PRECISION WELDED TUBING. Stainless Steel Duplex Nickel Alloys Titanium

PRECISION WELDED TUBING

Stainless Steel • Duplex • Nickel Alloys • Titanium

22

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Gibson Tube

Products

Gibson Tube, Inc.

has set the standard for precision

welded tubing in several different materials including:

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Stainless Steel

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Duplex Stainless Steels

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Nickel Alloys

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Commercially Pure Titanium

Sizes range from 1/16" through 1-1/2" outside

diameter and wall thicknesses from .010" through

.125". Tubing is available in straight lengths to 68 feet

or coils up to 90,000 feet.

33

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www.gibsontube.com

Gibson Tube, Inc.

is a key provider of precision welded tubing to

such diverse industries as:

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_{Power Generation}

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_Desalination

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_{Oil & Gas}

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_Automotive

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_Beverage

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_Medical

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_{Chemical Processing}

Gibson Tube’s

diverse customer base has extended beyond North

America to include international customers in Asia, Africa, Europe

and South America.

Gibson Tube

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44

PRODUCTS SIZES (Inches) LENGTHS GRADES STANDARD TOLERANCES

O.D. WALL O.D. WALL LENGTHS

3/16 .020 Random or cut lengths up to 304/304L, Under 1" ±10% (avg) Randoms to to 68' and coils 316/316L, ±.004" +18% - 0% +1" or +2" 1-1/2 .125 317/317L, — (min) Cuts +1/8"-0" 321 1" to 1-1/2" ±.006" Duplex 2205

1/16 .010 Random or cut lengths up to 304/304L, ±.005" ±10% Randoms to to 40' and coils 316/316L, +1" or +2" 1-1/2 .083 321,825 Cuts +1/8"-0" 625, G-31 Plus™_, Duplex 2205 2507

1/4 .020 Random or cut lengths up to 304/304L ±.005" ±10% Randoms 5/16 to 40' and coils in excess of +1" or +2"

3/8 .028 15,000' Cuts +1/8"-0"

1/2

3/8 .039 Cut lengths to 60’; 316L, Zinc ±.005" ±10% Coils

to to coils to 90,000’ Clad Lean to

1-1/2 .125 Duplex (19D, 90,000’

2101, 2003); Super Duplex

(2507, Zeron 100®₎

1/2 .016 Cut lengths to 60’ Grade 2 Under 1” ±10% Randoms

to to and coils ±.004" +1” or 2” 1-1/2 .083 — Cuts + 1/8”-0” 1” to 1-1/2” ±.005"

Table 1

PRODUCT INFORMATION

WELDED AUSTENITIC

STEEL BOILER,

SUPER HEATER,

HEAT-EXCHANGERS &

CONDENSER TUBES

Specifications ASTM-A 249, ASME-SA 249, ASTM 789 and ASTM-A 688

PRESSURE &

CORROSION TUBING

Meets or exceeds requirements for

welded ASTM-A 269, ASTM-A 450, ASTM-A 632, ASTM 789 and ASTM-B 704

BEVERAGE TUBING

For low pressure applications.

Fully annealed.

SUBSEA UMBILICAL

TUBING

ASTM A 789 ASTM A 269

GRADE 2 TITANIUM

Specification ASTM B338 and ASME

SB338; Condenser and Chemical Process Applications

Gibson Tube, Inc. Control Line Tubing

NOTE: 1) Metric sizes available

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55

Table 2

COMPOSITION (%) OF VARIOUS STAINLESS STEELS,

NICKEL ALLOYS, & TITANIUM

LEAN LEAN SUPER

ALLOY DUPLEX DUPLEX DUPLEX DUPLEX TITANIUM GRADE 304 304L 316 316L 825 G-31 Plus™ _{625 2205 19D** 2101** 2507 Grade 2} UNS Designation S30400 S30403 S31600 S31603 N08825 NO8031 NO6625 S32205 S32001 S32101 S32750 R50400

