Solid Waste Management - Options and Solutions at the Local Level

(1)

(2)

Solid Waste Management Writers Aileen de Guzman Joyce Reyes Editors Chay Florentino-Hofileña Giselle Baretto-Lapitan Project Management Amihan Perez

Ateneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs (ACSPPA)

Technical and Editorial Team

Rene “Bong’ Garrucho, LGSP Mags Maglana, LGSP Merlinda Hussein, LGSP Gemma Borreros, LGSP Myn Garcia, LGSP

Orient Integrated Development Consultants Inc.

Art Direction, Cover Design & Layout

Jet Hermida

Photography

(3)

OPTIONS AND SOLUTIONS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL

(4)

Solid Waste Management: Mapping out Solutions at the Local Level Service Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government

Copyright @2003 Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP)

The Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program encourages the use, translation, adaptation and copying of this material for non-commercial use, with appropriate credit given to LGSP.

Although reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and/or contributor and/or editor can not accept any liability for any consequence arising from the use thereof or from any information contained herein.

ISBN 971-8597-07-7

Printed and bound in Manila, Philippines

Published by:

Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP) Unit 1507 Jollibee Plaza

Emerald Ave., 1600 Pasig City, Philippines Tel. Nos. (632) 637-3511 to 13

www.lgsp.org.ph

Ateneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs (ACSPPA) ACSPPA, Fr. Arrupe Road, Social Development Complex Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, 1108 Quezon City

This project was undertaken with the financial support of the Government of Canada provided through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).

(5)

A JOINT PROJECT OF

IMPLEMENTED BY

Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)

National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)

Canadian International Development Agency Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) www.fcm.ca Agriteam Canada www.agriteam.ca

(6)

(7)

T

he Department of the Interior and Local Government is pleased to acknowledge the latest publication of the Philippines Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP), Service

Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government; a series of books on eight (8)

service delivery areas, which include Shelter, Water and Sanitation, Health, Agriculture, Local Economic Development, Solid Waste Management, Watershed and Coastal Resource Management.

One of the biggest challenges in promoting responsive and efficient local governance is to be able to meaningfully deliver quality public services to communities as mandated in the Local Government Code. Faced with continued high incidence of poverty, it is imperative to strengthen the role of LGUs in service delivery as they explore new approaches for improving their performance.

Strategies and mechanisms for effective service delivery must take into consideration issues of poverty reduction, people’s participation, the promotion of gender equality, environmental sustainability and economic and social equity for more long- term results. There is also a need to acquire knowledge, create new structures, and undertake innovative programs that are more responsive to the needs of the communities and develop linkages and partnerships within and between communities as part of an integrated approach to providing relevant and sustainable services to their constituencies.

Service Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government offer local government units and

their partners easy-to-use, comprehensive resource material with which to take up this challenge. By providing LGUs with practical technologies, tested models and replicable exemplary practices, Service Delivery with Impact encourages LGUs to be innovative, proactive and creative in addressing the real problems and issues in providing and enhancing services, taking into account increased community participation and strategic private sector/civil society organizational partnerships. We hope that in using these resource books, LGUs will be better equipped with new ideas, tools and inspiration to make a

i

FOREWORD

(10)

difference by expanding their knowledge and selection of replicable choices in delivering basic services with increased impact.

The DILG, therefore, congratulates the Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP) for this milestone in its continuing efforts to promote efficient, responsive, transparent and accountable governance.

HON. JOSE D. LINA, JR. Secretary

Department of the Interior and Local Government

FOREWORD

(11)

iii

(12)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

(13)

S

ervice Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government are the product of a series

of roundtable discussions, critical review of tested models and technologies, and case analyses of replicable exemplary practices in the Philippines conducted by the Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP) in eight (8) service sectors that local government units (LGUs) are mandated to deliver. These include Shelter, Water and Sanitation, Health, Agriculture, Local Economic Development, Solid Waste Management, Watershed and Coastal Resource Management.

The devolution of powers as mandated in the Local Government Code has been a core pillar of decentralization in the Philippines. Yet despite opportunities for LGUs to make a meaningful difference in the lives of the people by maximizing these devolved powers, issues related to poverty persist and improvements in effective and efficient service delivery remain a challenge.

With LGSP’s work in support of over 200 LGUs for the past several years came the recognition of the need to enhance capacities in service delivery, specifically to clarify the understanding and optimize the role of local government units in providing improved services. This gap presented the motivation for LGSP to develop these resource books for LGUs.

Not a “how to manual,” Service Delivery with Impact features strategies and a myriad of proven approaches designed to offer innovative ways for local governments to increase their capacities to better deliver quality services to their constituencies.

Each resource book focuses on highlighting the important areas of skills and knowledge that contribute to improved services. Service Delivery with Impact provides practical insights on how LGUs can apply guiding principles, tested and appropriate technology, and lessons learned from exemplary cases to their organization and in partnership with their communities.

v

PREFACE

(14)

This series of resource books hopes to serve as a helpful and comprehensive reference to inspire and enable LGUs to significantly contribute to improving the quality of life of their constituency through responsive and efficient governance.

Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP)

PREFACE

(15)

ACRONYMS

AusAID Australian Agency for International Development

AWARE Associated Waste Administration and Recycling Enterprise

BIKBAP Balik Inang Kalikasan, Balik Amang Pabrika

BOT Build Operate Transfer

CEC Carmona Ecology Center

CRM Coastal Resource Management

CSO Civil Society Organizations

DA Department of Agriculture

DBL Design Build Lease

DENR Department of the Environment and Natural Resources

DILG Department of the Interior and Local Government

DTI Department of Trade and Industry

ECC Environmental Clearance Certificate

EcoGov Philippine Environmental Governance Project

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

ENRC Environment and Natural Resources Council

ENRO Environment and Natural Resources Office

FSSI Foundation for a Sustainable Society, Inc.

GOLD Governance and Local Democracy

GOP Government of the Philippines

IDEAS, Inc. Institute for the Development of Educational and Ecological Alternatives, Inc.

