01 Osi Model & Tcpip

Interconnecting

Interconnecting

 Networks with

 Networks with

TCP/IP

TCP/IP

•

•

Upon completion of this chapter you will be

Upon completion of this chapter you will be

able to perform the following tasks:

able to perform the following tasks:

 – 

 – 

Identify the IP protocol stack, its protocol layer

Identify the IP protocol stack, its protocol layer

functions, and commonly used

functions, and commonly used IP protocols

IP protocols

 – 

 – 

Identify IP address classes, IP addresses, IP subnet

Identify IP address classes, IP addresses, IP subnet

masks, IP network numbers, subnet numbers, and

masks, IP network numbers, subnet numbers, and

 possible host num

 possible host numbers.

bers.

Objectives

Objectives

•

•

Early protocol suite

Early protocol suite

• •

Universal

Universal

Host Host

Internet

Internet

TCP/IP

TCP/IP

Host Host

Introduction to TCP/IP

Introduction to TCP/IP

7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 Application Application Presentation Presentation Session Session Transport Transport Network Network Data Link Data Link Physical Physical 1 1 Application Application Transport Transport Internet Internet Data Link Data Link Physical Physical 1 1

TCP/IP Protocol Stack 

TCP/IP Protocol Stack 

*Used by the router *Used by the router

Application Application Transport Transport Internet Internet Data Link Data Link Physical Physical File Transfer File Transfer -- TTFTFTP P ** -- FFTTP P ** -- NNFFSS E-Mail E-Mail -- SSMMTTPP Remote Login Remote Login -- TTelelnenet *t * -- rrlologigin *n *

Network Management Network Management -- SSNNMMP P ** Name Management Name Management -- DDNNSS**

Application Layer Overview

Application Layer Overview

T

Transmission ransmission ControlControl Protocol (TCP) Protocol (TCP) User Datagram User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Protocol (UDP) Application Application Transport Transport Internet Internet Data Link Data Link Physical Physical Connection-Oriented Oriented Connectionless Connectionless

T

Source port (16)

Source port (16) Destination port (16)Destination port (16) Sequence number (32) Sequence number (32) Header Header length (4) length (4) Acknowledgement number (32) Acknowledgement number (32) Reserved (6)

Reserved (6) Code bits (6)Code bits (6) Window (16)Window (16) C Chheecckkssuum m ((1166)) UUrrggeennt t ((1166)) Options (0 or 32 if any) Options (0 or 32 if any) Data (varies) Data (varies) 20 20 Bytes Bytes Bit 0

Bit 0 _{BBiit t 115 B5 Biit t 1166 BBiit t 3311}

TCP Segment Format

TCP Segment Format

Port

Port

Numbers

Numbers

F

F

T

T

P

P

Transport

Transport

T

T

E

E

L

L

N

N

E

E

T

T

D

D

N

N

S

S

S

S

N

N

M

M

P

P

T

T

F

F

T

T

P

P

S

S

M

M

T

T

P

P

Application

Application

Layer

Layer

2

21

1

2

23

3

2

25

5

53

5

3

6

69

9

1

16

61

1

R

R

II

P

P

520

520

Port Numbers

Port Numbers

Source Source Port Port Dest. Dest. Port Port …… Host A Host A 1 1002288 2233 …… S SPP DDPP Host Z Host Z T Telnet elnet ZZ Dest. port = 23. Dest. port = 23. Send packet to my Send packet to my Telnet Telnet application. application.

TCP Port Numbers

TCP Port Numbers

Send SYN Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=SYN) (seq=100 ctl=SYN) SYN received SYN received H Hoosstt AA HHoosstt BB

1

1

TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection

TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection

Send SYN Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=SYN) (seq=100 ctl=SYN) SYN received SYN received

Send SYN, ACK Send SYN, ACK

(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack) (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)

H Hoosstt AA HHoosstt BB SYN received SYN received

1

1

2

2

TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection

TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection

Send SYN Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=SYN) (seq=100 ctl=SYN) SYN received SYN received

Send SYN, ACK Send SYN, ACK

(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack) (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack) Established

Established

(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack) (seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)

