Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to 600 BCE

Period 1:

Technological and Environmental Transformations, to 600 BCE

Key Concept 1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth

I. Migrations of hunter-forager bands, adapting tech and cultures to new climates A. What uses did hunter-foragers have for fire?

B. What types of tools did hunter-foragers develop for different environments? C. How did kinship bands affect hunter-gatherer economies?

Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies

A. What areas developed agricultural villages? B. What crops and animals were domesticated?

C. What kinds of projects led communities to share work?

D. What environmental problems were the results of farming? Of herding?

II. Transformation of human societies

A. How did farming change the food supply and the population?

B. What specialized labor forces developed in agricultural societies? How did this affect those societies?

C. What were specific technological improvements made in these societies (at least 6)? D. How were societies and gender relations affected by agriculture?

Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban

Societies

I. Core and foundational civilizations

A. Where were the core foundational civilizations of Asia, Africa, and the Americas? II. First states in the foundational civilizations

A. What were the characteristics and typical supporters of early rulers?

B. How were some early territorial states able to conquer others? What were at least four examples of these?

C. What new weapons and new modes of transportation did pastoralists develop? Why would this be done?

III. States unified through culture

A. What are important examples of monumental architecture and urban planning in early states? Why would this be done?

B. What are examples of elites promoting arts and artisanship? Why would this be done? C. What are examples of systems of record keeping? Why would this be done?

D. What are examples of legal codes? Why would this be done?

E. What are the key concepts in the Vedic beliefs? How did this belief system develop? F. What are the key concepts in Hebrew monotheism? How did this belief system develop? G. What are the key concepts in Zoroastrianism? How did this belief system develop?

H. What are examples of the expansion of trade from local to regional and transregional? How and why did this happen?

I. How did social and gender hierarchies expand?

J. What are examples of literature promoting the values of a culture?

Period 2:

Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, c. 600 BCE to c.

600 CE

Key Concept 2.1 Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions

A. How did Judaic monotheism develop and spread?

B. How did the Vedic system develop and influence society and politics? II. New belief systems of universal truths emerged and spread

A. How did Buddhism develop and change over time? B. How did Confucianism develop and change over time?

C. How did Daoism influence the development of Chinese culture? D. How did Christianity develop and change over time?

E. What were the characteristics of Greco-Roman philosophy and science? III. Belief systems affected society

A. How did Buddhism affect family life? B. How did Christianity affect family life? C. How did Confucianism affect family life?

IV. Other belief systems developed away from codified systems A. How did shamanism and animism affect people’s lives? B. How did ancestor veneration affect people’s lives? V. Artistic expressions showed distinctive cultural developments

A. How did literature and drama acquire distinctive forms in Greece? B. How did literature and drama acquire distinctive forms in India? C. How did distinctive architectural styles develop in the Roman Empire? D. How did distinctive architectural styles develop in Mesoamerica? E. How did Gandharan sculpture emerge?

Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires

I. Development of key states and empires

B. What were the Qin and Han Empires? C. What were the Maurya and Gupta Empires? D. What were the Phoenician colonies?

E. What were the Greek city-states? F. What were the Hellenistic Empires? G. What was the Roman Empire? H. What was Teotihuacan?

I. What were the Maya city-states? J. What was the Moche?

II. Development of new techniques of imperial administration

A. How did empires use diplomacy?

B. How did empires develop supply lines?

C. How did empires use fortifications and roads?

D. How did empires build militaries from local populations and conquered peoples?

III. Development of unique societies and economies in imperial societies

A. What functions did cities play in imperial societies?

B. How did empires develop social hierarchies?

C. What methods did imperial societies develop in order to maintain production?

D. How did patriarchy shape gender and family relations?

IV. Empires promoted trade and economic integration

A. How did they do so?

V. Difficulties arising in imperial states that led to decline and/or collapse

A. How did imperial governments cause environmental damage and social tensions?

B. How did imperial governments experience security problems along their frontiers?

Key Concept 2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange

A. How was the Eurasian Silk Road route developed? B. How was the Trans-Saharan caravan route developed? C. How was the Indian Ocean route developed?