IEC Information, Education and Communication

IETC International Environmental Technology Centre

IRR Implementing Rules and Regulations

ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management

vii

(16)

ACRONYMS

viii S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y W I T H I M P A C T : R E S O U R C E B O O K s F O R L O C A L G O V E R N M E N T

JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation

LBP Land Bank of the Philippines

LGSP Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program

LGUs Local Government Units

LOGOFIND Local Government Finance and Development Project

LRPs Local Resource Partners

MaCEA Makati Commercial Estates Association

MAT Municipal Action Team

MRF Materials Recovery Facility

NCR National Capital Region

PASTT Philippines-Australia Governance Facility

RA Republic Act

RTD Roundtable Discussion

SFM Sustainable Forest Management

SWAPP Solid Waste Management Association of the Philippines

SWM Solid Waste Management

SZWAT Silang Zero Waste Action Team

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

USAID United States Agency for International Development

(17)

THE SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Rapid population growth and industrialization have turned the Philippines’ waste situation into a huge problem. With today’s lifestyle, it is estimated that one person can generate as much as half a kilo of waste a day. The continuous stream into the market of new products that use the latest packaging technology further heightens the problem because new kinds of garbage are produced. Not only is there an increase in the amount of waste; there is also an increase in the variety of waste.

LEGAL FRAMEWORK

The Philippine government has recognized the severity of the garbage problem and has prioritized the establishment of appropriate measures to address it. The most comprehensive piece of legislation is the Republic Act (RA) 9003, known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, which assigns the primary task of implementation and enforcement to LGUs. It emphasizes the importance of minimizing waste by using techniques such as recycling, resource recovery, reuse, and composting.

WHAT LGUs HAVE TO DO

Solid waste disposal is proving to be a complex and controversial issue and LGUs are faced with limited options to address it as the mandatory provisions in the law already spell out what they have to do. Their biggest challenge is to come up with solid waste management and pollution control strategies that would reduce the waste released to the environment.

LGUs can start the development of the required 10-year integrated solid waste management program with waste appraisal to determine waste generation and the “waste profile” of their community and to assess the solid waste management practices and systems already in place in their communities. With

ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

(18)

the analysis of such data, LGUs should then be able to identify their waste management options and draw up specific SWM measures, including the design of waste disposal facilities.

LGUs will need to support the engineering component of their SWM programs with education and enforcement interventions. They have to provide the organizational support and systems for the efficient and effective implementation of the SWM plan.

WHAT SOME LGUs HAVE DONE

There are many types of projects on solid waste management that an LGU can initiate, (even as it is yet developing a long-term SWM plan). Some LGUs have concentrated on social preparation and networking, particularly in the early stages of SWM planning and implementation. The municipality of Bustos, Bulacan and the city of Manila, for instance, came up with solid waste management projects that focused on social preparation and networking to improve the knowledge of their constituents and win the support of the community. Other LGUs have focused on composting and recycling activities, which require the establishment of the necessary facilities. Still others have started to work towards the upgrading of their waste disposal facilities, in compliance with the law.

LGUs need to be in touch with the problems and demands of their communities. They need to immediately address urgent SWM issues with projects that meet their needs yet match their resources and capabilities.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

(19)

M

unicipal solid waste refers to food, paper, rubbish, packaging and ashes discarded by households and commercial establishments; non-hazardous and non-toxic institutional or industrial waste; street sweepings, construction debris, and agricultural waste. To the ordinary Filipino, solid waste is anything that is considered “basura” and there is expectation, especially in the more urban areas, that it is the responsibility of local government officials to reduce and control the solid waste problem.

The problems of solid waste management confronting local government units are becoming more complex as population and local economies grow. LGUs need to continually review and map out short-term and long-short-term solutions to effectively deal with them.

The development of this resource book on solid waste management thus aims to: 1) provide local government units (LGUs) and local resource personnel information on the development challenges, working models, and good practices on solid waste management that can be studied, addressed, and replicated where appropriate; 2) enhance LGUs’ understanding of the mandates that govern solid waste management to help prepare them for more effective work and identify opportunities for further policy development; and 3) guide LGUs in identifying sources of references, tools, and assistance that can help them improve the delivery of the service.

The resource book puts together the work of many solid waste management advocates and practitioners. Much of the information and lessons herein are derived from the experiences of two USAID-funded projects: Governance in Local Democracy (GOLD) and the Philippines Environmental Governance Project or EcoGov as well as information shared by the Solid Waste Management Association of the Philippines (SWAPP).

1

INTRODUCTION

(20)

The book consists of the following chapters:

Chapter 1: Overview of the Solid Waste Management Sector. This serves to introduce key concepts,

guiding principles, the hierarchy and functional elements of solid waste management. The chapter also provides an outline of the steps or processes that should be undertaken to come up with an effective waste management program.

Chapter 2: LGU Mandates on Solid Waste Management. This section presents a list of policies that

relate to waste management, particularly those that are relevant to LGUs, with a brief description of each.

Chapter 3: Policy and Implementation Issues and Recommendations. This chapter contains issues

and concerns, as well as recommendations in implementing LGU-run, private sector-managed, and NGO-initiated programs.

Chapter 4: Good Practices in Solid Waste Management. This presents various projects that have been

successfully implemented here and around the world. It covers LGU experiences and concerns, as well as good practices pertaining to waste management for residences, commercial and recreational areas, and health care facilities, among others. The private sector in particular and civil society organizations (CSOs) to a certain extent have a hard time finding options and workable models for solid waste management. LGUs can share information in this chapter to their constituents coming from the private sector and CSOs.

INTRODUCTION

(21)

Chapter 5 - References and Tools. This section provides a list of available financial windows that can

be tapped to provide funding for various solid waste management projects. It also lists reference materials to better understand solid waste management and lists LGUs and groups that have successfully implemented solid waste management projects in their localities.

Much has been accomplished in sustaining the world through proper solid waste management schemes. But much more remains to be done. LGUs need to do their part in their own localities to help sustain the earth’s life support system.