Carbon (C) max. 0.08 0.030* 0.08 0.030* 0.05 0.015 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.030 .08 max. Manganese (Mn) max. 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.0 0.50 2.0 4.0 to 6.0 4.0 to 6.0 1.20 — Phosphorus (P) max. 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.03 0.020 0.015 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.035 — Sulphur (S) max. 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.010 0.015 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.020 — Silicon (Si) max. 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.3 0.50 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 — Chromium (Cr) 18.0 to 18.0 to 16.0 to 16.0 to 19.5 to 27.0 to 20.0 to 22.0 to 19.5 to 21.0 to 24.0 to — 20.0 20.0 18.0 18.0 23.5 28.0 23.0 23.0 21.5 22.0 26.0

Nickel (Ni) 8.0 to_10.5 8.0 to_12.0 10.0 to_14.0 10.0 to_14.0 38.0 to_46.0 31.0 to _{32.0 min.}58.0 4.50 to_6.50 1.0 to_3.0 1.35 to_1.7 6.0 to_8.0 —

Molybdenum (Mo) — — 2.0 to 3.0 2.0 to 3.0 2.5 to 3.5 6.5 to 8.0 to 3.0 to 0.60 0.10 to 3.0 to —

7.0 10.0 3.50 0.80 5.0

Nitrogen (N) 0.10 0.100 0.10 0.10 — 0.18 to — 0.14 to 0.05 to 0.20 to 0.24 to N=.03

0.25 0.20 0.17 0.25 0.32 max

Other Elements

*Maximum carbon content of 0.04% acceptable for drawn tubes. **Also available as a Zinc Clad product (refer to page 6).

Gibson Tube, Inc. Weld Mills

Fe=Bal Cu=1.5 to 3.0 Al=0.2 max. Ti=0.6 to 1.2 Cu=.50 max H=.015 max Fe=.30 max Ti= Balance Cu = 1.0 to 1.4 — — — —

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66

Existing Shallow Water Platform Seabed depth

600 feet Oil and gas export pipelines

Clustered wells

2 Miles Distance from platform_{45-60 miles}

Satellite Subsea System Manifold

Seabed depth 5,000 feet

Oil

and

Gas

Gibson Tube

has been a key supplier to the oil and gas

industry for three decades. The unique ability to produce

pressure coils up to 90,000 feet in length while minimizing

the number of girth welds, has made

Gibson Tube

an important supplier

to oil and gas customers around the world. Having developed an excellent

reputation in this industry,

Gibson Tube

is able to develop specific process

plans for both downhole and umbilical customers. As deepwater exploration and

installations continue to escalate,

Gibson Tube

is developing cost effective,

quality alternatives to “seamless” product offerings. Zinc Clad, Lean Duplex

coiled tubing produced by Gibson Tube, which combines the high strength

characteristics of Lean Duplex stainless steel with the anodic corrosion

protec-tion provided by zinc, continues to gain favor in the subsea umbilical market.

Downhole Applications Include:

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Control Lines

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Chemical Injection Lines

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Hydraulic Lines

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Capillary Tubing

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Electrical Lines

Downhole Product Options Include:

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825

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316L

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G-31 Plus

™ _n

₂₂₀₅

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625

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Super Duplex 2507

Umbilical Applications Include:

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Control Lines

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Flying Leads

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Electrical Lines

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Chemical Injection Lines

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Hydraulic Lines

Umbilical Product Options Include:

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Zinc Clad Lean Duplex

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316L

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Super Duplex 2507

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Zinc Rod

By employing multiple non-destructive testing

techniques,

Gibson Tube

is able to offer the

ultimate in quality assurance to its oil and gas

customers:

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Film Based X-ray

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Digital Radiography

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Ultrasonic Testing

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Dual Frequency Eddy Current

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Hydrostatic Testing

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Air Underwater Testing

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Metallographic Examination

What are the key components of

Gibson Tube’s

success in the

power generation market (as well as other markets)?

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_{99% On Time Delivery Performance}

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_{Solid Quality Program}

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_{Strong Technical Team}

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_{Advanced Multiple Testing Procedures}

Gibson Tube’s

product offerings for heat exchangers, steam

condensers, and desalination installations include 304L, 316L,

duplex stainless steel alloys and titanium.

