10 cm by 30 cm, mass ~3 kg. For the purposes of this presentation a CubeSat is defined as up

to 6U, ~10cm by 20cm by 30cm, mass ~6 kg.

Scott Schaire

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Near Earth Network (NEN) Wallops Station Director

Contributions from Serhat Altunc, George Bussey, Harry Shaw, Bill Horne, Jim Schier

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Goddard Space Flight Center

h AgeofSmallSatellitesisHereorontheHorizon

h NASAisDevelopingExcitingCubeSatConcepts

h SmallSatelliteMissionCharacteristics

h NASASupportforCubeSats

h FlightRadiosandAntennaDevelopment

h CubeSatDataRatesAchievable

h SCaNEvolutionforSmallSatellites

h Summary

h WorkshopDiscussion

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2 2

Age

of

Small

Satellites

is

Here

or

on

the

Horizon

h

Numerous

organizations

including

NASA

developing

concepts

for

exploiting

small

spacecraft

h

Per

the

NASA

Spectrum

program’s

list

of

small

satellites

(<100

kg),

more

than

370 small

satellites,

many

of

which

were

CubeSats,

have

launched

between

2002

and

February

2015

h

Many

more

have

been

identified

but

not

launched

(>500

not

counting

concepts

for

large

constellations

with

numbers

in

the

1000’s)

h

The

number

of

small

satellites

may

be

constrained

by

launch

opportunities

in

the

near

term

remaining

at

about

100 Ͳ

120/year

GSFC’s IceCube 3U CubeSat team will develop and validate a commercially available flight-qualified 874-GHz receiver

for future use in ice cloud radiometer missions

MIT’s Micro-sized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite (MicroMAS) demonstrates an increase in science

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3 3

CubeSat

launches

(SIA

State

of

the

Satellite

Industry

Report

2014)

Nano satellites released from the International

Space Station (ISS) Satellite Industry Association Study (2014) shows recent growth in CubeSats

Other reports (e.g., Space Works) also shows the growth with projections of over 300 launched per year by 2017

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4 4

Smallsat/CubeSat

Launches:

Past

&

Future

(6)

h Summary

(7)

6 6

h NASA,acrossitsmissiondirectoratesandCenters,isactivelyinvolvedinallaspectsofsmall

satellitemissions

– Launch&deploymentsupport:CubeSatLaunchInitiative,deploymentfromISS

– Technologydevelopment(e.g.,SmallSpacecraftTechnologyProgram)

– ApplyingsmallsatellitestoNASA’sscienceandexplorationmissionsisstilllimitedwith

studiesunderwayonhowbesttoutilizeSmallsats

• ExampleMission:NASAEarthScienceCycloneGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem(CYGNSS)

missionusingeight(8)18kgmicrosatellitestostudytropicaloceanwinds

– OnenotableNASAfunctionwithonlylimitedactivityrelatedtosmallsatellitesisspace

communicationsandnavigationsupport

CubeSat

Launch

Initiative

(CSLI)

CubeSat

Selections,

Launches

and

Manifests

(as

of

Feb

2015)

NASA CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI) began in 2009

(8)

h Summary

(9)

8 8

h Todate,almostallsmallsatelliteshaveoperatedin

lowͲEarthorbit

– Deploymentsatorbits(<450km)wheredecay

occursrapidly,somostdonotoperatemorethan

afewweeksormonths(<6months),but...

– Somesmallspacecrafthaveoperatedforyears

– Future:SmallsatelliteswilloperatefromLEOto

highlyelliptical,lunar,anddeepspaceregions

h Communicationandnavigationsupport

– Availablepower(e.g.2W),modestgainantennas

(e.g.patchantennas)andprocessingcapabilities

arebecomingsimilartotraditional,larger

spacecraft

– Manydifferentspaceflightcommunicationand

navigation(e.g.,GPSforLEO/MEO)hardware

subͲsystemsarebecomingincreasinglyavailable

Small

Satellite

Mission

Observations

Goddard’s Firefly CubeSat determining linkage between lightning & Terrestrial

Gamma-Ray Flashes

University of Colorado Boulder and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics

(LASP) Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer (MinXSS) 3U CubeSat funded by NASA

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9 9

h Manydifferentsupportapproacheshavebeenused

– Manysmallsatelliteprojectshaveprocuredtheirownground

stations(e.g.UltraͲHighFrequency(UHF)Yagiantenna,ora

small2mdish)

– Commercialgroundnetworks(e.g.,KSAT)areincreasingly

deployingsystemstosupportsmallsatellites

– Afewsmallsatellitesystems,solicitsupportfromamateur

operatorsaroundtheworld(“crowdsourcing”)tocollectand

senddatapacketsbacktoamissioncontrolcenter

– Example:UniversityofMichigan

– BothIridiumandGlobalstarmobilesatellitesystemshave

supportedSmallsats

– Nooneorsetofstandardshasemergedastheobviouschoice

forsmallsatellites

Small

Satellite

Communication

Support

Ames Research Center (ARC) GeneSat CubeSat – 1st_CubeSat launched in the US – Dec, 2006, from GSFC/Wallops Flight Facility

h NASAsupporthasbeenlimitedtodate

– NASAWallopsrange(notSCaN)hassupportedandplanstosupportseveralCubeSats

– Todate,theNASASpaceCommunicationandNavigation(SCaN)Network(SpaceNetwork,NearEarth

Network(NEN),andDeepSpaceNetwork(DSN))havenotdirectlysupportedanyCubeSatmission

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10 10

h Todate,noidentifiedCubeSathasoperatedincisͲLunarspaceorindeepspace(>2Mkm);

however,Smallsats(e.g.microͲsats<100kg)have...

