ITC 3 MBA-I_Evening

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McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill



_{Application Software}



Software developed to solve a particular problem for

users

 Either performs useful work on a specific task

 _{Or provides entertainment}



We interact mainly with this software



_{System Software}



Enables application software to interact with the

computer



_{Helps the computer to manage its own internal and}

external resources

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System Software has 3 basic components

 Operating System

--The principal component of system software

 Device Drivers

--Help the computer control peripheral devices

 _{Utility Programs}

--Used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in the computer

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

_{Operating System (OS)}



Low-level, master system of programs to manage basic

computer operations



Every general-purpose computer must have OS to run

other programs



OS allows users to concentrate on applications rather

than on complexities of the computer



Each application program is written to run on top of a

particular OS



Some OS functions: booting, CPU management, file

management, task management, security management

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

_Booting



The process of loading an OS into the computer’s

main memory



Booting involves four steps:

1. Turn the computer on

2. Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other

hardware

3. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to

main memory

 _{BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware}  _{The computer needs those instructions to operate the}

hardware and find a copy of the OS

4. Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s

main memory

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

_Booting



Cold boot—turn on computers “on” system



Warm boot—restart a computer that is already on



_{Boot disk—use a diskette or CD containing all files to}

launch OS

(10)



_{Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management}



Supervisor is the software that manages CPU

 Remains in memory while the computer runs

 Directs other programs not in memory to perform tasks that

support application programs



Memory Management

 OS keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs

and data from overlapping each other

 Swaps portions of programs and data into the same

memory but at different times

 Keeps track of virtual memory

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

_{Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management}

(

continued

)



Queues, Buffers, Spooling

 Queue: First-in, First-out (FIFO) sequence of data or

programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed

 _{Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they}

are waiting

 To spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer

 _{Needed because the CPU is faster than printers. The CPU}

can work on other tasks while the print jobs wait

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McGraw-Hill

 A file is either a

 Data File: a named collection

of data

 _{Program File: a program that}

exists in a computer’s secondary storage

 The File System arranges files

in a hierarchical manner

 Top level is Directories (aka

Folders)

 _{Subdirectories come below}

Folders

 Find files using their

pathname. Example:

C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/section1.doc

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 _{Task Management}

 Computers are required to perform many different tasks at

once—to do task management

 Task: An operation such as storing, printing, or calculating

 Multitasking: Handling more than one program concurrently

 Example: You do word processing while playing music on your

computer

 OS directs processor to alternate time on each program until

processing is complete

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

_{Security Management}



Operating Systems permit users to control access to their

computers



Users gain access using an ID and password



You set the password the first time you boot up a new

computer



After that, when you boot up, you’ll be prepared to type in

your user name and password

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Utility Programs

 _{Device Drivers}

 _{Specialized software programs that allow input and output}

devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system

 When you buy a computer, many device drivers come with the

system software

 Device drivers also come with new hardware (on CDs/DVDs)

or can be downloaded from the manufacturer’s website  _Utilities

 Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and

allocation of computer resources

 _{Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately like}

 Norton SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities

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

_{User Interface}

 The user-controllable display screen you use to interact with

the computer, using keyboard or mouse



_{Keyboard & Mouse}

 _{Special-purpose keys: used to enter, delete, edit data, and to}

execute commands

 Function keys (F1, F2, etc.): used to execute commands

specific to the software being used

 Macros: keyboard shortcuts to activate series of commands

 Mouse pointer: moved to particular place on screen or to point

to little symbol icons

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McGraw-Hill

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McGraw-Hill

 _Mouse

 _{Handy tool for dragging}

and dropping text, graphics

 _{Useful for navigating}

menus on unfamiliar applications

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 _{Graphical User Interface (GUI)}

 _{Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons and}

commands from menus

 Three main features of GUI are desktop, icons, and menus

 _{Desktop: The system’s main interface screen}

 _{Icons: Small pictorial figures that represent programs, data files, or}

procedures

 _{Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll your}

mouse over it

 _{Menus: Lists of built-in commands and/or options from which to}

choose

 Pull-down, cascading, pull-up, pop-up

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

_{To start an application, pick one of 3 methods:}



Click on the Start button on the lower left corner of the

Windows desktop, then make a selection from the pull-up

Click on the My Computer icon on the desktop, find the

application executable on your hard disk, and click it



Click on the My Documents icon on the desktop, find the

document you want to open, and click on it.