Power

Generation

77

Over the past 40 years, titanium has gained worldwide

acceptance for numerous heat exchanger and condenser

applications. Titanium tubing, which exhibits a very high

strength to density ratio, has proven to be a cost effective

solution for many installations.

Gibson Tube Titanium Size Range

Wall Thickness

.016" through .083"

Outside Diameter

.500" through 1.500"

Length

To 60'

Note: 1) See Table 6, page 9 for titanium tubing pounds per foot.

2) Coiled titanium tubing available upon request.

3) Metric sizes available.

Titanium

88

WALL THICKNESS (Gauges & Inches)

TUBE O.D. (Inches) 33 31 30 25 22 20 18 16 14

.008 .010 .012 .020 .028 .035 .049 .065 .083 1/16 .063 .0047 .0057 .0066 .0092 .0106 — — — — 3/32 .094 .0074 .0090 .0106 .0160 .0199 .0223 — — — 1/8 .125 .0100 .0123 .0146 .0226 .0293 .0339 — — — 5/32 .156 .0127 .0157 .0186 .0293 .0386 .0457 .0565 .0638 — 3/16 .188 .0155 .0191 .0228 .0362 .0482 .0577 .0734 .0862 — 1/4 .250 .0208 .0258 .0308 .0496 .0670 .0812 .1062 .1296 .1494 5/16 .313 .0263 .0326 .0390 .0632 .0860 .1049 .1395 .1738 .2058 3/8 .375 .0316 .0393 .0469 .0765 .1048 .1283 .1722 .2172 .2613 7/16 .438 .0370 .0461 .0551 .0901 .1238 .1520 .2055 .2614 .3176 1/2 .500 .0424 .0528 .0631 .1035 .1424 .1754 .2382 .3048 .3731 9/16 .563 .0478 .0596 .0712 .1170 .1614 .1992 .2715 .3489 .4294 5/8 .625 .0532 .0662 .0793 .1304 .1802 .2226 .3043 .3924 .4849 3/4 .750 .0639 .0797 .0955 .1574 .2179 .2698 .3703 .4800 .5968 7/8 .875 — — — .1843 .2557 .3169 .4363 .5676 .7086 1 1.000 — — — .2113 .2934 .3641 .5023 .6552 .8205 1-1/8 1.125 — — — .2382 .3311 .4112 .5683 .7427 .9323 1-1/4 1.250 — — — .2652 .3688 .4584 .6344 .8303 1.0442 1-3/8 1.375 — — — .2921 .4066 .5056 .7004 .9179 1.1560 1-1/2 1.500 — — — .3191 .4443 .5527 .7664 1.0055 1.2678

The formula used to calculate the weights shown in Table 3 is:

Pounds per foot = 10.78 (D-t) t

Where: D = Outside diameter, inches t = Wall Thickness, inches

Table 4

CONVERSION FACTORS TO DETERMINE

TUBING WEIGHTS FOR OTHER ALLOYS

To determine weights of tubing made of other alloys, multiply weight per foot shown in Table 3 by the applicable conversion factor shown below.

MATERIAL FACTOR ALLOY G-31 Plus™ _1.021 ALLOY 825 1.026 ALLOY 625 1.052 DUPLEX 2205 .993 SUPER DUPLEX 2507 .976 LEAN DUPLEX .972

Table 3

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL TUBING IN POUNDS PER FOOT

Table 5

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL, NICKEL ALLOYS AND TITANIUM

IN THE ANNEALED CONDITION AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE UNLESS NOTED

COEFFICIENT OF ALLOYS *TENSILE STRENGTH *YIELD STRENGTH ELONGATION IN TWO MODULUS OF THERMAL EXPANSION

(psi) .2% OFFSET (psi) INCHES (%) ELASTICITY (x106_psi)