– LunarflyͲby:Pioneer4(1959,6kg)firstU.S.probetoescapefromtheEarth'sgravity

– LunarorbitͲfirstmicroͲsat?:Apollo15subsatellite(PFSͲ1)(36kg)(1971)

– CurrentOperationalExample:ARTEMISP1&P2(THEMISB&C)(77kg+49kgfuelat

launch)currentlyoperatingincisͲLunarandsupportedbyDSNandNEN

– DeepSpaceExample:Three(3)microsatelliteswerereleasedwithHayabusa2(launch

Dec2014)intrajectoriestowarddeepspaceincludingPROCYON(65kg)whichplansan

asteroidflybyin2016

Beyond

Earth

Orbit

Smallsat

&

CubeSat

Support

h DeepSpace(>2Mkm)PlannedMissions

– MarsCubeOne(MarCO):Two(2)6UCubeSats

launchingwithInsightmissiontoMars(March2016)

• RelayfromInSighttoMarCOat401MHz(8kbps,

Proximity1protocolstandard)

• SpaceͲEarthsupportfromDSNin7/8GHzdeep

spacebands(8kbps)

– Othersystemshavebeenproposedandareevenin

development,butnodeepspaceCubeSatsareknown

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11 11

h NASA’sSpaceLaunchSystem(SLS)hasarequirementtosupportuptoeleven(11)6UCubeSats

perlaunch

h ThefirstSLSlaunch(withunmannedOrionspacecraft)in2018planstocarry11CubeSats

– CubeSatsmayentercisͲLunarspaceormaycontinuetodeepspace

– DuetothelargenumberofSmallsatsbeingreleasedintrajectoriesdepartingEarthorbit,

specialconsiderationsforcommunicationandnavigationserviceswillbeneededandwill

likelyincludemultiplegroundsites

– CandidateEM1CubeSatManifestAllocation(NOTFinal)

• HumanExplorationandOperations(HEO)MissionDirectorate sponsored

– BioSentinel

– LunarFlashlight

– NearEarthAsteroidScout

– NextSTEPeffortrecentlyannounced2candidateCubeSats

• ScienceMissionDirectorate(SMD)sponsored

– BothHeliophysicsandPlanetaryDivisionsarereviewingproposals

– OtherSMDͲsponsoredCubeSatsmaybeproposed

• NASA’sCubeQuestCentennialChallengemaybookafewslots

– CubeQuestisofferingprizestosuccessfuldemosofCubeSatsinlunarorbit&innovativedeep

spacecommunications;Bidders(nonͲNASA)maychooseDSNoralternativegroundstations

Beyond

Earth

Orbit

Smallsat

&

CubeSat

Support:

EM1

1

1_{See the “Next-Generation Ground Network Architecture for Communications and Tracking of Interplanetary Smallsats” for information on how}

ground networks can support the EM1 scenario. Paper was presented at the CubeSat Developer's Workshop, April 22-24, 2015, San Luis Obispo. To be published in the Interplanetary Network Directorate Progress Report.

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12 12

h Fromaspectrumrequirementsandfrequency

coordinationperspective,smallsatellites(e.g.,

nanosatellites,etc.)cannotbedefinedasadistinct

satelliteclass...Anemitterisanemitternomatterwhat

sizetheplatform(spacecraft)(perITU)

h ExistingspectrumregulationsapplytoALLspacecraftno

matterwhatsize...

– Authorization/licensingrequired

– Mustfollowregulationsincludingtechnicalparameters

(e.g.,powerfluxdensitylimits)

– Mustfollowsatellitenotificationandcoordination

processes

– Thetypicaltwoyearspectrumcoordinationprocesscan

beachallengeforSmallsats thattypicallyhaveafast

developmentlifeͲcycle

h Basedonpartialinsightintomissiondesigns,atleast25

differentfrequencybandshavebeenorareplannedtobe

usedbysmallsatellitesforcommunications...Notallare

appropriateforsustainedoperations

Spectrum

for

Smallsats

Radio Aurora Explorer (RAX-2) – U. of Michigan, SRI International

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13 13

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h Summary

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15 15

h BandswithsignificantglobalnetworksupportandNTIAlicensesfornearͲEarthanddeep

spaceSmallsatsinclude,butarenotlimitedto: – 400– 470MHz

– 2025Ͳ2120MHz&2200Ͳ2300MHz

– 7145Ͳ7235MHz&8025Ͳ8500MHz

– 22.55Ͳ23.55GHz&25.5Ͳ27.0GHz

– 31.8Ͳ32.3GHz&34.2Ͳ34.7GHz

h NASASpaceCommunicationandNavigation(SCaN)