There have been apprehensions about the readability of material on solid waste management offered to LGUs in the past. This resource book tries to overcome this problem by selecting cases that are clear, interesting, and relevant to real life situations and experiences on solid waste management in the country. It is hoped that this resource book will help shape an efficient process of service delivery in the community.

3

(22)

(23)

OVERVIEW OF THE SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT SECTOR

(24)

(25)

7

CHAPTER

1

❙ THE SOCIAL IMPERATIVE

Rapid population growth and industrialization have turned the country’s waste situation into a huge problem. With today’s lifestyle, it is estimated that one person can generate as much as half a kilo of municipal solid waste a day. In Olongapo City, it has been established that the waste generation rate is 340 grams per day per person.1 The continuous stream into the market of new products that use the latest packaging technology further heightens the problem because new kinds of garbage are produced. Not only is there an increase in the amount of waste; there is also an increase in its variety.

Waste disposal is thus a major issue confronting LGUs. It has become a high priority due to the health and environmental risks associated with waste. Waste likely contains pathogens, which commonly cause infections. Garbage piles, besides being foul and unsightly, are breeding grounds of vermin and insects, which carry human diseases. Improperly discarded waste can contaminate sources of drinking water; they can be carried by rivers to the sea and adversely affect fisheries, tourism, and the health of coastal communities. Solid waste disposal is proving to be a complex and controversial issue—with LGUs facing limited options for addressing this concern. Landfills are being promoted as alternative means of disposal, but finding landfill sites has been difficult due to economic constraints, public health concerns, and social acceptability issues. There is a need, therefore, for other solid waste

OVERVIEW OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR

Municipal solid waste

refers to food, paper,

rubbish, packaging and

ashes discarded by

households and commercial

establishments,

non-hazardous and non-toxic

institutional or industrial

waste, street sweepings,

construction debris, and

agricultural waste. In some

localities, most agricultural

waste are a waste stream all

to themselves and are

generally not handled as

part of the municipal waste

management system.

(26)

8

management and pollution control strategies that can reduce waste released to the environment. The government has recognized the severity of the garbage problem and has given priority to establishing appropriate measures to address it. The most comprehensive piece of legislation dealing with this problem is Republic Act (RA) 9003, known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. It assigns the primary task of implementation and enforcement to LGUs. It emphasizes the importance of minimizing waste using techniques such as recycling, resource recovery, reuse, and composting. Chapter 3 further describes the important features of RA 9003.

❙ GUIDING PRINCIPLES

OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management practitioners have come up with seven guiding principles in SWM planning2. Incorporating these principles into one’s way of thinking is a good starting point when embarking on any solid waste management initiative.

1. Waste is a resource. When waste is thrown away, it does not disappear

but ends up somewhere else or in some other form. When it is used or put in the right place, it retains its value as a resource.

2. Waste prevention is better than waste regulation. Stopping waste from being produced is

much better than trying to manage it after a lot has already been generated.

3. There is no single management and technological approach to solid waste. An integrated

SWM system will best achieve SWM goals.There are different types of waste—biodegradable, non-biodegradable, recyclable, non-recyclable, toxic, hazardous—and each requires specific handling and disposal methods.

1 S O L I D WA S T E M A N AG E M E N T

Solid Waste

Management (SWM)

includes all activities

pertaining to the

control, transfer and

transport, processing,

and disposal of solid

wastes in accordance

with the best

principles of public

health, economics,

engineering,

conservation,

aesthetic and other

environmental

considerations.

(27)

9

4. All elements of society are fundamentally responsible for solid waste management.

Although LGUs are primarily responsible for providing SWM services to their constituents, their success requires the support of the national government and the involvement of the private sector and the general public.

5. Those who generate waste must bear the cost of its management and disposal. Households

have enjoyed local government subsidy for garbage collection and disposal for far too long. This subsidy has not helped develop a sense of responsibility among citizens for their habits. Those who produce the waste should shoulder part of it, if not the full cost of waste management.

6. Solid waste management should be approached within the context of resource conservation, environmental protection and health, and sustainable development. SWM

has evolved into a multidisciplinary effort requiring the expertise from the fields of engineering, economics, sociology, bioscience, and environmental management.

7. SWM programs should consider the physical and socio-economic conditions of the concerned communities and should be designed according to communities’ specific needs. Communities vary in character and, thus, have different solid waste problems. SWM

programs should correspond to the unique needs of these communities.

❙ THE HIERARCHY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Experts agree that there will be no simple, single solution to the municipal solid waste problem as long as there are physical and socio-economic differences among communities. There is, however, an accepted hierarchy of waste management strategies that local governments can conform with. This hierarchy represents an integrated approach to solid waste management that is more efficient in terms of money, time, and disposal space.

OVERVIEW OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR 1

(28)

10

Turning something old into something new. Food and yard waste can be composted. Aluminum cans can be melted and pressed into new sheets that can be reused. Used papers can be turned into pulp for making new paper. Glass bottles can be crushed and melted to make new glass products.

Discarding solid residues—ashes and slag—that result from treatment.

Materials that cannot be recycled are processed to generate energy and other sources. Biodegradable wastes can be converted to soil conditioners or organic fertilizers through composting. Energy can be recovered through incinerator systems that produce steam, or through pyrolisis to extract methane gas.

Reducing the amount of waste and the toxicity of the waste that is produced. Manufacturers may come up with products containing fewer harmful materials and requiring less packaging. Consumers may choose to buy more durable and non-disposable products. SOURCE REDUCTION RECYCLING TREATMENT OR RECOVERY DISPOSAL WHY RECYCLE?

1. It saves natural resources. All things used by humans have materials that come from the earth. The earth does not have a never-ending supply of these precious materials.

2. It saves energy. Making new materials through recycling uses less energy than creating them from raw materials.

3. It creates less pollution. Making new materials through recycling produces less pollution than creating them from raw materials

4. It protects wildlife. The destruction of forests, rivers, and fields is reduced. These are the habitat of wildlife. 5. It helps out communities. By producing less garbage, the cost of garbage disposal is reduced. The money saved

(29)

11

❙ FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS

OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management planning requires that LGUs recognize the functional elements of a well-designed SWM system. Each element entails several basic requirements that have to be taken into account.