(in./in./°F x 10-6₎ 304 75,000 30,000 35 28.0 9.2 304L 70,000 25,000 35 28.0 9.2 316 75,000 30,000 35 28.0 9.2 316L 70,000 25,000 35 28.0 9.2 321 75,000 30,000 35 29.0 9.2 ALLOY G-31 Plus™ _{115,000 65,000 40 28.7 7.9 (200˚F)} ALLOY 825 85,000 35,000 30 28.3 7.8 (200˚F) ALLOY 625 120,000 60,000 30 30.1 7.1 (200˚F) DUPLEX 2205 95,000 70,000 25 27.5 7.6 TITANIUM Grade 2 50,000 40,000 to 65,000 20 16.0 4.8 BWG/Avg. Wall

TUBE O.D. (Inches) 25 24 23 22 20 18 17 16 15 14

.020 .022 .025 .028 .035 .049 .058 .065 .072 .083 1/2 (.500) .0590 .0646 .0730 .0812 .1000 .1358 .1575 .1737 .1894 .2127 5/8 (.625) .0744 .0815 .0922 .1027 .1269 .1734 .2020 .2237 .2447 .2764 3/4 (.750) .0897 .0984 .1114 .1242 .1538 .2111 .2466 .2736 .3000 .3402 7/8 (.875) .1051 .1153 .1306 .1457 .1807 .2487 .2911 .3235 .3553 .4039 1 (1.000) .1204 .1322 .1498 .1672 .2075 .2864 .3357 .3735 .4106 .4677 1 1/8 (1.125) .1358 .1491 .1690 .1887 .2344 .3240 .3802 .4234 .4659 .5315 1 1/4 (1.250) .1512 .1660 .1882 .2103 .2613 .3616 .42418 .4733 .5212 .5952 1 3/8 (1.375) .1665 .1829 .2074 .2318 .2882 .3993 .1693 .5232 .5765 .6590 1 1/2 (1.500) .1819 .1998 .2266 .2533 .3151 .4369 .5139 .5732 .6318 .7227

For weight of minimum wall tube: Multiply the above weight by 1.1 The formula used to calculate the weights in Table 6 is:

Pounds per foot = 6.145 (D-t) t Where: D = Outside diameter, inches

t = Wall Thickness, inches

Table 6

TITANIUM TUBING IN POUNDS PER FOOT - GRADE 2

99

* Tensile and yield strengths are minimums.

Gibson Tube laboratory.

1100

SIZE (Inches)

GAUGE

O.D. WALL NO.

BURST PRESSURE (psi)

SIZE (Inches)

GAUGE

O.D. WALL NO.

BURST PRESSURE (psi)

Table 7

ESTIMATED INTERNAL BURST PRESSURE

For Types 304 & 316 Stainless Steel Tubing at ambient temperature

INTERNAL BURST PRESSURE

Barlow’s Formula can be used to estimate the theoretical internal bursting and working pressure of tubing.

2 St Simply stated, Barlow’s Formula is: P =

D Where:

P = Burst pressure, psi

S = Tensile strength of material, psi (75,000 psi for types 304 & 316) t = Wall thickness, inches

D = Outside diameter, inches

Using this formula, reasonable estimated burst pressures can be calculated. Yield pressures can be estimated as well by substituting “Y” (yield strength of material, psi) for “S” in the formula. Note that actual burst values may vary from the theoretical values listed in Table 7 due to variations such as actual wall thickness, diameter to wall ratios, material properties and installation conditions. These theoretical values, however, are adequate for estimating required tubing sizes.

EXTERNAL COLLAPSE PRESSURE

Contact your Technical Representative for information concerning collapse pressure. API (American Petroleum Institute) bulletin 5C3 provides formulas to estimate external collapse pressure.