D. How was the Mediterranean route developed?

II. New technologies facilitated long-distance communication and exchange

A. How did new technologies permit the use of domesticated pack animals to transport goods? B. How did innovations in maritime technologies and advanced weather knowledge stimulate

exchange?

III. Cultural and biological diaspora/diffusion

A. How did the spread of crops encourage changes in farming and irrigation techniques? B. How did the spread of disease pathogens affect empires?

Period 3:

Regional and Transregional Interactions, c. 600 CE to c. 1450 CE

Key Concept 3.1 Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks

A. What 4 major Afro-Eurasian trade routes existed in this time period?

B. For each major Afro-Eurasian trade route, what new trading cities emerged? C. What was significant about Tenochtitlan?

D. What was significant about Cahokia?

E. What luxury goods were produced by China? By Southeast Asia? By Africa? F. What new technologies improved overland transport?

G. What new technologies improved overseas transport? H. What were new forms of credit and monetization? I. What gov’t. practices helped commercial growth? J. What was the Grand Canal?

K. What was the Hanseatic League?

L. What empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication from 1000-1450 CE? II. Movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects

A. How did the Vikings adapt to environmental conditions? B. How did Arabs and Berbers adapt to the Sahara?

C. How did Central Asians adapt to the steppes?

E. What foods and animals did the Polynesians diffuse throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans? F. What languages were diffused in Africa and Eurasia?

III. Intensification and creation of trade and communication networks led to cross-cultural exchange A. How did Islam begin?

B. How did Muslim rule expand? C. How did the faith of Islam spread?

D. What were Muslim, Chinese, and Jewish diasporic communities? E. Who was Ibn Battuta?

F. Who was Marco Polo?

G. How did Neoconfucianism and Buddhism affect East Asian artistic and cultural traditions? H. How did Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam affect Southeast Asian artistic and literary traditions? I. How did Greek and Indian mathematics influence Muslim scholars?

J. How did al-Andalus affect Western Europe?

K. How did East Asian printing and gunpowder technologies affect the dar al-Islam and Western Europe?

IV. Diffusion of crops and pathogens: bananas, rice, cotton, sugar, citrus, plague

Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and their Interactions

A. How did reconstituted governments like the Byzantine and the Chinese Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties, use traditions of religion and land-owning elites to maintain power?

B. How did reconstituted governments like the Byzantine and the Chinese Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties, create new taxation and religious ideas to support their power?

C. How did the Muslim world move toward multiple Islamic states?

D. How did Europeans and Japan develop feudal decentralized governments? E. What were Mongol Khanates?

F. How were city-states developed in Renaissance Italy, East Africa, Southeast Asia, and Mesoamerica?

G. How were the Abbasids influenced by Persia? H. How were the Japanese influenced by China?

I. How were imperial systems created by the Mexica and the Inca? II. Contacts and conflicts leading to technological and cultural transfers

A. What transfers occurred between the Tang and the Abbasids? B. What transfers occurred between the Mongol khanates? C. What transfers occurred during the Crusades?

Key Concept 3.3 Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences

A. What was significant about Champa rice? B. What was significant about chinampa?

C. What was significant about the Andean waru waru system? D. What was significant about the horse collar?

E. What crops were transplanted in order to produce luxury goods? F. What luxury goods were expanded in China, Persia, and India?

II. Cities had significant decline but also had increased urbanization through increased productivity and trade

A. What political, environmental, and economic issues contributed to the decline of urban areas after 600 CE?

B. What political, environmental, and economic issues led to urban revival after 900 CE?

III. Continuities in social and labor structures but also changes in labor and in religious attitudes toward family life

A. What was free peasant agriculture? B. What was nomadic pastoralism? C. What were guilds?

D. What was corvee?

E. What was different about women’s situations in Mongol territories, West Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia? Why might those differences exist?

F. What led to European and Japanese serfdom?

G. What led to the expansion of the mit’a system among the Inca? H. Why did free peasants revolt in the Chinese and Byzantine empires? I. Where and why did slavery expand?