Information has to be gathered about the sources of waste, the nature of waste produced by these sources, and their corresponding amounts. Current practices at the source also need to be determined. The resulting baseline information is critical in the design and planning of an integrated SWM system.

Solid waste must be stored first before they are collected. A good on-site storage facility must have the following features:

a. Keeps waste properly contained to avoid health hazards (e.g., does not tip over easily with contents spilled out)

b. Makes collection easy c. Is aesthetically pleasing

This entails the regular and systematic gathering of waste from various storage sites and pick-up points, hauling them to transfer stations, processing and recovery facilities, or to final disposal sites. Collection is the most expensive SWM element, usually accounting for 40 percent to 80 percent of waste management costs.

Intermediate collection sites called “transfer stations” are usually recommended if the final disposal site is located far from the waste collection points. They are also often more economical. These transfer stations involve smaller collection trucks that haul waste to transfer stations where they are then loaded into larger vehicles. These large trucks convey waste to either processing and recovery facilities, or to the final disposal site.

ELEMENT THINGS TO CONSIDER

Transfer and Transport Collection On-Site Storage Waste Generation

▼

(30)

❙ IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTEGRATED SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

The implementation of an integrated SWM program should start with waste appraisal to determine the waste generation and “waste profile”of the community and assess the solid waste management practices systems already in place. The LGU can convene a task force that will undertake this study. Based on collected information, the task force should be able to identify and assess their waste management options (that are allowable under RA 9003) and then outline more concrete and doable action steps and plans with corresponding budgets. The generated data will also help LGUs in the design of the recovery and disposal facilities. It is useful for LGUs to look at good practices of other LGUs because by doing so, they familiarize themselves with working modes and approaches that can be applied to the community.

12

This element refers to procedures that are designed to recover usable materials such as raw materials for compost, or procedures that transform waste to heat or electricity. Examples of the latter are magnetic separation, density separation, and size reduction.

The nature and amount of waste should be considered when deciding on an appropriate disposal method to avoid secondary environmental problems such as groundwater contamination and air pollution. In Canada and the United States, sanitary landfills are the most common and most widely accepted of the final disposal methods. However, in the Philippines, sanitary landfills—currently defined as engineered landfill sites—are a relatively new phenomenon. Before the use of sanitary landfills, uncontrolled or controlled dumps used to be more prevalent. In addition, energy-from-waste is the most common disposal option in Japan, France, Sweden, Denmark and other European nations. Disposal

Processing and Recovery

(31)

13

The LGU should encourage the broadest participation from the local citizenry. During planning, the local government and its citizens can work together to formulate a common vision regarding their solid waste situation and design strategic action plans to address the issue. Local participation during the planning and design stage cultivates a sense of ownership, which, in turn, strengthens the commitment to the program and increases the chances of its success.

It is crucial that an LGU designates an SWM officer at the planning stage and formally lodges SWM responsibility with an office of the municipal or city government. The officer should oversee the development of the SWM program and ensure that action steps are set into motion in plan implementation.

WASTE APPRAISAL

Local government and volunteers conduct surveys and determine the waste profile and existing solid waste management operations of a community.

VMGO SETTING

With the help of a workshop facilitator, local leaders and citizens agree on a vision, the strategies and first steps to address the problem.

MULTISECTORAL PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION

A multisectoral task force consisting of leaders and volunteers further reviews technical options and draws up plans and budgets for “doable” actions. IMPLEMENTING THE DOABLES

The local government and citizens implement designated roles to use SWM techniques.

Process Flow for Developing a City/Municipal Integrated Solid Waste Management Program3

²

®

«

¯

(32)

14

LGUs are usually constrained by limited funds and personnel, and should thus start with small, manageable activities. These small worthwhile activities allow waste management methods to be tested for practicality and suitability. Successful experiences at this pilot level may then be tried by other barangays or replicated at the municipal level.

While initial activities are underway, it is equally important to begin a plan to sustain the waste management program. SWM practitioners have outlined five components, called the 5 Es for achieving this objective:

◗ THE 5 Es

ENGINEERING component refers to the hardware requirements of any SWM system—collection

trucks, garbage receptacles, transfer stations, disposal sites, and necessary equipment. It also refers to the establishment of operating systems and procedures—collection routes, waste segregation requirements, and disposal facility operations.

EDUCATION is the information-dissemination component of any SWM system where all sectors

of society are informed of their roles and responsibilities in waste management. Public awareness about SWM can be triggered by the tri-Media (TV, radio, and print media). Seminars, workshops, and speakers’ bureau are some other examples of how solid waste management can be promoted to the public.

The ENFORCEMENT component ensures that the integrated SWM program can only be sustained if a legal framework supports it. Ideally, ordinances should spell out the policies and procedures for each SWM functional element, provide the mechanisms and administrative structures to implement the program, and specify sanctions for violators.

(33)

15

The creation of an ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION, a structure that “houses”the SWM program. is important. The program must be assigned to an appropriate office or department within the local government’s institutional machinery. The ideal scenario is for the LGU to create a SWM division under the Environment and Natural Resources Office. The law requires the creation of an SWM Board that has multisectoral representation. LGUs may invite into the Board other national government and private organizations.

The EQUITY component pertains to the financial, technical, and manpower resources—required by the other components. This includes local funds or outside financing, as well as local expertise and citizen cooperation and involvement.

A sixth E may be added to stand for EXECUTIVE WILL, which seems to be the most important among all these components. Executive will stands for the local executive’s ability to lead his colleagues, as well as his ability to coordinate all involved agencies, in the execution and implementation of a successful solid waste management program. Executive will also ensures allocation of adequate resources to the program.

Sources:

Philippine Environmental Governance Program (EcoGov). LGU Solutions and Benefits from Good Integrated Solid Waste Management practices (Briefing material for the EcoGov Interactive Assemblies with LGUs). n.p. 2002.