.020 25 24,000 1/8 .028 22 33,600 .035 20 42,000 .020 25 15,950 3/16 .028 22 22,340 .035 20 27,920 .049 18 39,090 .020 25 12,000 .028 22 16,800 1/4 .035 20 21,000 .049 18 29,400 .065 16 39,000 .083 14 49,800 .020 25 9,880 .028 22 13,410 5/16 .035 20 16,770 .049 18 23,480 .065 16 31,150 .083 14 39,770 .020 25 8,000 .028 22 11,200 3/8 .035 20 14,000 .049 18 19,600 .065 16 26,000 .083 14 33,200 .020 25 6,000 .028 22 8,400 1/2 .035 20 10,500 .049 18 14,700 .065 16 19,500 .083 14 24,900 5/8 .028 22 6,720 .035 20 8,400 .049 18 11,760 5/8 .065 16 15,600 .083 14 19,920 .028 22 5,600 .035 20 7,000 3/4 .049 18 9,800 .065 16 13,000 .083 14 16,600 .028 22 4,800 .035 20 6,000 7/8 .049 18 8,400 .065 16 11,140 .083 14 14,220 .028 22 4,200 .035 20 5,250 1 .049 18 7,350 .065 16 9,750 .083 14 12,450 .028 22 3,360 .035 20 4,200 1-1/4 .049 18 5,880 .065 16 7,800 .083 14 9,960 .028 22 3,050 1-3/8 .035 20 3,810 .049 18 5,340 .065 16 7,090 .083 14 9,050 .028 22 2,800 1-1/2 .035 20 3,500 .049 18 4,900 .065 16 6,500 .083 14 8,300

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1111

Table 8

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS

Rockwell Hardness Testing

Pressure Tubing Production

www.gibsontube.com

ASTM/ASME-SA 249 Specification titled “Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat Exchanger and Condenser Tubes”. This specification covers pressure tubes made from a variety of austenitic steels.

ASTM-A 269 Specification titled “Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service”. This specification covers a variety of grades of austenitic stainless steel tubing.

ASTM/ASME-SB 338 Standard specifications for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes for Condensers and Heat Exchangers.

ASTM-A 450 Specification titled “General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes”. This covers common requirements for ASTM tubular product specifications.

ASTM-A 632 Specification titled “Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing (Small Diameter) for General Service”. This specification covers a variety of grades of austenitic stainless steel tubing in sizes under 1/2" down to .050" outer diameter wall thickness less than .065" down to .005".

ASTM-A 688 Specification titled “Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes”. This specification covers welded austenitic stainless steel tubes used in feedwater applications. Size range is 5/8" to 1" outside diameter inclusive and walls of .028" and heavier. Specification also covers U-bends.

ASTM-B 704 Specification titled “Nickel-Alloy (UNS NO 6625 & NO8825) Welded Tube”. This specification covers welded tubing of both alloy 625 and 825 in an annealed condition.

ASTM-A 789 Standard specification for seamless and welded ferretic/austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service. This specification covers various grades of duplex stainless steels.

1122

Some of the destructive test procedures routinely performed at Gibson Tube to ensure quality control and compliance to specifications.

Manufacturer

Size/Type

Gibson Tube

Quality

“

Gibson Tube

is committed to exceeding the requirements

and expectations of our customers. Continuous improvement

is the driving force of our quality program.”

This statement truly summarizes the

Gibson Tube

philosophy. In fact,

it is a way of life with each and every employee. The entire process of

fulfilling an order, from administration through production and shipment,

is designed to exceed our customer’s expectations. The extensive

education, training and empowerment which all employees experience

results in a passion for service. One visit to our facility will confirm the

Gibson Tube

corporate philosophy.

ADDITIONAL TESTS

PERFORMED BY GIBSON TUBE

n

_{Film Based X-ray}

n

_{Digital Radiography}

n

_{Ultrasonic Testing}

n

_{Dual Frequency Eddy Current}

n

_{Hydrostatic Testing}

n

_{Metallographic Examination}

n

_{Air Underwater Test}

n

_{Corrosion Testing}

1133

(ABOVE) Line marking is an important key to maintaining quality control and traceability.

Complete product description, specifications, manufacturing and testing information are included.

Heat Number

Specification

Time & Date in Military Time

Test Operator Number

Tray Number

Shop Order Number

Country of Origin

Quality Assurance is integrated into every step of our manufacturing

process. Standards have been established for all product lines to

assure consistency in our production and to support a delivery track

record of 99% on-time. For large projects such as subsea umbilical

systems, downhole oil and gas control lines, or steam condenser

projects,

Gibson Tube

develops specific process plans. High Profile

Project (HPP) designation provides the ultimate in quality assurance

for complex projects. In addition to being ISO compliant,

Gibson

Tube

recognizes the value of being on the leading edge of developing

advanced film-based X-ray, digital radiography and ultrasonic

testing techniques.