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

_{Most Operating Systems have the following:}



Title Bar: runs across the top of the display window



Menu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus

available



Toolbar: Displays menus and icons representing

frequently used commands



Taskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows

screen that contains the Start button



A window: A rectangular frame on the computer screen

through which you can view a file of data or an

application

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

_{The Help Command}



A command generating a

table of contents, an index, and a search feature that can

and a search feature to

help you locate answers

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

_Platform



The particular processor model and operating system on

which a computer system is based



_{Two principal systems are}



Mac platforms—run Apple Macintosh



PC platforms—run Microsoft Windows



_{Some legacy systems still used—outdated but still}

functional



DOS (Disk Operating System)



Original Microsoft OS—hard-to-use command-driven user

interface

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

_{Mac OS}



OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers; is popular

for desktop publishing and in educational settings



Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI



Proprietary OS

 _{System 9 is OS from 1999, but still popular}

 Mac OS X from 2000 is based on Unix

 Mac 10.6 is 2009 release; features include

 Spotlight – a desktop search engine for locating files on local

hard disk

 _{Dashboard – for creating desktop “widgets”}

 _{Automator – automatically helps users to script repetitive tasks}

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

_{Microsoft Windows}



Windows early versions—featured Plug & Play

 _{95, 98, and ME}



Windows XP – 2001

 Windows networking plus new GUI

 _{Improved stability}



Windows XP Media Center Edition--2004

 Media-oriented OS

 PC or TV to be home entertainment hub

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

_{Windows Vista—2007}

 Fancy interface, glitzier graphics, improved security

 _{Required too much computing power}

 Hardware/software incompatibility issues



_{Windows 7—2009}

 _{Microsoft Surface—use hands to manipulate screen content}

 Comes in several versions—Home premium, Professional, &

Ultimate



_{Any Windows represents years of legacies}

 Critics say Windows perpetuates obsolete design

 _{Apple started over with Mac OSx in 2001}

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

_{Network operating systems}



Novell’s Netware

 _{Used for coordinating microcomputer-based local area}

networks (LANs) throughout a company or campus

 Network OS usually located on a main server



Windows NT & NT Server

 _{Windows NT is now called Windows Server 2008}

 Designed to run on network servers in businesses of all

sizes

 _{Multiple users share resources, such as data, programs,}

printers

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

_{Network operating systems}



Unix, Solaris, BSD

 _{Unix is a multitasking operating system with multiple users}

that has built-in networking capability and versions for all kinds of computers

 Is particularly stable—used to run backbone of internet

 Used by large organizations—for airplane design, currency

trading

 _{Versions include Solaris, BSD, HP-UX, AIX}

 Unix interface is command-line interface

 _{GUIs available to make Unix easier to use}

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

_{Embedded Operating Systems for Handhelds}

 Embedded OS—resides on CPU chip

 _{Specialized system that is part of larger system or machine}

 Palm OS

 _{Dominant OS for handhelds}

 Developed by Palm, Inc. as OS fro Mobile devices

 _{Windows Embedded}

 A slimmed-down version of Windows

 _{Windows for handhelds & embedded systems}

 A new OS for mobile devices (smartphones) is Android, which in

2010 is just becoming available on such devices

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

_{Network operating systems}



Linux

 _{Free, nonproprietary version of Unix}

 Continual improvements from thousands of volunteer

programmers

 _{Linux is open-source software—anyone may make}

suggested improvements

 May legally be downloaded and used for free

 _{May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications aren’t}

copyrighted

 _{Linux vendors give away software but sell services, products}  In 2000, adopted by China as national standard OS