J. How did Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism affect family structure?

Period 4:

Global Interactions, c. 1450 to c. 1750

Key Concept 4.1 Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange

II. European technological development makes transoceanic travel and trade possible A. What new tools were developed?

B. What innovations in ship designs were developed? III. Transoceanic discoveries push exploration

A. What impacts did Zheng He’s explorations have?

B. What led to the development of the Portuguese trading-post empire? C. What impacts did Spain have upon transoceanic travel and trade?

D. What influence did North Atlantic fishing and settlement have for exploration? E. Why was Oceania and Polynesia not as affected by global trade?

IV. Europeans created new markets but intensified pre-existing trade with new ideas A. What impacts did American silver have upon the global economy?

B. How did European rulers use mercantilism and joint-stock companies to compete in global trade?

C. What were the elements of the Atlantic System? V. The Columbian Exchange

A. What key diseases were spread to Amerindians? B. What key “vermin” were brought to the Americas? C. What American foods were brought to Afro-Eurasia?

D. What cash crops were grown on American plantations?

E. What foods and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas? F. What foods were brought by Africans to the Americas?

G. What environmental problems resulted from European agriculture in the Americas? VI. Expansion of traditional and syncretic belief systems

A. What effects upon Islam resulted from expansion to new places in Afro-Eurasia? B. What were the effects of the Protestant Reformation?

C. How did Buddhism change as it spread throughout Asia? D. What were the key ideas in Vodun and Santeria?

E. What was Sikhism?

VII. Gov’ts. With trade profits sponsored the arts

A. What were the main ideas of European Renaissance art? B. What were the main contributions of Shakespeare to the arts? C. How did kabuki theater bring new ideas to popular audiences?

Key Concept 4.2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production

A. How was slavery practiced inside Africa?

B. What methods of coerced labor were developed in American colonial economies? II. New political and social hierarchies developed

A. Who were the Manchus? B. Who were creoles?

C. Who were the bourgeoisie?

D. How did Akbar control the zamindars in the Mughal Empire? E. How did absolutist monarchies control European nobility? F. How were daimyo better controlled by the shogunates?

G. What led to new ethnic and racial classifications in the Americas?

Key Concept 4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power

A. How did Ottoman and Safavid rulers use architecture to display their political powers? B. How did European absolutist rulers use architecture and the arts to display their political

powers?

C. How did the Safavid rulers use Twelver Shi’ism to legitimize their rule? D. How did European absolutists use divine right to legitimize their rule? E. How did the Mexica use warfare and sacrifice to legitimize their rule? F. How did the Ottoman empire use the millet system?

G. How did the Ottoman Empire develop janissaries and bureaucrats under sultanic control? H. How did the Qing Dynasty develop professional bureaucrats?

I. How did the Japanese shogunates develop loyal samurai without feudalism?

A. How did trading-post empires affect Europeans? How did they affect West and Central African states?

B. What was the Manchu Qing Empire? C. What was the Ottoman Empire? D. What was the Russian Empire?

E. What were the five major European “maritime empires” and how were they established? III. Imperial expansion was challenged by competition and local resistance

A. What was the conflict between Oman and Portugal? B. What was the Thirty Years’ War?

C. What were the reasons for and results of the Ottoman-Safavid conflict? D. Why did samurai revolt?

E. Why did Western Europe experience peasant rebellions in the 1500s?

Period 5:

Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750-c. 1900

Key Concept 5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism

I. Industrialization changed how goods were produced

A. What led to the development of industrialization in Western Europe? B. How did machines lead to the use of fossil fuels?

C. What impacts did the factory system have? D. To where did industrialization spread? E. What was the “second industrial revolution”?

II. Industrialization led to new patterns of global trade and production A. How did the cotton export economy affect its participants? B. How did the rubber export economy affect its participants? C. How did the sugar export economy affect its participants? D. How did the wheat export economy affect its participants? E. How did the guano export economy affect its participants? F. How did the British textile industry damage Indian textiles?

G. What attempts did the British and French make to expand their consumer markets for their goods?

H. What impacts did Mexican and South American mining centers have upon their populations? III. Financiers developed new ways to encourage investment

A. What is capitalism and liberalism? How are they connected to Adam Smith and J.S. Mill? B. What are stock markets?

C. What are limited liability corporations?

D. How did the transnational United Fruit Company come to exist?

E. How did the transnational Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation come to exist? IV. New developments in transportation and communication: what were they?