– NASAfundedinfrastructureforNASAmissions

– NearEarthNetwork:S,X,Ka

– SpaceNetwork:S,Ku,Ka

– DeepSpaceNetwork:S,X,Ka

NASA

Supports

National

Telecommunications

and

Information

Administration

(NTIA)

Satellite

Communication

Bands

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16 16

h Specifications

– Beamwidth:2.9degrees

– FrequencyRange:380to480MHz

– SecondaryFrequencyBand:XͲBandavailablefor

futurehighdatarateCubeSatcommunication

– AntennaMainBeamGain:35dBi

– Diameter:18.3meters(60’)

h UHFRadarasaCubeSatGroundstation

– 1stusedwithUtahStateUniversityDynamic

IonosphereCubeSatExperiment(DICE)

• Interference

• MoreheadaddedasabackͲup

– CuttingͲEdgeCubeSatcommunicationovera

governmentͲlicensedUHFfrequencyallocationthat

enableshighdatarates(3.0Mbit/Sec)

– CurrentlycommunicatingwiththeFireflyand

MicroMASspacecraft

– SlatedforuseforMiRaTA,Delingr,CeREs,HARP,

IceCube,andmanyproposedCubeSats

NASA

Responded

to

Popularity

of

UHF

for

CubeSats

Wallops

UHF

CubeSat

Ground

Station

(not

SCaN)

Wallops UHF on left, S-Band on right

Morehead State University 21 Meter antenna

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17 17

h Bestvaluecommunications&trackingservices

h MissionsinnearͲearthregion

h SupportsmultipleroboticmissionsinlowEarth,

geosynchronous,highlyelliptical,andlunarorbits

usingamixofNASAͲownedstationsand

cooperativeagreementswithcommercialand

internationalspacecommunicationsproviders

h Lightsoutautomationoneachgroundstation

h SmallstaffatWallopsGlobalMonitorandControl

Center(GMaCC)for24*7365daymonitoringof

passes

h Streamlinedplanningprocesstomaximizesreuseof

groundstationconfigurations

Near

Earth

Network

(NEN)

Description

Near Earth Network Alaska Satellite Facility 11 Meter class antennas

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18 18

NEN

Baseline

after

Projected

Expansions

(FY20)

2 South Point, HI (SSC/USN)

Scheduling (White Sands)

Pre-mission Planning & Analysis Pre-mission Testing

Network Monitoring & Coordination (Greenbelt, MD) Fairbanks (ASF) North Pole (SSC/USN) 2 3 Gilmore Creek (NOAA) White Sands, NM 1 1 1 1 2 Wallops, VA 2 Santiago (SSC) Svalbard (KSAT) 2 Kiruna (SSC) Hartebeesthoek (SANSA) 1 1 Dongara (SSC/USN) 1 McMurdo TrollSat (KSAT) 1 Singapore (KSAT) 2 2 1

GMaCC (Wallops, VA)

Florida LCS (NEN/AF) Bermuda (NEN/Wallops RRS) 4 1 1 1 3 Punta Arenas 1 1 1

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19 19

h TheNENwillprovidefirsttimesupporttoaCubeSatmission,CubeSatProximity

OperationsDemonstration(CPOD),whenitlaunchesin2015

– SupportingStation:WGS11m,ASF11m,MGS10m

– LevelofSupport:2contactsperdaywithaminimumdurationof5minutes

– ServiceProvided:SͲBandTelemetry

– DataRates:1Mbpsor500kbps

– ServiceDuration:L+30daystoL+6months(possibleextensionofuptoL+12months)

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20 20

Space

Network

(SN)

Description

TDRS Spacecraft Constellation – The Space Segment

h Aconstellationofgeosynchronous(Earthorbiting)satellitesnamedtheTrackingDataRelay

Satellite(TDRS)

– Groundsystemsthatoperateasarelaysystembetweensatellites

– SatellitesinlowEarthorbit(LEO)above73km

– Supports24by7coverage

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21 21

h TheWSGTiscomposedofthefollowing

subsystems:

– TwoSpaceͲGroundLinkTerminals

– Three18.3ͲmeterKaͲBandantennas

– One10ͲmeterSͲBandTelemetry,Tracking

andCommand(STTC)

– TwodualS/KuͲBand4.5Ͳmeterantennasfor

endͲtoͲendtests

– DataInterfaceSystem

– OneTDRSOperationsControlCenter(TOCC)

h TheSTGTincludesthefollowingsubsystems:

– ThreeSpaceͲGroundLinkTerminals(SGLTs)

– Three19ͲmeterKaͲbandantennas

– One10ͲmeterSͲBand(STTC)