Governance and Local Democracy (GOLD) Project. Local Governments and Citizens in Integrated Solid Waste Management. GOLD Occasional Papers (OP No. 98-06). n.p.1998 .

(34)

(35)

CHAPTER

2 LGU MANDATES ON SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

(36)

(37)

19

CHAPTER

2

◗ THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

Article 11 of the Constitution provides that the State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.

◗ REPUBLIC ACT 9003 (2000) AND DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2001-34

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations

This Act empowers local government units to actively pursue their respective solid waste management systems by providing them the needed policy and technical support. The salient features of RA 9003 that apply to LGUs include:

 Preparation of 10-year solid waste management plans by all LGUs (province, city, and

municipality). Such plans should: (a) place primary emphasis on the implementation of

feasible and environmentally sound techniques of minimizing waste (such as re-use, recycling, and composting programs); and (b) identify the amount of landfill and transformation capacity needed for solid waste that cannot be re-used, recycled, or composted. The content of solid waste management plans is outlined in Section 17, Article 1, Chapter III. The law mandates that 25 percent of all solid waste must be diverted from disposal facilities, within a period of five years from the time RA 9003 takes effect.

 Creation of a Solid Waste Management Board in every city and municipality to prepare

and implement a plan for the safe and sanitary management of solid waste. A provincial

Solid Waste Management Board will likewise be formed by each province to develop a comprehensive provincial SWM plan, taking off from the municipal/city SWM plans.

(38)

20

 Mandatory segregation of waste. LGUs are to evaluate alternative roles for the public and private sectors in providing collection services, types of collection services, or a combination of systems that best meet their needs. The collection and transport of solid waste must conform to the minimum standards and requirements for collection of solid waste (e.g., use of protective equipment by collectors, non-spillage of waste within collection vicinity, separate collection schedules for specific types of waste, separate trucks/haulers or compartmentalized collection vehicles).

 Implementation of recycling programs, with support from the Departments of Trade

and Industry (DTI), Agriculture (DA), and Interior and Local Governments (DILG). The DTI

is to prepare an inventory of existing markets for processing and purchasing of recyclable materials and implement a coding system for packaging materials and products to facilitate waste recycling and re-use. The DA is to publish an inventory of existing markets and demand for compost.

 Setting up of a materials recovery facility (MRF) in every barangay or cluster of barangays. MRFs will receive mixed waste for final sorting, segregation, composting, and recycling before non-recyclable wastes are transferred to a storage or disposal facility.

 Prohibition of open dumpsites as final disposal facility. Existing open dumpsites are to be converted into controlled dumpsites within three years from the effectivity date of the law. Sanitary landfills shall be developed and operated as final disposal sites for a municipality or cluster of municipalities. The law provides guidelines for controlled dumps and criteria for the location and establishment of sanitary landfills. The law encourages LGUs to consider the setting up of common solid waste management facilities.

 Promoting the establishment of multipurpose environmental cooperatives and associations

that will undertake SWM activities or projects.

 Provision of monetary and other rewards and incentives to entities that have undertaken

outstanding and innovative SWM programs (e.g., tax credit and duty exemption to individuals

and private organizations; and grants to LGUs).

 Encouragement of LGUs to impose fees sufficient to pay the cost of preparing and

implementing their solid waste management plans. LGUs are also to adopt specific

revenue-generating measures to ensure the viability of their plans.

(39)

21

LGU MANDATES ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 2

S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y W I T H I M P A C T : R E S O U R C E B O O K s F O R L O C A L G O V E R N M E N T  Creation of a local SWM fund from donations, collection of fines and fees, and allocation

from the development fund. This fund is to be used for activities to enhance the SWM

program: research, information, education and communications, and capability building.  Definition of prohibited acts, penalties, suits and other legal actions concerning RA

9003.

◗ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7160

Local Government Code of the Philippines (1991)

This Act enjoins LGUs to enforce sanitation laws, prepare a solid waste management program, and other environmental functions. Section 17 mandates barangays and municipalities to provide services for solid waste collection and management. Section 3, Article 1 encourages the participation of the private sector in local governance.

◗ DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 98-50

Adopting the Landfill Site Identification and Screening Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Facilities

This order defines the site selection criteria for sanitary landfill facilities, including screening methodology.

◗ DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 98-49

Technical Guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Management

This Order provides the guidelines for the development of new municipal solid waste disposal sites, and a phased schedule for the conversion and upgrading of existing dumpsites into more sanitary and environmentally acceptable sites. The AO includes technical norms, environmental quality requirements and operational standards, and timeframe for implementation.

(40)

22

◗ DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 97-28

Amending Annex A of DAO 94-28

This Act includes used oil (spent oil such as waste oil or oil residues) as a separate category. It further provides that no importation of tanker sludge will be allowed.

◗ DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 94-28

Interim Guidelines for the Importation of Recyclable Materials Containing Hazardous Substances

This AO requires all importers of recyclable materials containing hazardous substances to register with the DENR. This also sets the registration and importation requirements, as well as the right of the DENR to require the testing and sampling of the imported recyclable materials.

◗ REPUBLIC ACT 6969

Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990

This Act regulates, restricts, or prohibits the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk and/or injury to health or the environment. It also prohibits the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal within Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose.

◗ DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 92-29

Implementing Rules and Regulations for RA 6969

This AO provides for an inventory of chemical substances and the classification of hazardous waste; sets the limitations regarding their use, transport, storage and disposal; sets exemptions from the nuclear waste requirements; prescribes the fees for registration, permitting and transport; and establishes penalties for the violation of prohibited acts. An Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council is created to oversee the implementation of these IRR provisions.

(41)

23

◗ RA 6957 AS AMENDED BY RA 7718 (BUILD-OPERATE-TRANSFER LAW)

This law states that infrastructure and development projects normally financed and operated by the public sector (such as that for solid waste management) may be wholly or partially implemented by the private sector.

◗ MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 88

Amending Memorandum Circular No. 39-A, dated January 19, 1988, by Reconstituting the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management

This identifies the members of the Task Force on Waste Management and defines their functions and responsibilities.