(33)



_{Five legal types of application software}

 Commercial, public domain, shareware, freeware, rentalware



Commercial software—copyrighted, must get license

from owner



Software license types:

 _{Site licenses allow software to be used on all computers at a}

specific location

 Concurrent-use licenses--allow a number of copies to be used

at one time

 _{Multiple-use license--specifies number of people who may use}

the software

 Single-use license--limits software to one user at a time

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

_{Five Legal Types of Application Software}



Commercial Software (

continued

)

 _{Comes in versions (major upgrades) and releases (minor)}



Public-domain software

 Not copyrighted – legal to copy



Shareware

 Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it



Freeware

 _{Copyrighted – but available for free.}



Rentalware

 Copyrighted – lease for a fee

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

_{Other Software categories}



Pirated software

 _{Software obtained illegally in violation of copyright}



Abandonware

 Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its

publisher



Custom software

 Created by software engineers and programmers

specifically for companies or individuals

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

_{Tutorials & Documentation}



Tutorial: Instruction book or program that helps you learn

to use the product by taking you through a series of steps



Documentation: All information that describes a product

to users, including a user guide or reference manual that

provides a narrative and graphical description of the

program

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

_{Facts about Files & about Importing & Exporting}



Three types of data files

 _{Document files—created by word processing}

 Worksheet files—created by spreadsheets

 _{Database files—created by database management}

programs



Exchanging files

 Importing: getting data from another source and then

converting it into a format compatible with the program in which you are currently working

 _{Exporting: transforming data into a format that can be used}

in another program and then transmitting it

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

_{Types of Application Software}



May be classified as: entertainment, personal, education/

references, productivity, and specialized uses



Productivity Software

 Word processing, spreadsheets, database managers

 _{May be bundled in office suite}

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

_{Word Processing: uses computers to create, edit,}

format, print, and store text



Microsoft Word best known



Others: Corel WordPerfect, Apple Pages, Google Apps,

Zoho Writer



Word processing allows you to delete, insert, and replace

text



_{Additional features: creating, formatting, printing, saving}

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

_{Creating Documents}



Cursor: movable symbol to show where to enter text



Scrolling: moving quickly up, down, or sideways



_{Word wrap: automatically continues text to next line}



Head hierarchy: Outline View puts tags on headings

within a document to organize it



Footnote numbering automatic



Insert & Delete

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

_{Editing Documents—Making alterations in content}



Inserting: adding text to documents



Deleting: removing text from documents

 _{Find & Replace}

 _{Find: lets you go straight to any text in your document}

 Replace: lets you automatically replace it with something else

 _{Cut, Copy, & Paste}

 Select the text you want to move

 _{Copy (or cut) to clipboard, then paste in new location}

 _{Spelling Checker: tests for incorrectly spelled words}

(42)



_{Grammar Checker: highlights poor grammar,}

wordiness, incomplete sentences, and awkward

phrases



_{Thesaurus: offers suggestions for alternative words}

with the same meaning

Discussion Question: How does a spell-checker handle different spellings for the same word? Should you trust the spell-checker for

(43)



_{Formatting Documents with the Help of Templates}



Formatting: determining appearance of a document



A template is a preformatted “form” that provides basic

tools for structuring a final document—text, layout, page

design, etc.



Every word processing program comes with standard

templates (for letters, memos, etc.)