– TwodualS/KuͲband4.5Ͳmeterantennas

forendͲtoͲendtests

– DataInterfaceSystem

– OneTDRSOperationsControlCenter

(TOCC)

Space

Network

White

Sands

Complex

– The

Ground

Segment

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22 22

SN:

Various

CubeSat

Communication

Configurations

“Mothership” Supportvia DirectͲtoͲGround GSFC WSC TDW TDE Constellation Characteristics

x One Mothership, however, multiple CubeSats have the ability to fulfill the role of Mothership

x Two or more CubeSat architectures (Mothership-capable CubeSats, subordinate CubeSats)

CubeSat Characteristics x Mothership: S-band transmit and

receive; directional antenna (i.e., attitude / antenna pointing); high rate burst transmissions; transponder required if TDRSS tracking services required

x Subordinates: Proximity link comm. only; GPS position determination

Service Characteristics x Support provided via TDRS

Multiple Access (MA) antenna

x No customer RTN service scheduling

x Global coverage; low latency

TDZ

CubeSatConstellation

DirectͲtoͲ Ground

Service Characteristics x Provided via NEN Ground Stations

x No customer RTN service scheduling

x Global coverage; low latency

“Mothership” SupportviaTDRSS Configuration Through TDRS

Architecture

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23 23

h LEOCubeSatstypicallyhavelowRFpoweroutput,lowEIRP,andlongslantrangestoTDRS

h Typicalconceptsofoperationswouldinclude:

– CubeSatlocationfindingandemergencyrecovery

– Highpercentageglobalcoveragewithlowlatency(upto24x7)

h Lowdatarateusers(e.g.,CubeSatconstellations)willutilizetheMultipleAccessService,

whichwillrequireSpreadSpectrumcommunicationssystemsonboardtheuserCubeSat

– NonͲspreadsystemswillcausespectrummanagementandinterferenceissues.

(ExceptionscanbemadeonacaseͲbyͲcasebasis)

– WeareworkingonidentifyingspreadspectrumradiooptionsforCubeSatusers

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24 24

h NASA’sinternationalarrayofgiantradioantennasthatsupportsinterplanetaryspacecraft

missions

h OperatedbyNASA'sJetPropulsionLaboratory(JPL),whichalsooperatesmanyofthe

agency'sinterplanetaryroboticspacemissions

h Consistsofthreefacilitiesspacedequidistantfromeachother– approximately120degrees

apartinlongitude– aroundtheworld,Goldstone,nearBarstow,California;nearMadrid,

Spain;andnearCanberra,Australia

Deep

Space

Network

(DSN)

Description

DSN Deep Space Station (DSS) Resources as of

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h Summary

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26 26

Selected

Common

CubeSat

Radios

and

Antennas

Board TRL Flight

Heritage Frequency Bands Data Rate Mass (g)

Output Power(watt) Input Power (watt) Volume (cm^3) Modulation; FEC Network Compatibility Tethers Unlimited TRL4 No S-band downlink/

S-band uplink 15 Mbps downlink 380 1 5 10X10X3.5

BPSK;

FEC can be added NEN,TDRS,DSN

MHX-2420 TRL9 RAX S-band downlink/_{S-Band uplink} 230 kbps downlink/_{115 kbps uplink} 75 1 5 8.9X5.3X1.8 FSK, CDMA Partially NEN

AstroDev

Lithium Radio TRL9

RAX, Firefly, CSSWE, CXBN

UHF downlink/

UHF uplink 76.8 kbps downlink 52 250 mW – 4 W 1.25-20 10X6.5X3.3 FSK, GMSK None TRL9 DICE UHF downlink/_{UHF uplink} 24 Mbps downlink/_{250 kbps uplink} 215 2 10 6.9X6.9X1.3 OPSK,FSK,GMSK;_{Turbo FEC, Conv.} None TRL4 No S-band downlink/_{UHF uplink} 24 Mbps downlink/_{250 kbps uplink} 215 2 10 6.9X6.9X1.3 OPSK, FSK,GMSK;_{Turbo FEC, Conv.} None

Nimitz Radio TRL3 No S-band downlink/_{UHF uplink} 1 Mbps downlink/_{50 kbps uplink} 500 1 5 9X9.6X1.4 BPSK, FSK, GFSK None

MSFC TRL 7 FASTSat2 S/X-band downlink/_{S-band uplink} 150 Mbps X-Band downlink/_{50 kbps uplink} <1kg 2 8 10.8X10.8X7.6 BPSK, OQPSK;_{LDPC 7/8} NEN

Innoflight TRL 9 _NanoSatSense S-band downlink/_{S-band uplink} 4.5 Mbps downlink 300 2 10 8.2X8.2X3.2 BPSK,QPSK,OQPSK, GMSK, FM/PCM;_{Conv. and RS} NEN,TDRS,DSN

IRIS (JPL) TRL 6 No X-band downlink/_{X-band uplink} 256 kbps downlink/_{1 kbps uplink} 400 4 20 0.4 U BPSK;_RS DSN