◗ MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 39-A OF JANUARY 19, 1988 FROM THE OFFICE

OF THE PRESIDENT

This enjoins local governments to establish integrated solid waste management systems that include: management of waste generation; handling and on-site storage; collection, transfer and transport; processing and recovery; and disposal.

◗ MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 30

Creating the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management (November 2, 1987)

This creates the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management for identifying an effective collection and disposal system or technology that can be effectively sustained on a long-term basis. The Task Force is tasked to identify the most appropriate government agency that would assume the lead role in waste collection and disposal management with the corresponding accountability. It is also tasked to identify the supporting and cooperating agencies, both public and private; and to define their responsibilities.

(42)

24

◗ SECTION 2388, REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE

This sets the general powers of city and municipal councils to enact ordinances and make such regulations on health and safety for the comfort and convenience of the community and the protection of property.

◗ EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 32

This Order establishes national and local beautification committees to undertake beautification and cleanliness campaigns.

◗ PROCLAMATION 2146 December 14, 1981

This proclamation defines the scope and coverage of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) system. It mainly provides that infrastructure and solid waste disposal projects are considered environmentally critical projects and thus subject to the EIS system.

◗ PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1586 1978

This Decree establishes an EIS system, identifying the lead agencies, secretariat, management and sources of financial assistance, rules and regulations, and penalties pursuant to PD 1151 (Philippine Environmental Policy).

◗ EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 432

Ordering the Strict Enforcement of Presidential Decree No. 825 Providing Penalties for Improper Disposal of Garbage and Other Forms of Uncleanliness (October 23, 1990)

The Order calls for the strict implementation of PD 825 and designates the Barangay Tanod as sanitary officers.

(43)

25

◗ PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1160

Vesting Authority in Barangay Captains to Enforce Pollution and Environmental Control Laws and for other Purposes (1977)

The Decree gives authority to barangay chairmen and the barangay council to enforce pollution and environmental control laws.

◗ PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1152

Philippine Environmental Code (1977)

This Decree establishes specific environment management policies and prescribes environment quality standards for air and water, land use management, natural resources management and conservation, and enforcement and guidelines for waste management. Sec. 23 particularly states that the “preparation and implementation of waste management programs shall be required of all provinces, cities and municipalities. The Department of Local Governments and Community Development shall promulgate guidelines for the formulation and establishment of waste management programs.”

◗ PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1151

Philippine Environmental Policy (1977)

This PD declares that it is government’s continuing policy to ensure an environment that is conducive to a life of dignity and well being, and that it is part of government policy to ensure the people’s right to such an environment. The policy requires all agencies and instrumentalities of the national government, including government-owned and controlled corporations, private corporations, firms, and entities to accomplish and submit Environmental Impact Statements for every action, project or undertaking that significantly affects the quality of the environment.

(44)

26

◗ LETTER OF INSTRUCTION NO. 588

This enjoins the commissioner of the National Pollution Control Commission, heads of Authorities, city and municipal mayors, heads of government-owned or controlled corporations to appoint their respective pollution control officers to enforce the rules and regulations implementing PD 984.

◗ PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 984

Providing for the Revision of Republic Act No. 3931, commonly known as the Pollution Control Law (1976)

This Decree provides for the strengthening and reorganization of the National Pollution Control Commission. Chapter IV, Art. 2, Sec. 82a prescribes that “solid waste shall be stored, collected, processed, transported and disposed of in such a manner as to control dust emission, windblown material, odors and prevent harborage for vermin and insects. The solid waste shall be sorted in such a way that it is not a health and safety hazard, unsightly and cannot be considered a public nuisance.”

◗ PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 856

Code on Sanitation in the Philippines (1975)

This Decree includes, among others, public health laws and regulations. Sec. 82 of this Decree states that “cities and municipalities shall provide an adequate and efficient system of collecting, transporting and disposing of refuse in their areas of jurisdiction in a manner approved by the local health authority.” Sec. 83 further provides additional requirements for refuse storage and disposal.

◗ THE IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR CHAPTER XVII OF

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 856

Code on Sanitation, Chapter on Refuse Disposal

These rules provide specific guidelines for integrated solid waste management. It defines the scope of segregation, recycling, and collection activities to support segregation.

(45)

27

◗ PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 825

Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage and Other Forms of Uncleanliness and for Other Purposes (1975)

This Decree provides rules and penalties covering sanitation of residences, commercial and industrial establishments, institutions and their immediate premises.

◗ PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 552

The Decree prescribes sanitation requirements for the operation of establishments and facilities catering to the traveling public.

◗ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3931

Pollution Control Law (1976)

This Act penalizes the throwing, running, draining, or disposition into Philippine waters and/or atmospheric air any matter or substance in gaseous or liquid form that shall cause the pollution of such waters or atmospheric air.

◗ PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 67

Water Code

This PD revives and consolidates laws governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development conservation and protection of water resources.

◗ COMMONWEALTH ACT 383

Water Pollution

This Act provides punishment for the dumping of refuse or substances of any kind that may cause the rising or filling of river beds or the blockage of streams.

(46)

(47)

CHAPTER

3 POLICY & IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

AND CONCERNS

(48)

(49)

31

CHAPTER

3

POLICY & IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES AND CONCERNS

❙ LGU AWARENESS OF EXISTING POLICIES

◗ LOW LEVEL OF AWARENESS OR KNOWLEDGE OF LGUS OF RA 9003 AND DAO

2001-34 (IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS)

To effectively implement and enforce RA 9003, LGU officials need to know or be familiar with the law’s provisions and IRR. Unfortunately, this is presently not the case. Many LGU officials and even LGU staff, who are directly responsible for solid waste management, remain unfamiliar with their responsibilities because of insufficient or inadequate information dissemination.

Specific provisions of RA 9003 that are not commonly known by LGUs comprise the following:

Establishment of Solid Waste Management Boards. RA 9003 requires LGUs to perform this initial

act. The boards need to be constituted within six months from the effectivity date of the IRR. Although the IRR took effect in January 2002, LGUs had only until July 2002 to create the boards. While there are a number of LGUs that have actually established their respective boards, they comprise only a small percentage and are often first- and second-class LGUs.