H Hoosstt AA HHoosstt BB

1

1

2

2

3

3

SYN received SYN received

TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection

TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection

•

•

Window size = 1

Window size = 1

Sender

Receiver

Sender

Receiver

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Sender

Receiver

Sender

Receiver

Send 1

Send 1

Receive 1

Receive 1

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

•

•

Window size = 1

Window size = 1

Sender

Receiver

Sender

Receiver

Send 1

Send 1

Receive 1

Receive 1

Receive ACK 2

Receive ACK 2

Send ACK 2

Send ACK 2

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Sender

Receiver

Sender

Receiver

Send 1

Send 1

Receive 1

Receive 1

Receive ACK 2

Receive ACK 2

Send ACK 2

Send ACK 2

Send 2

Send 2

Receive 2

Receive 2

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

•

•

Window size = 1

Window size = 1

Sender

Receiver

Sender

Receiver

Send 1

Send 1

Receive 1

Receive 1

Receive ACK 2

Receive ACK 2

Send ACK 2

Send ACK 2

Send 2

Send 2

Receive 2

Receive 2

Receive ACK 3

Receive ACK 3

Send ACK 3

Send ACK 3

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Sender

Receiver

Sender

Receiver

Send 1

Send 1

Receive 1

Receive 1

Receive ACK 2

Receive ACK 2

Send ACK 2

Send ACK 2

Send 2

Send 2

Receive 2

Receive 2

Receive ACK 3

Receive ACK 3

Send ACK 3

Send ACK 3

Send 3

Send 3

Receive 3

Receive 3

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

•

•

Window size = 1

Window size = 1

Sender

Receiver

Sender

Receiver

Send 1

Send 1

Receive 1

Receive 1

Receive ACK 2

Receive ACK 2

Send ACK 2

Send ACK 2

Send 2

Send 2

Receive 2

Receive 2

Receive ACK 3

Receive ACK 3

Send ACK 3

Send ACK 3

Send 3

Send 3

Receive 3

Receive 3

Receive ACK 4

Receive ACK 4

Send ACK 4

Send ACK 4

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Source Source Port Port Dest. Dest. Port Port … … Sequence Sequence # # Acknowledgement Acknowledgement # # S Soouurrccee DDeesstt.. SSeeqq.. AAcckk.. 1 1002288 2233 1100 11 I just I just sent #10. sent #10.

TCP Sequence and

TCP Sequence and

Acknowledgmen

I just got #10, I just got #10, now I need #11. now I need #11. Source Source Port Port Dest. Dest. Port Port …… Sequence Sequence # # Acknowledgement Acknowledgement # # 1 1002288 2233 Sou

Sourcerce DeDest.st.

10 10 Seq. Seq. 1 1 Ack. Ack. 1028 1028 23 23 Sou

Sourcerce DesDest.t.

11 11 Seq. Seq. 1 1 Ack. Ack. I just I just sent #10. sent #10.

TCP Sequence and

TCP Sequence and

Acknowledgmen

Source Source Port Port Dest. Dest. Port Port …… Sequence Sequence # # Acknowledgement Acknowledgement # # 1 1002288 2233 Sou

Sourcerce DeDest.st. 1 111 Seq. Seq. 2 2 Ack. Ack. 1 1002288 2233 Sou

Sourcerce DeDest.st.

10 10 Seq. Seq. 1 1 Ack. Ack. 1028 1028 23 23 Sou

Sourcerce DesDest.t.

11 11 Seq. Seq. 1 1 Ack. Ack. I just got #10, I just got #10, now I

now I need #11.need #11. I just I just sent # sent #111.1.

TCP Sequence and

TCP Sequence and

Acknowledgmen

Source Source Port Port Dest. Dest. Port Port …… Sequence Sequence # # Acknowledgement Acknowledgement # # 1 1002288 2233 Sou

Sourcerce DeDest.st. 1 111 Seq. Seq. 101 101 Ack. Ack. 1 1002288 2233 Sou

Sourcerce DeDest.st.

10 10 Seq. Seq. 100 100 Ack. Ack. 1028 1028 23 23 Sou

Sourcerce DesDest.t.

11 11 Seq. Seq. 100 100 Ack. Ack. 1028 1028 23 23 Sou

Sourcerce DesDest.t.

12 12 Seq. Seq. 101 101 Ack. Ack. I just got #11, I just got #11, now I need #12. now I need #12. I just I just sent # sent #111.1.

TCP Sequence and

TCP Sequence and

Acknowledgmen

S

S

e

e

n

n

d

d

e

e

r

r

R

R

e

e

c

c

e

e

i

i

v

v

e

e

r

r

TCP W

Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 2

Send 2

S

S

e

e

n

n

d

d

e

e

r

r

_{Send 1}Window size = 3Window size = 3_{Send 1}

R

R

e

e

c

c

e

e

i

i

v

v

e

e

r

r

Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 3

Send 3

TCP W

Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 2

Send 2

Sender

Sender

Window size = 3Window size = 3_{Send 1Send 1}

Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 3 Send 3 ACK 3 ACK 3 Window size = 2