LASP/GSFC _{TRL 8 (7/15)}TRL 5/ No S/X-band downlink/_{S-band uplink} 12.5 Mbps X-Band downlink/_{200 kbps uplink} <600 1.5 10 0.5 U BPSK/OQPSK_{Conv. and RS} NEN

Syrlinks TBD No S-band downlink/_{S-Band uplink} 3 Mbps downlink/_{256 kbps uplink} 325 3 15 9x9.6x5.1 _{Conv. (7;½) Differential Coding}QPSK/OQPSK, NEN

Syrlinks TBD No X-band downlink 100 Mbps downlink 225 2 10 9x9.6x2.4 _{Conv. (7;½)}OQPSK/ NEN

Quasonix

nanoTX TRL 9 CPOD L/S-Band downlink 46 Mbps downlink TBD 10 50 3.2x8.6x0.8

PCM/FM, SOQPSK-TG, Multi-h CPM,

BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, UQPSK NEN

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27 27

LASP/GSFC

X

Ͳ

Band

Radio

Development

Effort

LASP and GSFC are currently undertaking a X-Band Cube Satellite Communication System development project with the following objectives:

1. Investigate different X-band communication system architectures that can be used as a baseline 2. Design, simulate and test a NEN compatible CubeSat S- and X-band communication system 3. End-to-end demo of X-band CubeSat communication system with a Balloon to a NEN station 4. An end-to-end innovative, compact, efficient and low cost S-band uplink and X-band downlink

CubeSat Communication System Demonstration between a balloon and a NEN ground

Ant Dev Corp Medium Gain X-band Patch Array Antennas • 8250 MHz

• 4 elements/16 elements • 2.5X2.75X0.13 inches Ant Dev Corp Low Gain S-band Patch

• 0 dBi +/- 40 deg • 2210 MHz • 4X4X0.25 inches

HRCCS X-Band transmitter prototype module top and bottom view

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28 28

h AnSTKsimulationswasconductedwiththeLASP/GSFCradioandaLEOsatellitewith

distancesupto705km,whichconcludedthelinkcouldbeclosedwithatleast+3dBmargin

STK

Simulations

of

LASP/GSFC

Radio

SͲband XͲband SͲband XͲband SͲband XͲband SͲband XͲband SͲband XͲband 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 10 5.00 7.71 5.00 10.90 5.00 13.11 5.00 10.00 5.00 7.71 Average 0.71 0.494 1.674 1.136 1.674 1.136 2.253 1.546 4.64 3.18 Minimum 0.71 0.494 1.674 1.136 1.674 1.136 2.253 1.546 4.64 3.18 Average 4.556 2.032 1.983 4.599 1.983 4.599 1.416 1.829 0.65 0.84 Maximum 11.843 10.032 8.374 11.879 8.374 11.879 1.6 6.094 1.45 1.52 ContactTime PerDay(hrs) Latency(hrs) WGS11.3M McMurdo Fairbanks Wallops

MinDataRate(Mbps) OCOͲ2Model

(from705kmAlt.) ElevationAngle(deg) Frequency

GroundStation

Grouped

(inclusive) ASF10M ASF11M MGS(10m)

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29 29

h TestwillbeperformedduringSummer2015

– AnechoicChamberAntennatest

– LabtestswithTransceiverandCortexXXL

– ClosedLooptestwithWGS11m,injectthesignalfromreceivertotheWGS11m

– FarFieldtestͲcalltowertestingwithWGS11m(Nofrequencylicenserequired)

– FullBalloonDemo

h Transceiverdevelopmentschedule

– XͲbandtransmitterwillbecompletedinJune15

– SͲbandportionwillbecompletedlateSummer/EarlyFall2015

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30 30

h IrisRadioDevelopment

– Developmentbeganin2013

– DSNͲcompatibleXͲbandtransponder

– Volumeof0.4Uandmassof0.4kg

– CCSDSstandards(e.g.,AOS,Turbo,Conv.,BPSK)

– Returnratesfrom62.5to256,000bps

– Forwardratesfrom62.5to8000bps

– 32Mbitsofstorage

– Doppler,ranging,anddeltaͲDORtonessupported

h DevelopingmultipleCubeSatͲCompatibleHighͲGainAntennastoincreaseEIRP

– Deployablereflector:DesignedforKaͲBandbutpotentiallyapplicabletoXͲBand,can

providethenecessarysurfaceaccuracyduetodeploymentandfoldingribmechanism

– Reflectarrays:Combinetheadvantagesofarraysandreflectors

– Inflatablereflectors:Providesthehigheststowingefficiencyallowingforlargersized

antennasandbiggergain

JPL

IRIS

Radio

and

Antenna

Development

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h Summary

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32 32

h ThefollowingtableprovidesanticipatedachievabledataratesbetweenaLEOCubeSat

equippedwithdifferentcompatibleradiosandtypicalNENantennas

NEN:

CubeSat

Capabilities/Data

Rates

(LEO

400 km

Orbit)