Creation of the Barangay Solid Waste Management Committee. RA 9003 provides that

segregation and collection of solid waste shall be conducted at the barangay level, specifically for biodegradable and reusable waste. The said law also provides for the establishment of a materials recovery facility (MRF) in every barangay or cluster of barangays. For these reasons, a Barangay Solid Waste Management Committee is to be created.

(50)

32

❙ POLICY ISSUES

◗ THERE ARE PROVISIONS IN THE LAW THAT DO NOT APPLY TO MANY LGUs

An example would be the establishment of the Solid Waste Management Boards, with the prescribed membership. RA 9003 provides that the Solid Waste Management Boards at the provincial, city, and municipal levels shall include the following, among others, as members: A representative from NGOs whose principal purpose is to promote recycling and the protection

of air and water quality

A representative from the recycling industry

A representative from the manufacturing or packaging industry

The reality is that no such NGOs, recycling, manufacturing, or packaging industries exist within the jurisdiction of some LGUs. Given this situation, questions arise regarding the composition of the board. In particular, can these boards be established even without these representatives? RA 9003 and its IRR are silent on this matter.

◗ THERE ARE PROVISIONS IN THE LAW THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO COMPLY WITH

WITHIN THE GIVEN TIMEFRAME

The law provides an insufficient period for the closure of controlled dumps. RA 9003 provides that within three (3) years after the law takes effect, every LGU shall convert its open dumps into controlled dumps, and that no controlled dumps shall be allowed five years after the said effectivity (Section 37). Note that RA 9003 took effect in year 2001. Therefore, in accordance with the said provision, all open dumps should have been converted to controlled dumps by the year 2004. Furthermore, by the year 2006, even controlled dumps shall be prohibited and these will be replaced by sanitary landfills. Due to the technical and financial requirements of these measures, many LGUs believe they will be unable to comply with the law.

(51)

33

◗ THERE ARE GAPS IN THE LAW THAT COULD POSE SERIOUS PROBLEMS TO

LGUs AND COMMUNITIES.

RA 9003 requires a post-closure procedure for closed dumpsites and sanitary landfills, but there is no prohibition on their potential use. Some LGUs are already planning to develop their closed dumpsites into parks and aviaries. However, the biodegradable waste in these dumpsites will generate methane gas for 30 to 50 years after closure. Methane gas, in small quantities (i.e., 5% of air) is explosive and could be dangerous. There will also be significant differential settlement of the landfill cap. Consequently, in countries such as Canada and the United States, a closed landfill site cannot be used for 30 years after closure.

❙ LGU SWM PLANS AND ORDINANCES

◗ MANY LGUs POSSESS LIMITED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONCEPT OF SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT.

Current solid waste management services being delivered by most LGUs are mainly the “collect and dispose” type of system. That is, waste is collected from waste generators such as households and businesses and disposed at disposal sites, which, more often than not, are open dumps. LGUs are largely unaware of the concept of integrated SWM— its scope and the range of options they can consider.

◗ MANY OF THE LGUs’ SWM-RELATED ORDINANCES ARE PIECEMEAL AND

GENERALLY NOT ENFORCED.

Most, if not all, LGUs have existing ordinances that deal with solid waste. Examples of these are anti-littering and anti-dumping ordinances. In most cases, these ordinances deal with a single concern. They do not address the solid waste management concerns of LGUs in an integrated manner mainly

POLICY & IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES AND CONCERNS 3

(52)

34

because these ordinances are formulated without an overall framework for the management of solid waste. Worse, these ordinances are seldom strictly enforced, primarily due to the lack of enforcers and funds.

◗ MANY OF THE EXISTING LGU ORDINANCES ARE STILL INCONSISTENT WITH RA

9003

LGUs are required under the IRR (Rule XIX, Section 4) to legislate appropriate ordinances to aid them in the implementation of their plans. A basic requirement for these ordinances, therefore, is that they should be consistent and in accordance with the provisions of RA 9003. Since RA 9003 came into effect only in 2000 and the IRR was issued only in January 2002, many LGUs have yet to review their existing ordinances and legislations.

❙ FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS

◗ INSUFFICIENCY OF FUNDS TO IMPLEMENT AND ENFORCE RA 9003

Most LGUs allocate minimal budgets for solid waste management services, except perhaps for the highly urbanized LGUs. Thus, LGUs are unable to hire the necessary personnel, acquire and maintain equipment, maintain disposal sites, or even contract out solid waste management services to private contractors. Consequently, LGUs are unable to provide the necessary and appropriate solid waste management services.

RA 9003 requires LGUs to undertake the following: (a) Establish a Solid Waste Management Board

(b) Formulate and/or develop a solid waste management plan (c) Implement the plan

(53)

35

(d) Establish a materials recovery facility in every barangay or cluster of barangays (e) Convert open dumps to controlled dumps and subsequently close controlled dumps (f ) Establish acceptable waste disposal facilities such as sanitary landfills

All these measures require funds. While some of these procedures may require small amounts, others entail disbursements of big amounts by LGUs as required, for instance, by MRFs or sanitary landfills. Most LGUs lack the skills and expertise in generating or sourcing funds to undertake the above actions.

◗ LGUs VIEW SWM AS A COST CENTER

Many LGUs think that solid waste management services are a cost center that will take away resources that could be used in other endeavors or projects. This perspective dampens their enthusiasm in delivering SWM services. Only a few LGUs have realized that SWM can, in fact, be an economic venture or enterprise as some have begun to earn revenue from delivering these services. (Section 47 of RA 9003 and Rule 17 of its IRR authorize LGUs to collect solid waste management fees.)

To address the financial aspect of implementing SWM activities, LGUs can tap private enterprises to help set up and fund specific activities, as illustrated by the municipality of Midsayap, Cotabato and the cities of Silang in Cavite and Makati.

LGUs can also see to it that there is strict compliance with the law—they can slap erring establishments and residents with penalties, as did the province of Bulacan and the city of Puerto Princesa in Palawan. The money collected from penalties can then be used to fund other SWM projects.