Window size = 2 Packet 3 isPacket 3 is_{DroppedDropped}

Receiver

Receiver

TCP W

Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 2

Send 2

Sender

Sender

Window size = 3Window size = 3_{Send 1Send 1}

Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 3 Send 3 ACK 3 ACK 3 Window size = 2

Window size = 2 Packet 3 isPacket 3 is_{DroppedDropped}

Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 4 Send 4 Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 3 Send 3

Receiver

Receiver

TCP W

Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 2

Send 2

Sender

Sender

Window size = 3Window size = 3_{Send 1Send 1}

Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 3 Send 3 ACK 3 ACK 3 Window size = 2 Window size = 2 Packet 3 is Packet 3 is Dropped Dropped Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 4 Send 4 Window size = 3 Window size = 3 Send 3 Send 3 ACK 5 ACK 5 Window size = 2 Window size = 2

Receiver

Receiver

Window size = 3 Window size = 3

TCP W

•

•

 No sequence or acknowledgme

 No sequence or acknowledgment fields

nt fields

Source port (16)

Source port (16) Destination port (16)Destination port (16) Length (16)

Length (16)

Data (if any) Data (if any) 1

1 Bit 0

Bit 0 _{BBiit t 115 B5 Biit t 1166 BBiit t 3311}

Checksum (16) Checksum (16) 8 8 Bytes Bytes

UDP Segment Format

UDP Segment Format

OSI network layer corresponds to the

OSI network layer corresponds to the

Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control Message Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Protocol (ICMP) Address Resolution Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Resolution Protocol (RAR(RARP)P)

Application Application Transport Transport Internet Internet Data Link Data Link Physical Physical

Internet Layer Overview

Internet Layer Overview

Version Version (4) (4) Destination IP Address (32) Destination IP Address (32) Options (0 or 32 if any) Options (0 or 32 if any)

Data (varies if any) Data (varies if any) 1

1 Bit 0

Bit 0 _{BBiit t 115 B5 Biit t 1166 BBiit t 3311}

Header Header Length (4) Length (4)

Priori

Priority ty & & TTypeype of Service (8)

of Service (8) Total Length (16)Total Length (16) Identification (16)

Identification (16) FlagsFlags₍₃₎₍₃₎ Fragment offset (13)Fragment offset (13) Time to live (8)

Time to live (8) PPrroottooccool l ((88)) HHeeaaddeer r cchheecckkssuum m ((1166)) Source IP Address (32) Source IP Address (32) 20 20 Bytes Bytes

IP Datagram

IP Datagram

•

•

Determines destination upper-layer protocol

Determines destination upper-layer protocol

Transport

Transport

Layer

Layer

Internet

Internet

Layer

Layer

TCP

TCP

UDP

UDP

Protocol

Protocol

Numbers

Numbers

IP

IP

17

17

6

6

Protocol Field

Protocol Field

Application Application Transport Transport Internet Internet Data Link Data Link Physical Physical Destination Destination Unreachable Unreachable Echo (Ping) Echo (Ping) Other Other ICMP ICMP

1

1

Internet Control Message

Internet Control Message

Protocol

Protocol

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2172.16.3.2 IP: 172.16.3.2 = ??? IP: 172.16.3.2 = ??? I need the I need the Ethernet Ethernet address of address of 176.16.3.2. 176.16.3.2.

Address Resolution Protocol

Address Resolution Protocol

172.16.3.1

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2172.16.3.2

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ??? IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

I heard that broadcast. I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet Here is my Ethernet address. address. I need the I need the Ethernet Ethernet address of address of 176.16.3.2. 176.16.3.2.

Address Resolution Protocol

Address Resolution Protocol

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.1 IP: 172.16.3.2 IP: 172.16.3.2 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 172.16.3.2 172.16.3.2 IP: 172.16.3.2 = ??? IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

I heard that broadcast. I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet Here is my Ethernet address. address. I need the I need the Ethernet Ethernet address of address of 176.16.3.2. 176.16.3.2.

Address Resolution Protocol

Address Resolution Protocol

M

Maap

p

IIP

P

M

MA

AC

C

Local ARP

Local ARP

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.1 IP: 172.16.3.2 IP: 172.16.3.2 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 172.16.3.2 172.16.3.2 IP: 172.16.3.2 = ??? IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

I heard that broadcast. I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet Here is my Ethernet address. address. I need the I need the Ethernet Ethernet address of address of 176.16.3.2. 176.16.3.2.

Address Resolution Protocol

Address Resolution Protocol

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ??? Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ??? What is What is my IP my IP address? address?

Reverse ARP

Reverse ARP

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ??? Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ??? What is What is my IP my IP address? address? I heard that I heard that broadcast. broadcast. Your IP Your IP address is address is 172.16.3.25. 172.16.3.25.