(44)



_{Aspects of Formatting}

 Font

 _{The typeface, size, and color of the text you use}  _{Also lets you specify underlined, italic, or bold}

 Spacing & Columns

 _{Choose the line spacing (single- or double-spaced, or other)}  _{Choose single-column or multi-columned text for your document}

 _{Margins & Justification}

 Indicate width of left, right, top, and bottom margins  Justify text left, right, or center

(45)

 _{Headers, footers, page numbers}

 _{A header is text printed at the very top of the page}

 A footer is text (like page number) at the page bottom

 _{Other Formatting}

 _{You can specify borders, shading, tables, and footnotes}

 You can also import graphics, such as clip art

 _{Default Settings}

 These are the settings automatically used by the program

unless you change them

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

_{Output: Printing, Faxing, or Emailing Documents}

 Print individual pages, the whole document, or several copies

 _{You can fax or email finished documents}

 Previewing: gives you a look at how document will look when

printed, before you print



_{Saving Documents}

 _{Saving: store a document as an electronic file on, e.g., hard}

disk or CD

 Word processing allows formatting of documents in HTML

 _{Word processing allows tracking, or highlighting, of insertions}

and deletions

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

_{Spreadsheets: to create tables and financial schedules}

 _{Enter data and formulas into rows and columns on screen}

 Programs; Microsoft Excel, Corel Quattro Pro, Lotus

1-2-3



_{Organized into columns and rows on a worksheet}

 Labels are descriptive text

 _{Cells are where a row and a column meet}

 Cell address is the position of the cell

 _{Range is a group of adjacent cells}

 Values are numbers or dates entered into a cell

 Cell pointer shows where data is to be entered

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

_{Formulas, Functions, Recalculation, What-If}



Formulas are instructions for calculations

 _{Define mathematically how one cell relates to another}

 Example: @SUM(A5:A15) sums the values of the cells A5,

A6, A7, and so forth up through cell A15



Functions are built-in formulas, such as SUM()



Recalculation is the process of re-computing values



_{What-If analysis allows users to see what happens to}

totals when one or more numbers change in cells

 _{Worksheet templates—custom-designed for particular work}

 Multidimensional spreadsheets—link one to another

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

_{Analytical Graphics: Creating Charts}

 Spreadsheets allow you to automatically create graphs

 _{Analytical graphics: graphical forms that make numeric data}

easier to analyze

 Examples of types of analytical graphics:

 _{Column charts}  _{Bar charts}

 Line graphs  Pie charts  Scatter charts

(51)



_{Database: structured collection of interrelated files in a}

computer system



_{Database software: sets up and controls the structure of a}

database and access to data



_{Principal microcomputer databases: Microsoft Access, Corel}

Paradox



_{Benefits databases:}

 Data redundancy is minimized

 Data is integrated and stored in a structured fashion

 Data in databases has more integrity

 Data may include text, numbers, and graphics

(52)



_{Relational database: data organized into related tables}



Each table contains rows (records) & columns (fields)



Key is field used to sort data

 _{Most frequent key field is social security number}

 Tables with the same key field are linked together



Querying and displaying records

 Database software offers a quick way to locate records



Saving, Formatting, Printing, Copying, Transmitting

 _{Can save results, format them in different ways, print as}

reports, copy to other documents, & transmit as email

(53)

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

_{Personal Information Managers}



Software that helps you keep track of & manage

information you use on a daily basis

 Addresses, phone numbers, appointments, to-do lists,

notes



Popular examples:

 _{Microsoft Outlook}

 Lotus SmartSuite Organizer

 _{Contactizer Pro}

 Yojimbo

(55)



_{Presentation Graphics}



_Financial



_{Desktop Publishing}



_{Drawing & Painting}



_{Project Management}



_{Video/Audio Editing}



_Animation



_{Multimedia Authoring}



_{Web Page Design/Authoring}



_{Portable Document Format (PDF)}



_{Computer-Aided Design}

(56)

 _{Presentation Graphics Software}

 _{Uses graphics, animation, sound, data, and information to}

make visual presentations

 Some packages: Microsoft PowerPoint, Corel Presentations

 Includes d_{esign and content templates}

 _{Allows presentation to be dressed up with clip art, sound clips,}

special visual effects, animation, and video clips

(57)