(54)

36

❙ TECHNICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES

◗ LGUs’ INADEQUATE TECHNICAL CAPABILITIES

A number of the requirements of RA 9003 require a certain degree of technical expertise or knowledge, such as the preparation and development of solid waste management plans, and the setting up of materials recovery facilities and sanitary landfills. Sadly, most LGUs are not technically equipped to undertake such activities and lack the information on sources of technical assistance. One noteworthy example for LGUs is the experience of Sta. Maria, Bulacan. The town forged a partnership with NGOs and private enterprises to set up a waste management scheme. To address technical capability problems of the town, the group tapped the expertise of the Department of Science and Technology.

◗ SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES ARE ASSIGNED TO MULTIPLE LGU

UNITS, OFTEN ON AN AD HOC BASIS

Most LGUs lack a single office in charge of solid waste management services. Often several departments such as Engineering, General Services, and Municipal Planning and Development are involved. This affects the effectiveness and efficiency of the delivery of solid waste management services for several reasons:

(a) The principal or main function of each office is not the delivery of solid waste management services. Each office has its own principal function and priorities, and the delivery of solid waste management services is regarded as a secondary or added activity.

(b) The delivery of the services depends on not just one, but also several offices. Thus, if one office fails to perform or has different priorities, the entire operation is affected.

(c) The coordination of activities among the different offices becomes a problem.

(d) When questions of responsibility and accountability arise, finger pointing commonly occurs.

(55)

37

❙ COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

◗ SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IS MISTAKENLY PERCEIVED AS A FREE SERVICE

UNDER THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE LGU.

Communities and businesses maintain this perception, which is reinforced by the belief that electing officials and paying taxes makes the problem of solid waste the sole concern of LGUs. Unfortunately, this attitude affects the effectiveness and efficiency of SWM.

However, communities need to realize that: (a) solid waste is a concern of all; (b) they have important and necessary functions and responsibilities in solid waste management; and (c) they have to pay for the service. Social preparation should thus be an important element of an SWM plan. LGUs might find the information, education and communications activities of Bustos, Bulacan; Manila; Passi City, Iloilo; Guimaras Province; Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental; and Sibulan, Negros Oriental helpful in addressing the issue of community involvement in solid waste management. These activities are briefly discussed in the next section, “Good Practices in Solid Waste Management.”

(56)

(57)

CHAPTER

4 GOOD PRACTICES IN SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

(58)

(59)

41

CHAPTER

4

T

his chapter is divided into two parts. The first part presents examples of good practices in solid waste management in the Philippines. The second part provides examples of good practices done in other countries, particularly in Asia and the United States. These good practices can inspire and motivate LGUs, as well as business establishments, in preparing their own solid waste management programs.

In both parts, examples of good practices are given for the various aspects of solid waste management, such as social preparedness and public awareness, networking activities for fundraising, and technological solutions to the problem (e.g., recycling plants and composting). The sources of these good practices as well as contact information people responsible for these programs are also supplied in this chapter.

(60)

42

THE BUSTOS SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

The Bustos Solid Waste Management Program, launched in 1993, has two major components: social preparation and actual implementation. An extensive information and education campaign on proper waste disposal and management prepared the community for the different waste management activities. These activities included the following: (1) construction of compost pits; (2) construction of storage bins for recyclable wastes; (3) maintaining cleanliness in yards and streets; (4) planting vegetables, trees, and flowers in gardens; and (5) motivating other residents to join the movement.

The municipality received the 1997-1998 Galing Pook Award for its “Community Mobilization for Zero Waste Management Program,” as one of the Top 10 Outstanding Programs.

Source: “The Bustos Solid Waste Management Program.” Practices That Work! Makati: Governance and Local

Democracy (GOLD) Project, October 1999.

4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Social Preparation and Networking

Contact Information

Office of the Mayor Bustos, Bulacan Tel. No. (044) 766-2176

❙ GOOD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

IN THE PHILIPPINES

(61)

THE DALAW KALINISAN PROGRAM

The Dalaw Kalinisan Program is an outreach type of information and education campaign on solid waste management. It seeks to bring information to different generators through visits, fora, seminars, and training. “Dalaw” targets are schools, subdivisions, barangays, people’s organizations, institutions, and big business establishments.

Source: SWAPP Inventory of Exemplary Practices in Waste Management, 2002.

Social Preparation and Networking

43

GOOD PRACTICES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 4

Contact Information

Office of the Mayor Passi City, Iloilo Tel. No. (033) 311-5087 Acting CENRO City Agriculture Office Passi City, Iloilo Tel. No. (033) 311-5686

Solid Waste Management - Options and Solutions at the Local Level

A JOINT PROJECT OF

IMPLEMENTED BY

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

T

FOREWORD

FOREWORD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

S

PREFACE

PREFACE

ACRONYMS

ACRONYMS

THE SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

LEGAL FRAMEWORK

WHAT LGUs HAVE TO DO

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

WHAT SOME LGUs HAVE DONE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

M

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF THE SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT SECTOR

CHAPTER

1

❙ THE SOCIAL IMPERATIVE

OVERVIEW OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR

Municipal solid waste

refers to food, paper,

rubbish, packaging and

ashes discarded by

households and commercial

establishments,

non-hazardous and non-toxic

institutional or industrial

waste, street sweepings,

construction debris, and

agricultural waste. In some

localities, most agricultural

waste are a waste stream all

to themselves and are

generally not handled as

part of the municipal waste

management system.

❙ GUIDING PRINCIPLES

OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid Waste

Management (SWM)

includes all activities

pertaining to the

control, transfer and

transport, processing,

and disposal of solid

wastes in accordance

with the best

principles of public

health, economics,

engineering,

conservation,

aesthetic and other

environmental

considerations.

❙ THE HIERARCHY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

❙ FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS

OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

▼

▼

▼

▼

❙ IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTEGRATED SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

²

®

«

¯

◗ THE 5 Es

CHAPTER

2