Reverse ARP

Reverse ARP

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP: 172.16.3.25 IP: 172.16.3.25 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ??? Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ??? What is What is my IP my IP address? address? I heard that I heard that broadcast. broadcast. Your IP Your IP address is address is 172.16.3.25. 172.16.3.25.

Reverse ARP

Reverse ARP

•

•

Map

Map MAC

MAC

IP

IP

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP: 172.16.3.25 IP: 172.16.3.25 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ??? Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ??? What is What is my IP my IP address? address? I heard that I heard that broadcast. broadcast. Your IP Your IP address is address is 172.16.3.25. 172.16.3.25.

Reverse ARP

Reverse ARP

 – 

 – 

Unique addressing allows

Unique addressing allows communication

communication

 between end stations

 between end stations

172.18.0.2 172.18.0.2 172.18.0.1 172.18.0.1 172.17.0.2 172.17.0.2 172.17.0.1 172.17.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.1 SADA SADA H HDDRR DDAATTAA 10.13.0.0 10.13.0.0 192.168.1.0192.168.1.0 10.13.0.1 10.13.0.1 192.168.1.1192.168.1.1

Introduction

255

255

255

255

₂

₂₅

₅₅

₅

₂

₂₅

₅₅

₅

Dotted

Dotted

Decimal

Decimal

Maximum

Maximum

Network

Network

Host

Host

32 bits

32 bits

IP Addressing

IP Addressing

255

255

255

255

₂

₂₅

₅₅

₅

₂

₂₅

₅₅

₅

Dotted

Dotted

Decimal

Decimal

Maximum

Maximum

Network

Network

Host

Host

       1        1         2         2         8         8         6         6       4       4        3        3        2        2        6         6 8        1       1 8 4 4 2 2 11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

1 1

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

1

Binary

Binary

32 bits

32 bits

1

1

8

8 9

9

1

16

6 17

17

2

24

4 2

25

5

3

32

2

       1        1         2         2         8         8         6         6       4       4        3        3        2        2        6         6 8        1       1 8 4 4 2 2 11        1        1         2         2         8         8         6         6       4       4        3        3        2        2        6         6 8        1       1 8 4 4 2 2 11        1        1         2         2         8         8         6         6       4       4        3        3        2        2        6         6 8        1       1 8 4 4 2 2 11

IP Addressing

IP Addressing

255

255

255

255

₂

₂₅

₅₅

₅

₂

₂₅

₅₅

₅

Dotted

Dotted

Decimal

Decimal

Maximum

Maximum

Network

Network

Host

Host

       1        1         2         2         8         8         6         6       4       4        3        3        2        2        6         6 8        1       1 8 4 4 22 11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

1 1

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

1

1

1

01

01

01

01

10

10

0

0

00

00

01

01

00

00

0

0

0

0

01111010

01111010 11001100

11001100

Binary

Binary

32 bits

32 bits

1

1

7

7

2

2

1

1

6

6

1

12

22

2

2

20

04

4

Example

Example

Decimal

Decimal

Example

Example

Binary

Binary

1

1

8

8 9

9

1

16

6 17

17

2

24

4 2

25

5

3

32

2

       1        1         2         2         8         8         6         6       4       4        3        3        2        2        6         6 8        1       1 8 4 4 2 2 11        1        1         2         2         8         8         6         6       4       4        3        3        2        2        6         6 8        1       1 8 4 4 2 2 11        1        1         2         2         8         8         6         6       4       4        3        3        2        2        6         6 8        1       1 8 4 4 2 2 11

IP Addressing

IP Addressing

• •

Class A:

Class A:

• •

Class B:

Class B:

• •

Class C:

Class C:

•

•

Class

Class D:

D:

Multicast

Multicast

•

•

Class

Class E:

E:

Research

Research

Network

Network

H

Ho

os

stt

H

Ho

os

stt

H

Ho

os

stt

N

N

e

e

t

t

wo

wo

r

r

k

k

N

N

e

e

t

t

wo

wo

r

r

k

k

H

Ho

os

stt

H

Ho

os

stt

N

N

e

e

t

t

w

w

o

o

r

r

k

k

N

N

e

e

t

t

w

w

o

o

r

r

k

k

N

N

e

e

t

t

w

w

o

o

r

r

k

k

Host

Host

8 bits

8 bits

8 bits

8 bits

8

8 b

biitts

s

8

8 b

biitts

s

IP

1

1

Class A:

Class A:

Bits:

Bits:

0

0

NNNNNNN

NNNNNNN

H

Ho

os

stt

H

Ho

os

stt

H

Ho

os

stt

8

8 9

9

1

16

6 1

17

7

2

24

4 2

25

5

3

32

2

Range (1-126)

Range (1-126)

1

1

Class B:

Class B:

Bits:

Bits:

10

10

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

e

e

t

t

w

w

o

o

r

r

k

k

H

Ho

os

stt

H

Ho

os

stt

8

8 9

9

1

16

6 1

17

7

2

24

4 2

25

5

3

32

2

Range (128-191)

Range (128-191)

1

1

Class C:

Class C:

Bits:

Bits:

1

1

10

10

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

e

e

t

t

w

w

o

o

r

r

k

k

N

N

e

e

t

t

w

w

o

o

r

r

k

k

Host

Host

8

8 9

9

1

16

6 1

17

7

2

24

4 2

25

5

3

32

2

Range (192-223)

Range (192-223)

1

1

Class D:

Class D:

Bits:

Bits:

1110

1110

MMMM

MMMM

MuMultlticicasast Grt Grououpp MuMultlticicasast Grt Grououpp MuMultlticicasast Grt Grououpp

8

8 9

9

1

16

6 1

17

7

2

24

4 2

25

5

3

32

2

Range (224-239)

Range (224-239)

IP

172.16.2.2

172.16.2.2

172.16.3.10

172.16.3.10

172.16.12.12

172.16.12.12

10.1.1.1

10.1.1.1

10.250.8.11

10.250.8.11

10.180.30.118

10.180.30.118

E1

E1

1

17

72

2..1

16

6

..

1

12

2

..

1

12

2

NNeettwwoorrkk IInntteerrffaaccee Routing Table Routing Table

172.16.2.1

172.16.2.1

10.6.24.2

10.6.24.2

E0

E0

Host Addresses

Host Addresses

11111111

11111111

Determining A

Determining Available

vailable Host Addresses

Host Addresses

172

16

172

16

0

0

0

0

1

1

01

01

0

0

1

1

10

10

0

0

00

00

01

01

00

00

0

0

0

0

00000000

_{00000000 00000000}

_00000000

       1        1         6         6        1        1        5        5        1        1        4        4        1        1         3         3        1        1         2         2        1        1        1        1        1        1         0         0 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 11

Network

Network

_Host

_Host

00

0000

0000

0000

00 00

0000

0000

0001

01

1

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

1 1

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

1

1

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

1 1

11

11

11

11

11

110

10

  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

00

0000

0000

0000

00 00

0000

0000

001

11

1

11111101

11111101

1

1

2

2

3

3

65534

65534

65535

65535

65536

65536

--  .   .   .   .   .   .

2

2

65534

65534

N

N

2

2

NN

_-2

_-2

_{= 2}

_{= 2}

1616

_{-2 = 65534}

_{-2 = 65534}

A Addddrreessss CCllaassss NNeettwwoorrkk HHoosstt 10.2.1.1 10.2.1.1 128.63.2.100 128.63.2.100 201.222.5.64 201.222.5.64 192.6.141.2 192.6.141.2 130.113.64.16 130.113.64.16 256.241.201.10 256.241.201.10

IP

Address Address CCllaassss NNeettwwoorrkk HHoosstt 10.2.1.1 10.2.1.1 128.63.2.100 128.63.2.100 201.222.5.64 201.222.5.64 192.6.141.2 192.6.141.2 130.113.64.16 130.113.64.16 256.241.201.10 256.241.201.10 A A B B C C C C B B Nonexistent Nonexistent 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 128.63.0.0 128.63.0.0 201.222.5.0 201.222.5.0 192.6.141.0 192.6.141.0 130.113.0.0 130.113.0.0 0.2.1.1 0.2.1.1 0.0.2.100 0.0.2.100 0.0.0.64 0.0.0.64 0.0.0.2 0.0.0.2 0.0.64.16 0.0.64.16

IP

172.16.0.0 172.16.0.0 172 172.16.16.0..0.11 172172.16.16.0..0.22 172.16.0.3172.16.0.3 …... …... 172 172.16.16.25.255.25.25353 172172.16.16.25.255.25.25454

Addressing without Subnets

Addressing without Subnets

• •

 Network 172.16.0.0

 Network 172.16.0.0

1 17722..1166..11..00 117722..1166..22..00 172.16.3.0 172.16.3.0 172.16.4.0 172.16.4.0

Addressing with Subnets

Addressing with Subnets

172.16.2.200

172.16.2.200

172.16.2.2

172.16.2.2

172.16.2.160

172.16.2.160

172.16.2.1

172.16.2.1

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.100

172.16.3.100

172.16.3.150

172.16.3.150

E0

E0

172.16

172.16

NNeettwwoorrkk IInntteerrffaaccee

New Routing Table

New Routing Table

2

2

1

16

60

0

..