Radio Antenna Gain Power Band Req.CubeSat

Pointing Yagi LowGain 5m 11m 18m

L3Cadet Omni 0dBi 2W UHF NA 50kbps 200kbps 750kbps 3Mbps 3Mbps

(+7dB)

Innoflight 2xPatch 0dBi 2W SͲBand NA 60kbps 250kbps 4.5Mbps 4.5Mbps

(+2dB)

4.5Mbps (+9dB)

Innoflight HighGain 10dBi 2W SͲBand 10deg 500kbps 8Mbps 10Mbps

(+13dB)

10Mbps (+19dB)

10Mbps (+26dB)

LASP/GSFC 2xPatch 0dBi 2W XͲBand NA 125kbps 500kbps 6Mbps 12.5Mbps

(+3dB)

12.5Mbps (+10dB) LASP/GSFC HighGainDep.or

PatchArray 15dBi 2W XͲBand 10deg 6.25Mbps

12.5Mbps (+6dB) 12.5Mbps (+12dB) 12.5Mbps (+18dB) 12.5Mbps (+25dB) MSFC HighGainDep.or

PatchArray 15dBi 2W XͲBand 10deg 6.25Mbps

12.5Mbps (+6dB) 12.5Mbps (+12dB) 150Mbps (+8dB) 150Mbps (+15dB) AchievableDataRate

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33 33

h ThefollowingtableprovidesanticipatedachievabledataratesbetweenaLunarCubeSat

equippedwithdifferentcompatibleradiosandtypicalNENantennas

NEN:

CubeSat

Capabilities/Data

Rates

(Lunar

Orbit)

Pointing 11m 18m

L3Cadet Omni 0dBi 2W UHF NA NA NA

Innoflight 2xPatch 0dBi 2W SͲBand NA 0.04kbps 0.2kbps

Innoflight HighGain 10dBi 2W SͲBand 10deg 3kbps 16kbps

LASP/GSFC 2xPatch 0dBi 2W XͲBand NA 0.2kbps 1kbps

LASP/GSFC HighGainDep.or

PatchArray 15dBi 2W XͲBand 10deg 1kbps 32kbps

MSFC HighGainDep.or

PatchArray 15dBi 2W XͲBand 10deg 1kbps 32kbps

AchievableDataRate (#dBMargin)

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34 34

h ThelimitingcaseforCubeSatsutilizingTDRSSistheReturnService(signalsoriginatingat

theCubeSatuptoTDRSSdowntoWSC).

h CubeSatͲTDRSSsupportwillbelimitedbylowerdatarateduetoS/Cpowerconstraints;

howeverSNcanprovidefullglobalcoverageandlowdatalatency

SN:

CubeSat

Capabilities/Data

Rates

LinkDescription Information Rate(priorto allcoding) SymbolRate (afterRS encoding) Symbolrate

(afterallcoding

applied) Coding CubeSat EIRP Margin 1st_generation TDRSMA Return 874bps 1ksps 2ksps Rate½CCwith ReedSolomon Coding 2.0dBW 0.4dB 2nd_/3rd generationTDRS MAReturn 1.139kbps 1.303ksps 2.606ksps 1.0dB SSAReturn 6.914kbps 7.906ksps 15.812ksps

Link characteristics are for a CubeSat with 2W RF out, 0dBi patch antenna in a ISS-like orbit. Communication mode is S-band SQPN, via either 1st gen Multiple Access, 2nd/3rd gen Multiple Access or Single Access Service.

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h ThefollowingtableprovidesanticipatedachievabledataratesbetweenaLunarCubeSat

equippedwithdifferentcompatibleradiosanda34mDSNclassantenna

DSN:

CubeSat

Capabilities/Data

Rates

AchievableDataRate (#dBMargin)

Pointing 34m

L3Cadet Omni 0dBi 2W UHF NA 1kbps

Innoflight 2xPatch 0dBi 2W SͲBand NA 10kbps

Innoflight HighGain 10dBi 2W SͲBand 10deg 160kbps

LASP/GSFCor

IRIS(JPL) 2xPatch 0dBi 2W XͲBand NA 20kbps

LASP/GSFC HighGainDep.or

PatchArray 15dBi 2W XͲBand 10deg 1Mbps

IRIS(JPL) HighGainDep.or

PatchArray 15dBi 2W XͲBand 10deg 256kbps

MSFC HighGainDep.or

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h Summary

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h TransitionfromSͲbandtoXͲBandtoKaͲBanddependson

flighthardwareevolution

h NENS,XandKaͲBandgroundsystemisalready

standardized

h Higherdataratewillreducenumberofpassesrequired

h Standardizationonradiosandconfigurationswillreduce

planning/testingcostsandmayreducefrequency

authorizationtime

h 11MeterclassdishesyieldshighgainforXͲband

– Linkbudgetshows12.5Mbpscanbeachievedinlow

Earthorbitwitha1Wattoutputsatellitetransmitter

overXͲband

– LASPandGoddard/WallopsFlightFacilityhave

partneredtodesignaCubeSatXͲBandtransmitter,SͲ

Bandreceiver(NENcompatible)