V. Responses to global capitalism A. What was “utopian socialism”? B. What was Marxism?

C. What was anarchism?

D. What was China’s Self-Strengthening Movement? E. What impact did Cixi have?

F. How did Meiji Japan respond to global capitalism? G. How did Muhammad Ali respond to global capitalism? H. How did Czarist Russia respond to global capitalism?

VI. Social impacts of industrialization and the restructured global economy A. What new social classes emerged?

B. What changes occurred in family life?

C. What difficulties arose from rapid urbanization?

Key Concept 5.2 Imperialism and Nation-State Formation

A. How did the British strengthen their hold on India?

B. How did the British establish empires in Asia and the Pacific? C. How did the Dutch establish empires in Asia and the Pacific? D. How did the French establish empires in Asia and the Pacific? E. How did the Belgians establish empire in the Congo?

F. How did the British establish settler colonies in Africa, Australia, and New Zealand? G. How did the British and French expand their influence in China?

H. How did the British and US expand their influence in Latin America? II. Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction

A. How did Meiji Japan emerge?

B. How did the US and Russia expand their land borders? C. How did the Ottoman Empire contract?

D. How did the Zulu Kingdom emerge close to South Africa?

E. How did Hawai’i emerge close to American controlled Pacific regions? III. New racial ideologies facilitated and justified imperialism: How?

Key Concept 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

I. Enlightenment thought questioned established traditions and preceded revolutions

A. How did Enlightenment writers apply the scientific method to understanding and improving human relationships?

B. How did Enlightenment writers critique the role that religion played in public life?

C. How did John Locke affect political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract?

D. How did the Baron de Montesquieu affect political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract?

E. How did Voltaire affect political ideas about the individual and natural rights?

F. How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau affect political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract?

G. How did the American Declaration of Independence reflect intellectual resistance to existing authority?

H. How did the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflect intellectual resistance to existing authority?

I. How did Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter reflect intellectual resistance to existing authority? J. How did Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas lead to an end to serfdom?

K. How did Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas lead to an end to slavery?

L. How did Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas lead to expansion of voting (suffrage)? II. Nationalism emerged and became linked to political boundaries

A. What was nationalism?

B. How did Italian and German leaders use nationalism to unite new political states? III. Discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movements

A. How did the Marathas challenge the Mughal sultanate?

B. How did the American colonies gain independence from Britain? C. How did the 1789 French Revolution affect life in France? D. How did Haiti gain freedom from slavery and colonialism? E. How did Latin American territories gain independence? F. How did maroon societies resist slavery?

G. How did the Indian Revolt of 1857 resist imperialism? H. How did the Boxer Rebellion in China resist imperialism?

I. How did the Taiping Rebellion reflect millenarian religious ideas? J. How did the Ghost Dance reflect millenarian religious ideas?

L. How did the Ottoman government use the Tanzimat movement to attempt reforms? M. How did the Self-Strengthening Movement of China attempt reform?

IV. Global spread of European thought and increasing rebellions led to new transnational ideologies A. How did discontent with monarchy and imperialism lead to liberal political thought? B. How did discontent with monarchy and imperialism lead to Socialist political thought? C. How did discontent with monarchy and imperialism lead to Communist political thought? D. How did Wollstonecraft, Olympe de Gouges, and the Seneca Falls Conference build the feminist

movement?

Key Concept 5.4 Global Migration

I. Migration was accelerated by demographic challenges

A. How did changes in food production and medicine lead to increased global population? B. How did migration increasingly become rural to urban?

II. Migrants had varied motives

A. How did slavery lead to continued migration until the late 1800s? B. What led to Chinese and Indian indentured servitude?

C. How was convict labor used, particularly in Oceania?

D. What led to Japanese farm workers returning to Japan after work on the American coast? E. What led to Italians working temporarily in Argentina?

III. Large-scale migration led to consequences and reactions to increasingly diverse societies A. How did male migration affect women’s roles?