..

172.16.3.1

172.16.3.1

E1

E1

Subnet Addressing

Subnet Addressing

172.16.2.200

172.16.2.200

172.16.2.2

172.16.2.2

172.16.2.160

172.16.2.160

172.16.2.1

172.16.2.1

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.100

172.16.3.100

172.16.3.150

172.16.3.150

172.16.3.1

172.16.3.1

E0

E0

E1

E1

1

17

72

2..1

16

6

2

2

1

16

60

0

N

Ne

ettw

wo

orrk

k

H

Ho

os

stt

..

..

NNeettwwoorrkk IInntteerrffaaccee 172.16.2.0 172.16.2.0 172.16.3.0 172.16.3.0 E0 E0 E1 E1 New Routing Table

New Routing Table

Subnet

Subnet

Subnet Addressing

Subnet Addressing

1

17

72

2

1

16

6

0

0

0

0

2

2

5

5

5

5

2

2

5

5

5

5

0

0

0

0

2

2

5

5

5

5

2

2

5

5

5

5

2

2

5

5

5

5

0

0

IP IP Address Address Default Default Subnet Subnet Mask Mask 8-bit 8-bit Subnet Subnet Mask Mask N Neettwwoorrkk HHoosstt N Neettwwoorrkk HHoosstt N

Neettwwoorrkk SSuubbnneett HHoosstt Also written as “

Also written as “/16/16” where 16 represents the number of 1s” where 16 represents the number of 1s in the mask. in the mask. 1 111111111111111 1111111111111111 0000000000000000 0000000000000000

Subnet Mask 

Subnet Mask 

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

=

=

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

=

=

1

12

28

8

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

=

=

1

19

92

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

=

=

2

22

24

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

=

=

2

24

40

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

=

=

2

24

48

8

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

=

=

2

25

52

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

=

=

2

25

54

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

=

=

2

25

55

5

1

12

28

8 6

64

4

3

32

2

16

1

6

8

8

4

4

2

2

1

1

Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns

Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns

16

16

Network

Network

_Host

_Host

1

17

72

2

0

0

0

0

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

10101100

10101100

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

00010000

00010000

00000000

00000000

00000000

00000000

10100000

10100000

00000000

00000000

00000000

00000000

•

•

Subnets not in use

Subnets not in use

_—

_—

the default

the default

00000010

00000010

172.16.2.160

172.16.2.160

255.255.0.0

255.255.0.0

Network

Network

Number

Number

Subnet Mask without Subnets

Subnet Mask without Subnets

•

•

 Network number extended by eight bits

 Network number extended by eight bits

16

16

Network

Network

_Host

_Host

172.16.2.160

172.16.2.160

255.255.

255.255.255

255

.0

.0

1

17

72

2

2

2

0

0

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

10101100

10101100

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

00000010

00000010

10100000

10100000

00000000

00000000

00000000

00000000

00000010

00000010

Subnet

Subnet

Network

Network

Number

Number

       1        1         2         2         8         8        1        1         9         9         2         2         2         2         2         2       4       4         2         2       4       4         0         0         2         2       4       4         8         8         2         2       5       5         2         2         2         2       5       5        4        4         2         2       5       5        5        5

Subnet Mask with Subnets

Subnet Mask with Subnets

Network

Network

_Host

_Host

172.16.2.160

172.16.2.160

255.255.

255.255.255

255

..192

192

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

10101100

10101100

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

00000010

00000010

10100000

10100000

1

1

1

1

000000

000000

10

10

000000

000000

00000010

00000010

Subnet

Subnet

16

16

1

17

72

2

2

2

1

12

28

8

Network

Network

Number

Number

       1        1         2         2         8         8        1        1         9         9         2         2         2         2         2         2       4       4         2         2       4       4         0         0         2         2       4       4         8         8         2         2       5       5         2         2         2         2       5       5        4        4         2         2       5       5        5        5        1        1         2         2         8         8        1        1         9         9         2         2         2         2         2         2       4       4         2         2       4       4         0         0         2         2       4       4         8         8         2         2       5       5         2         2         2         2       5       5        4        4         2         2       5       5        5        5

Subnet Mask with Subnets (cont.)

Subnet Mask with Subnets (cont.)