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

_{Financial Software}

 _{Ranges from personal-finance managers to entry-level}

accounting programs to business financial-management packages

 Personal-finance programs include Quicken & Microsoft Money  Common features of financial software

 _{Track income & expenses}

 _{Allow checkbook management}  Do financial reporting

 _{Offer tax categories to assist with tax recordkeeping}  _{May offer financial planning & portfolio management}  Tax, accounting, investment software also available

(59)



_{Desktop Publishing}



Involves mixing text & graphics to produce high-quality

output for commercial printing



Uses a mouse, scanner, printer, and DTP software



Professional DTP programs: QuarkXPress, Adobe

InDesign



Has the following features

 Mix of text with graphics

 _{Offers varied type & layout styles}

 Allows import of files from other programs

 _{Becoming a DTP professional requires training}

(60)



_{Drawing programs}



Graphics software used to design & illustrate objects &

products



Create vector images—created from geometrical

formulas



Examples: CorelDRAW, Adobe Illustrator



_{Painting programs}



_{Graphics programs that allow users to simulate painting}

on-screen



Produce bit-mapped or raster images (tiny dots)

(61)



_{Common Graphics File Formats}

 .bmp (bit-map): used on PCs

 _{.gif (Graphic Interchange Format) – format used in web}

pages

 .jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group) – used in

high-resolution images

 _{.tiff (Tagged Image File Formats) – used on PCs & Macs for}

high-resolution images to print

 .png (Portable Network Graphics) – used as alternative

to .gif

(62)



_{Video-editing software}

 Allows import to and editing of video footage on computer

 _{Video editing packages: Adobe Premiere, Sony Pictures Digital}

Vegas, Apple Final Cut Express, Pinnacle Studio DV, & Ulead VideoStudio



_{Audio-editing software}

 Allows import to and editing of sound files on PC

 _{Sound editing packages: Windows Sound Recorder, Sony}

Pictures Digital Sound Forge, Audacity (freeware), Felt Tip

Software’s Sound Studio (shareware), GoldWave, & WavePad.

(63)



_{Animation Software}



Simulates movement by rapidly displaying a series of still

pictures, or frames



Computer animation: creation of moving images by

means of computer



GIF animation: first format to be widely used for web

pages



Packages: GIF Construction Professional, 3D GIF

Designer, The Complete Animator

(64)



_{Multimedia Authoring Software}



Combines text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in

an integrated way to create stand-alone multimedia

applications



Content can be put on CDs/DVDs or delivered via the

web



Two examples: Macromedia Director & Macromedia

Authorware

(65)



_{Web Page Design/Authoring Software}



Used to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia

features



Packages: Adobe Dreamweaver, Adobe Flash, Coffee

Cup Visual Site Designer, Real/Mac Rapid Weaver, etc.



Packages provided by internet access providers free &

easy to use

(66)



_{Project Management Software}



A program used to plan and schedule the people, costs,

and resources required to complete a project on time



Packages: Mindjet MindManager Pro 8, MindView, Intuit,

Microsoft Project, etc.

(67)



_{Portable Document Format (PDF)}



A file format developed by Adobe Systems



Captures text, graphic, and formatting information from a

variety of applications on different platforms, making it

possible to send documents and have them appear on

the recipient’s monitor as they were intended to be

viewed



Today, used for virtually any data that needs to be

exchanged among applications and users

(68)



_{Computer-Aided Design (CAD)}



Programs intended for design of products, structures,

civil engineering drawings, and maps

 Examples include Autodesk, AutoCAD, TurboCAD, Alibre

Design, and PowerCADD

 CAD programs help design buildings, cars, planes,

electronic devices, roadways, bridges, subdivisions

 _{CAD/CAM programs: allow CAD programs to be input into}

computer-aided manufacturing systems that make products