1144

Gibson

Foundations

The

Gibson Tube

story begins in 1962, when

Glenn J. Gibson, founder, set up shop with a

revolutionary small diameter tubing mill

which he designed and built. From this

humble beginning, Glenn’s company grew

through the next 4 decades and became

recognized as the world leader in small

diameter stainless steel tubing. In the

80’s, Glenn’s son Jim assumed leadership of

the company, growing the company while

retaining his father’s philosophy of exceeding

customers expectations through continuous

improvement. Despite Jim’s retirement in

2003, this philosophy remains instilled in

each employee.

What sets

Gibson Tube

apart from other tubing

manufacturers?

n

A customer focus philosophy shared by every employee.

n

Growth through product diversification.

Gibson Tube

is now providing not only Stainless Steel Tubing, but

Nickel, Duplex Stainless Steel and Titanium as well.

n

Unique capabilities such as specialty coiled tubing

up to 90,000 feet in length.

n

Technical leadership, ranging from state of the art

production techniques to leading edge testing procedures.

n

The ability to encapsulate electrical wire or fiberoptics in coiled tubing.

n

Solid alliances with select raw material vendors which help

feed our growth.

n

A solid Quality System built to satisfy even the most

demanding requirements.

Through four decades,

Gibson Tube

has built a loyal customer base which

includes select service centers, power companies, oil and gas corporations

as well as oil and gas service companies. On-going capital investment

fuels our growth. In 2002, we added an additional 55,000 square feet

to our facility; the

Gibson Tube

complex now exceeds 255,000 square

feet including administrative offices and manufacturing. Twenty-eight gas

tungsten arc and laser weld mills are housed in the facility.

We extend an invitation to you to visit us in North Branch, New Jersey;

we are located approximately one hour from New York City.

1155

ANNEALING — The process of controlled heating and cooling a metal to achieve a

reduction in hardness, remove stress, and to homogenize the material.

ASME — American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

ASTM — American Society for Testing Materials.

AUSTENITIC — The family of chromium-nickel stainless steels often referred to as the 300 series of 18-8 group. These steels can only be hardened by cold working. In the annealed condition they are nonmagnetic. In general, they have good corrosion resist-ance, good formability and are readily weldable.

BRIGHT ANNEALING — An annealing process which employs a reducing gas atmos-phere. Stainless steel tubing annealed in this manner has a bright, clean appearance and is free from any oxides or scale. The process eliminates the need for the old fash-ioned acid bath pickling operations.

BURST PRESSURE — The internal pressure that will cause a piece of tubing to fail by exceeding the plastic limit and tensile strength of the material from which the tube is fabricated.

COLD SINKING — The process of pulling a tube through a carbide die to reduce the diameter of the tube. Small tubes with very high thickness-to-diameter ratios are com-monly produced this way in long lengths. The sinking of the tube is done at room tem-perature, i.e., ‘Cold’.

CONCENTRICITY — Used to describe tubing where the center of its inside diameter is consistent with the center of its outside diameter resulting in no variation of wall thick-ness. By virtue of the fact that welded tubing is fabricated from precision rolled flat stock, concentricity is inherent with a roll-formed, welded tube.

DESTRUCTIVE TESTING — Any of the mechanical tests performed on an expendable sample of tubing to check physical properties. These tests include: tensile, yield, elon-gation, hardness, flare, flattening, bend and burst.

ECCENTRICITY — Opposite of concentricity, resulting in variations of wall thickness. This is a problem associated with seamless tubular products.

EDDY CURRENT TESTING — A nondestructive testing procedure which is a continuous process performed on the tubular products during fabrication and in final inspection. It is by nature an electrical test which checks tubing (against a calibrated standard) for possible defects such as holes, cracks, gouges, etc. on both inside and outside surfaces of the tube. All eddy current testing at Gibson Tube is done in accordance with ASTM-E 426.

GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING (GTAW) — An arc welding process that uses an arc between a tungsten electrode (nonconsumable) and the weld pool (base metal of strip). A high quality full fusion weld is achieved. The process can be performed with or without the addition of filler metal. The GTAW process is also commonly referred to as Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG).

HARDNESS — Resistance to penetration by an indentor which may be a ball, cone or pyramid shape. The indentor is forced into the surface by application of a known load. The relationship of load to area or the depth of indentation is the measure of hard-ness. Gibson Tube uses Rockwell and Vickers hardness tests. Hardness generally correlates to the ultimate tensile strength of the material.

HYDROSTATIC TESTING — A nondestructive test procedure that checks for holes, cracks or porosity. Tubing is pressurized internally with water to a high pressure, but does not exceed material yield strength.

I.D. — Inside diameter of a tubular product.

LASER BEAM WELDING (LBW) — A fusion joining process that produces coalescence of materials with the heat obtained from a concentrated beam of coherent, mono-chromatic light impinging on the joint to be welded. Generally an autogenous weld with no filler metal added.

LINE MARKING — A continuous strip of information that is printed with an inert ink along the longitudinal surface of the tube after final inspection. This data includes ASTM spec number, material identification, size and wall thickness, as well as a heat number identity. Full traceability is possible with any line marked product.

MEAN COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION — This is the amount that a material will ‘grow’ in size when subjected to a temperature rise. It is measured in inches/inch/ °F. This number multiplied by the length of the tubing (in inches) and by the temperature rise (in °F) indicates how much the tube length will expand (in inches). If the tempera-ture decreases, the tube will shrink by a similar amount.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY — A ratio of stress to strain. Used in engineering calcula-tions to determine rigidity and defleccalcula-tions. The higher the number, the more rigid the item will be for a given load. The units are in pounds per square inch (psi).

NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING — See ‘Eddy Current Testing’ or ‘Hydrostatic Testing’.

O.D. — Outside diameter of a tubular product.

ORBITAL WELD — A circumferential, full fusion butt or girth weld used to join together two lengths of tubing. It is a GTAW welding process similar in nature to the longitudinal weld seam of a welded tubular product.

OVALITY — A quantitative measurement of how ‘round’ a tube is by comparing width to height. Limits are specified on the appropriate ASTM specification of a product.

PASSIVATION — A protective layer of oxides on the surface of a metal which resists corrosion. This passive oxide layer is the chief reason why stainless steels have such good corrosion resistant properties. It is a natural phenomenon, but can be acceler-ated by special passivating solutions that can be applied to tubular products by an optional process.

psi — Common engineering abbreviation for pounds per square inch. A measurement of stress in a material.

TENSILE STRENGTH — The maximum load per unit area that a material is capable of withstanding before it fails (pulls apart). Units are in psi.

ULTRASONIC TESTING — The scanning of material with an ultrasonic beam, during which reflections from faults in the material can be detected: a powerful nondestructive test method.

WELDED TUBING — Tubular products which are roll formed and then joined continu-ously along a longitudinal seam by a material fusion process. The process employed at Gibson Tube is Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). See ‘Gas Tungsten Arc Welding’ and ‘Laser Beam Welding’, (LBW).

YIELD STRENGTH — The load per unit area that a material can withstand before permanent deformation (nonelastic) occurs. It is conventionally determined by a .2% offset from the modulus slope on a stress/strain diagram. Units are in psi and refer-enced to .2% offset in most literature.

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Gibson Tube, Inc.

100 Aspen Hill Road

P.O. Box 5399

North Branch, NJ 08876 • USA

TEL: 908-218-1400

FAX: 908-218-0008

TOLL FREE

800-468-9459

www.gibsontube.com

E-mail: sales@gibsontube.com

Copyright© 2004, Gibson Tube, Inc. all rights reserved. Printed in the USA. The material provided herein reflects typical or average values. It is not a guarantee of maximum or minimum values. Suggested applications in this material are used solely for purposes of illustration, and are not intended in any form to be either expressed or implied warranties of fitness for any particular uses.

PRECISION WELDED TUBING