A Addddrreessss SSuubbnneet t MMaasskk CCllaassss SSuubbnneett 172.16.2.10 172.16.2.10 10.6.24.20 10.6.24.20 10.30.36.12 10.30.36.12 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Subnet Mask Exercise

Subnet Mask Exercise

A Addddrreessss SSuubbnneet t MMaasskk CCllaassss SSuubbnneett 172.16.2.10 172.16.2.10 10.6.24.20 10.6.24.20 10.30.36.12 10.30.36.12 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 B B A A A A 172.16.2.0 172.16.2.0 10.6.16.0 10.6.16.0 10.30.36.0 10.30.36.0

Subnet Mask

172.16.1.0 172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0 172.16.2.0 172.16.3.0 172.16.3.0 172.16.4.0 172.16.4.0 172.16.3.255 172.16.3.255 (Directed broadcast) (Directed broadcast) 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255

(Local network broadcast) (Local network broadcast)

X

X

172.16.255.255 172.16.255.255

(All subnets broadcast) (All subnets broadcast)

Broadcast Addresses

Broadcast Addresses

16

16

172

172

2

2

1

16

60

0

1

10

01

10

01

11

10

00

0

0

00

00

01

10

00

00

00

0

00000010

00000010

1

10

01

10

00

00

00

00

0

HostHost Mask Mask Subnet Subnet Broadcast Broadcast First First 172.16.2.160 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 4 4 1 1

Addressing Summary Example

Addressing Summary Example

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

11111111

11111111

10100000

10100000

11000000

11000000

00000010

00000010

HostHost Mask Mask Subnet Subnet Broadcast Broadcast Last Last First First 172.16.2.160 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 1 1 2 2

16

16

172

172

2

2

1

16

60

0

Addressing Summary Example

Addressing Summary Example

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

11111111

11111111

10100000

10100000

11000000

11000000

00000010

00000010

HostHost Mask Mask Subnet Subnet Broadcast Broadcast First First 172.16.2.160 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 1 1 2 2 3 3

16

16

172

172

2

2

1

16

60

0

Addressing Summary Example

Addressing Summary Example

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

11111111

11111111

10100000

10100000

11000000

11000000

10000000

10000000

00000010

00000010

HostHost Mask Mask Subnet Subnet Broadcast Broadcast Last Last First First 172.16.2.160 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

16

16

172

172

2

2

1

16

60

0

Addressing Summary Example

Addressing Summary Example

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

11111111

11111111

10100000

10100000

11000000

11000000

10000000

10000000

00000010

00000010

10111111

10111111

Host Host Mask Mask Subnet Subnet Broadcast Broadcast First First 172.16.2.160 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6

16

16

172

172

2

2

1

16

60

0

Addressing Summary Example

Addressing Summary Example

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

11111111

11111111

10100000

10100000

11000000

11000000

10000000

10000000

00000010

00000010

10111111

10111111

10000001

10000001

Host Host Mask Mask Subnet Subnet Broadcast Broadcast Last Last First First 172.16.2.160 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6

16

16

172

172

2

2

1

16

60

0

Addressing Summary Example

Addressing Summary Example

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

11111111

11111111

10100000

10100000

11000000

11000000

10000000

10000000

00000010

00000010

10111111

10111111

10000001

10000001

Host Host Mask Mask Subnet Subnet Broadcast Broadcast First First 172.16.2.160 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6

16

16

172

172

2

2

1

16

60

0

Addressing Summary Example

Addressing Summary Example

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

10101100

10101100

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

00000010

00000010

10100000

10100000

11000000

11000000

10000000

10000000

00000010

00000010

1

10

01

10

01

11

10

00

0

0

00

00

01

10

00

00

00

0

0

00

00

00

00

00

01

10

0 10111111

10111111

1

10

01

10

01

11

10

00

0

0

00

00

01

10

00

00

00

0

0

00

00

00

00

00

01

10

0 1

10

00

00

00

00

00

01

1

1

10

01

10

01

11

10

00

0

0

00

00

01

10

00

00

00

0

0

00

00

00

00

00

01

10

0

10111110

10111110

Host Host Mask Mask Subnet Subnet Broadcast Broadcast Last Last First First 172.16.2.160 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8

16

16

172

172

2

2

1

16

60

0

Addressing Summary Example

Addressing Summary Example

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

10101100

10101100

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

00000010

00000010

10100000

10100000

11000000

11000000

10000000

10000000

00000010

00000010

1

10

01

10

01

11

10

00

0

0

00

00

01

10

00

00

00

0

0

00

00

00

00

00

01

10

0 10111111

10111111

1

10

01

10

01

11

10

00

0

0

00

00

01

10

00

00

00

0

0

00

00

00

00

00

01

10

0 1

10

00

00

00

00

00

01

1

Host Host Mask Mask Subnet Subnet Broadcast Broadcast First First 172.16.2.160 172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192 172.16.2.128 172.16.2.128 172.16.2.191 172.16.2.191 172.16.2.129 172.16.2.129 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 9 9

16

16

172

172

2

2

1

16

60

0

Addressing Summary Example

Addressing Summary Example

IP H

IP Hos

ost Ad

t Addr

dres

ess:

s: 17

172.