– ProjectfundedbyNASASpaceTechnologyandMission

Directorate(STMD)andGSFCIR&D

h Developerscanfocusonenduseandmaximizescience

“bangͲforͲtheͲbuck”

h PossibilityofaddingUHFcapability

Near

Earth

Network

Evolution

Near Earth Network Wallops 11 Meter class antenna

NASA GSFC/Wallops LunarCube with deployable X-band antenna based on University of Colorado/Goddard X/S band

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h TDRSScanprovidecontinualcoverageofCubeSatscomparedtoverylimitedcontacttime

withjustgroundstations

– ContinualcoveragecanbeusedbyCubeSatstosendstatusalertsinstantlywithout

waitinguntilagroundstationisinview

– Supportscontinual,realͲtimedataflowswithoutinterruption

– Morecoveragetimeallowsusinglowerdatarates(i.e.lesspower)todelivermoredata

thanbrief,intermittentgroundstationcontacts

h TDRSScanprovideemergencysupportforCubeSats

– TDRSS360° coveragecanconstantlylistenforsignalsfromCubeSatsaroundtheworld

andlocatethemwhentheyarenotvisibletogroundstations

– TDRSSmaybeabletoprovideCubeSatlocationinformationbyprocessingsignal

informationfrommultipleTDRS'sviewingaCubeSat

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h TheDSNispursingmultipleeffortsinresponsetothechallengesassociatedwithcommunication

andnavigationofSmallsats outsideLEO,inlunaranddeepspace1

– Radioandantennadevelopment(see“FlightRadiosandAntennaDevelopment”section)

– StreamliningaccessandutilizationprocessesforDSNandrelatedservices

– Developingmethodologiesfortracking&operatingmultiplespacecraftsimultaneously

– CoordinationandcollaborationwithnonͲDSNfacilities

h StreamliningandUpgradingExistingDSNCapabilitiesandProcesses

– DSNResourceAllocationProcess:PlansareunderwaytointegrateDSNresourceallocation

toolsintoasingletoolforendͲtoͲendschedulingneeds,increasingefficiencies

– DSNCosts:DSNisconsideringCubeSattrackingpackagestoassistmissionwithhighDSNcosts

aswellasreducedpreͲlaunchtestingwhenaCubeSatmissionconsistsofseveralspacecraft

h NewTechniquesforSimultaneousTrackingofMultipleSpacecraftinanAntennaBeam

– DSNisworkingtodeveloplowͲcosttechniquestoenableitsantennastosupportmore

spacecraftsimultaneouslysuchasMultipleSpacecraftperAntenna(MSPA)

h DSNOperationanditsInterfaceswithNonͲDSNAntennaFacilitiesandMissions

– DSNisinvestigatingaspectsofSmallsat operationsconceptsandinterfacesincludingthe

followingtopics:(1)Spectrumcoordination,(2)DSNcompatibilityandinterfaces,(3)CrossͲ

SupportwithUniversitystations,and(4)PotentialESAantennas

DSN

Evolution

1_{See the “Next-Generation Ground Network Architecture for Communications and Tracking of Interplanetary Smallsats” paper from corresponding}

author Kar-Ming Cheung for in depth details for each topic discussed regarding DSN Evolution. Paper was presented at the CubeSat Developer's Workshop, April 22-24, 2015, San Luis Obispo. To be published in the Interplanetary Network Directorate Progress Report.

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h SCaNSupportforCubeSats

h Summary

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h NASASCaNisintheprocessofstudyingfurthertheuserneedsforCubeSatswithintheNASAuser

community

– WhatlevelofserviceisappropriatetoprovidetoCubeSats?

– TDRSlocation

– UHFsupport

– Spacecraftemergency

h NASASCaNintendstoprovidestandardservicesandcapabilitiestoCubeSatsandtoevolveandenhance

networkcapabilitiesasbudgetpermits

h Increasedknowledgeofkeylessonslearnedandimprovedefficiencies(morecoordinatedoperations

andcommunicationssupport)willlikelybenecessarytofullymaturethesmallsatellitedomain

h Evolutiondependsonbothflighthardwareandgroundstationdevelopment

h UHFusewilllikelycontinueuntilotherbandsolutionsbecomemorematureandaffordable

h XͲbandisrecommendedsolutioninthenearͲtermformaximizingtheuseoftheNASANearEarth

Networkresourcesandhighdatarates

h NASASpaceNetworkcouldtodayprovidelowͲlatency,lowdatarateservice

h NASADeepSpaceNetworkispreparingtosupportmultipleplanetaryCubeSatsinparallel

h NASAisinvestigatingstreamliningplanningandtesting

Summary

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h SCaNSupportforCubeSats

h Summary

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h Previous:SpaceOps2016

– PlenaryPanel:SmallsatOperations

– SmallSatelliteOperationsTechnicalTrack(Chair:JamesCutler(UofMichigan))