B. How did Chinese and Indian ethnic enclaves affect cultural diffusion? C. How did immigration tensions lead to the Chinese Exclusion Act? D. How did immigration tensions lead to the White Australia Policy?

Period 6:

Accelerating Global Change and Realignments, c. 1900 to the Present

Key Concept 6.1 Science and the Environment

I. Rapid advances in science and technology occurred

A. How did communication and transportation technology affect distance?

B. How did relativity and quantum mechanics affect human understanding of the world? C. What was the Green Revolution?

D. What crucial medical innovations occurred?

II. Rapid expansion of population led to changes in the environment

A. What environmental challenges arose as population expanded quickly? III. Disease, scientific advances, and conflict led to demographic shifts

A. What diseases associated with poverty increased? B. What new epidemic diseases emerged?

C. What diseases associated with changing lifestyles emerged? D. How did birth control affect women and sexuality?

F. How did Nanjing demonstrate new realities? G. How did Dresden demonstrate new realities?

H. How did Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrate new realities?

Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences

I. Europe dominated the globe but land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to transregional political organization by the end of the twentieth century

A. What were internal and external factors that led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire? B. What were internal and external factors that led to the collapse of the Qing Empire? C. What were internal and external factors that led to the collapse of the Russian Empire? D. How did India negotiate its independence from the British Empire?

E. How did the Algerians and Vietnamese gain independence from the French? II. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism led to the restructuring of political order

A. How did Mohandas Gandhi challenge colonial rule? B. How did Ho Chi Minh challenge colonial rule? C. How did Kwame Nkrumah challenge colonial rule?

D. How did Jinnah challenge colonial rule and inherited boundaries? E. How did the Biafran separatists challenge inherited boundaries?

F. How did Pan-Arab and Pan-African transnational movements try to unite people? G. What were land redistribution movements?

III. Political changes led to major demographic and social consequences

A. How did the redrawing of boundaries lead to resettlement in India/Pakistan? B. How did the redrawing of boundaries lead to resettlement in Palestine?

C. How did the ending of colonization lead to Indian emigration to Britain and Algerian emigration to France?

D. How did conflict lead to ethnic violence in Armenia?

E. How did conflict lead to ethnic violence in Europe during WWII? F. How did conflict lead to ethnic violence in Rwanda?

G. How did conflict lead to refugee populations in Palestine and in Darfur? IV. Military conflicts occurred on unprecedented global scale

A. How did WWI states mobilize troops at home and in their colonies? B. How did WWI states engage in “total war”?

C. How did WWII states use ideologies to mobilize all of their resources? D. What were the sources of global conflict in WWI?

E. What were the sources of global conflict in WWII?

F. What were the sources of global conflict during the Cold War? G. What military alliances formed during the Cold War?

H. What were “proxy wars” and where did they occur? I. How did the Cold War come to an end?

V. Some states and individuals challenged trends to conflict, while others intensified them A. How did some groups and individuals challenge war in protest?

B. How was nonviolence used to bring about political change?

C. How was communism promoted as an alternative to capitalist society?

E. What was the anti-apartheid movement? F. What was the “military-industrial complex”? G. What was Al-Qaeda?

H. How was socialist realism influenced by the Cold War?

Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

A. What methods were used by the Communist Soviet Union and China to control their national economies?

B. How did European and American governments respond to the onset of the Great Depression? C. What is fascist corporatism?

D. How did new independent states guide economic development after World War II? E. How did late twentieth-century governments promote free market economic policies? II. Global governance made people more interdependent

A. What new international organizations were created to maintain world peace and cooperation? B. What new economic institutions were created to promote free market economics?

C. What humanitarian organizations were created to respond to crises? D. What regional trade agreements created regional trading blocs? E. What multinational corporations began to challenge state authority?

F. What protest movements protested environmental and economic inequality?

III. People reconceptualized society and culture, often spreading concepts with new technologies A. What human rights movements made progress?

B. What was Négritude?

C. What exclusionary reactions were there to increased diversity? IV. Popular and consumer culture became global

A. How did sports reflect national and social aspirations?