2.16

16.2

.2.1

.121

21

Subnet

Subnet Mask:

Mask: 255.255.255.0

255.255.255.0

•

•

Subnet

Subnet Address =

Address = 172.16.2.0

172.16.2.0

•

•

Host

Host Addresses =

Addresses = 172.16.2.1

172.16.2.1

 _–

 _–

172.16.2.254

172.16.2.254

•

•

Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255

Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255

•

•

Eight bits of subnetting

Eight bits of subnetting

N

Ne

ettw

wo

orrk

k

S

Su

ub

bn

ne

ett

H

Ho

os

stt

1

10

01

10

01

11

10

00

0

0

00

00

01

10

00

00

00

0

0

00

00

00

00

00

01

10

0

1

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

1

172.16.2.121:

172.16.2.121:

255.255.255.0:

255.255.255.0:

10101100

10101100

11111111

11111111

S

Su

ub

bn

ne

ett:: 1

10

01

10

01

11

10

00

0

0

00

00

01

10

00

00

00

0

00010000

00010000

11111111

11111111

00000010

00000010

00000010

00000010

11111111

11111111

01111001

01111001

00000000

00000000

00000000

00000000

Broadcast:

Broadcast:

Network

Network

Class B Subnet Example

Class B Subnet Example

Other Other subnets subnets 192.168.5.16 192.168.5.16 1 19922..116688..55..3322 119922..116688..55..4488 20 subnets 20 subnets

5 hosts per subnet 5 hosts per subnet Class C address: Class C address: 192.168.5.0 192.168.5.0

Subnet Planning

Subnet Planning

11111

11111

000

000

IP Ho

IP Host A

st Add

ddre

ress

ss:: 19

192.

2.16

168.

8.5.

5.12

121

1

Subnet

Subnet Mask:

Mask: 255.255.255.248

255.255.255.248

Network

Network

_S

_Su

_ub

_bn

_ne

_{ett H}

_Ho

_ost

_st

19

192.

2.16

168.

8.5.

5.12

121:

1: 1

110

1000

0000

000

0

11111111

11111111

Subnet:

Subnet: 1

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

0

1

10

01

10

01

10

00

00

0

10101000

10101000

11111111

11111111

00000101

00000101

00000101

00000101

11111111

11111111

01111001

01111001

01111

01111

000

000

255.255.255.248:

255.255.255.248:

•

•

Subnet

Subnet Address = 192

Address = 192.168.5.120

.168.5.120

•

•

Host Address

Host Addresses

es =

= 192.168.5.

192.168.5.121

121

 _–

 _–

192.168.5.126

192.168.5.126

•

•

Broadcast

Broadcast Address = 192.16

Address = 192.168.5.127

8.5.127

•

•

Five Bits of Subnetting

Five Bits of Subnetting

Broadcast:

Broadcast:

Network

Network

Network

Network

1

11

10

00

00

00

00

00

0

1

10

01

10

01

10

00

00

0

0

00

00

00

00

01

10

01

1

0

01

11

11

11

11

11

11

1

Class C Subnet Planning Example

Class C Subnet Planning Example

A Addddrreessss CCllaassss SSuubbnneett BBrrooaaddccaasstt 201.222.10.60 201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248255.255.255.248 Subnet Mask Subnet Mask 15.16.193.6 15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0255.255.248.0 128.16.32.13 128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252255.255.255.252 153.50.6.27 153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128255.255.255.128

Broadcast Addresses Exercise

Broadcast Addresses Exercise

153.50.6.127 153.50.6.127 A Addddrreessss CCllaassss SSuubbnneett BBrrooaaddccaasstt 201.222.10.60 201.222.10.60 225555..225555..225555..224488 CC 201.222.10.56201.222.10.56 220011..222222..1100..6633 Subnet Mask Subnet Mask 15.16.193.6 15.16.193.6 225555..225555..224488..00 AA 15.16.192.015.16.192.0 1155..1166..119999..225555 128.16.32.13 128.16.32.13 225555..225555..225555..225522 BB 128.16.32.12128.16.32.12 128.16.32.15128.16.32.15 153.50.6.27 153.50.6.27 225555..225555..225555..112288 BB 153.50.6.0153.50.6.0

Broadcast Addresses Exercise Answers

Broadcast Addresses Exercise Answers