• Topics:CubeSatandNanosatOperations,TT&CSystems,FlightOperations,ConstellationOperations,Frequency

AllocationChallenges,RegulationsandtheirChallenges,ChallengeswithSmallSatelliteOperations,EndofLife

Operations,CubeSatNetworks/Swarms;ConstellationOperations,NanoͲTechnologies,LessonsLearned

• SSOTechSession:TrimmedCommunicationArchitectures

– AdaptingaLargeͲScaleMultiͲMissionGroundSystemforLowͲCostCubeSats

– NASAWallopsFlightFacilityͲMoreheadStateGroundNetworkforSmallSatelliteMissionOperations

– DevelopmentandOperationResultsofCubeSatRAIKOUsingGroundNetworkSystem

• SSOTechSession:AdvancedOperationsConcepts

– OperationalConsiderationsforaSwarmofCubeSatͲClassSpacecraft

– OperationsofaRadioisotopeͲbasedPropulsionSystemEnablingCubeSatExplorationoftheOuterPlanets

– OperationsCostReductionforaJovianScienceMissionusingCubeSats

h CandidateAction:Definesessions&panelsforSpaceOps2016(Korea)

– Considerations:

• AreSmallsatoperationssufficientlydistinctfrom“standard”missionssuchthatdifferentapproachesand

technologiesareneeded?(i.e.,isthereaneedforaseparateSpaceOpstechtrack?)

• Whataboutopsforlargesatelliteconstellations(regardlessofspacecraftsize)?

• ShouldstandardservicesbedefinedforSmallsatoperationssuchthatsupportcanbeprovidedbymultiple,distinct

networks(e.g.,Gov.,commercial,university,etc.)?Ifso,whatwouldthosestandardservicesandinterfacesbe?

– WorkshopOutcome

• DefinecandidateSpaceOps2016PanelsandTracks

Workshop

Discussion

&

Candidate

Action:

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h CandidateAction:EstablishSmallSatelliteCrossSupportFrameworkforSpaceAgencies

– Considerations:

• WhatarespaceagencyplansforusingsmallSatellites?

– Note:Todate,NASAhasprimarilysupportedsmallsatellitetechnologydevelopmentandlaunchsupportwith

onlyminimalusetomeetexplorationandscienceobjectives.Essentially,whatisthe“real”marketofspace

agencysmallsatellitesrequiringC&Nservices?

• AreSmallsatoperationssufficientlydistinctfrom“standard”missionssuchthatdifferentapproachesandservicesare

needed?

• Whataboutopsforlargesatelliteconstellations(regardlessofspacecraftsize?

• ShouldstandardservicesbedefinedforSmallsatoperationssuchthatsupportcanbeprovidedbymultiple,distinct

networks(e.g.,Gov.,commercial,university,etc.)?Ifso,whatwouldthosestandardservicesandinterfacesbe?

• AreexistingIOAGrecommendations(e.g.,ServiceCatalog)andCCSDSStandardssufficientorappropriateforsmall

satellites?

• Whataboutspectrum...Arecurrentfrequencyallocationssufficient?Arecurrentspectrumprocesses(e.g.,

licensing,coordination)adequate?Ifnot,whatisneeded?

– CandidateWorkshopOutcomes

• RecommendationonneedforandpotentialcontentforSmallsatCrossSupportFrameworkforSpaceAgencies

Workshop

Discussion

&

Candidate

Action:

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Acronyms

AF Air Force

AGO Santiago Ground Station AGS Alaska Ground Station ARC Ames Research Center ASF Alaska Satellite Facility BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying CeREs Compact Radiation belt Explorer

CPOD CubeSat Proximity Operations Demonstration CSLI CubeSat Launch Initiative

CYGNSS Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System DICE Dynamic Ionosphere CubeSat Experiment DSN Deep Space Network

DSS Deep Space Station FEC Forward Error Correction FSK Frequency Shift Keying

G Grams

GHz Gigahertz

GMaCC Global Monitor and Control Center GN Ground Network

GPS Global Positioning System GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center HARP Hyper Angular Rainbow Polarimeter ISS International Space Station

ITU International Telecommunication Union JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Kbps Kilobits per second

Kg Kilogram

Km Kilometer

KSAT Kongsberg Satellite Services AS

LASP Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics

LEO Low Earth Orbit

M Meter

Mbps Megabits per second MGS McMurdo Ground Station MHz Megahertz

MicroMAS Micro-sized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite MinXSS Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer (MinXSS) MiRaTA Microwave Radiometer Technology Acceleration NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NEN Near Earth Network

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NSF National Science Foundation

NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration

RRS Research Range Services

SANSA South African National Space Agency SCaN Space Communications and Navigation SMD Science Mission Directorate

SNIP SCaN Network Integration Project SIA Satellite Industry Association SN Space Network

SSC Swedish Space Corporation STGT Second TDRS Ground Terminal TDRS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite USN Universal Space Network

W Watt

WFF Wallops Flight Facility WGS Wallops Ground Station WSC White Sands Complex