Chapter 39_70s_ppt_APUS

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_{Other “New Left” Movements}

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_{Other Minorities}

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Counter culture

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_{Nixon’s Presidency}

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_{Domestic – New Federalism?}

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_{Foreign – China, SALT, Detente}

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_Watergate!

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_{Ford’s Presidency - Pardon Nixon, WIN,}

Helsinki.

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_{Carter’s Presidency}

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_{Domestic – Gas shortage, Stagflation}

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_{Foreign – Camp David, Iran-Hostage}

Period 8: Chapter 39 – The

Disillusionment of the 70’s

The oil and natural gas we rely on for 75 percent of our energy are running out. In spite of increased effort, domestic production has been dropping steadily at about six percent a year.

Imports have doubled in the last five years. Our nation's independence of economic and political action is becoming increasingly constrained. Unless profound changes are made to lower oil consumption, we now believe that early in the 1980s the world will be demanding

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Let’s Review…America in the 1960s

• _{By the end of the 1960s, the United}

States had experienced major

changes:

• _{Economic prosperity, a rapid}

growth of suburbs, a baby boom,

& increased college enrollment.

• _{Nuclear threats in the Cold War}

& a controversial war in Vietnam.

• _{Assassinations of political leaders,}

a growing poverty gap, &

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One impact of the 1960s was the rise of the “New Left” – youth and minority movements focusing on liberalism, anti-militarism and awareness of injustices (poor, minorities, adolescences, etc.).

VS.

By the early 70’s these new movements created such upheaval in society - “The Silent Majority” pushes back (conservativism, a return to status quo, middle class mainstream, etc.).

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Other Movements – Asian and

Mexican Americans

“Yellow Power”

• _{Asian Americans faced discrimination in the U.S.} (Chinese Exclusion Act, Japanese internment

during WWII, anti-Asian attitudes due to Vietnam). • _{Gained Asian-American studies programs in}

colleges, health services in Asian communities, & reparations for interned Japanese-Americans.

“Brown Power”

• _{Mexican American groups worked to improve the} lives of “Chicanos” – population increased due to US sponsored programs and the need for cheap labor.

• _{Embraced Mexican heritage (“}_{La Raza}_{”) - fought for} voter registration, poverty reforms, & bilingual

education programs.

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Other Movements – Homosexuals and

American Indians

“Rainbow Power”

• _{The Gay Liberation movement started in 1969}

after a police raid at the Stonewall Inn led to riots in New York City.

• _The_{Gay Liberation Front}_{(GLF) was formed to}

bring an end to discrimination against homosexuals - emphasized “gay pride” &

encouraged people to “come out of the closet.”

“Red Power”

• By the 1960s, Native Americans had the lowest income, highest unemployment rate, & shortest life expectancy of any group of Americans!

• Want tribal autonomy & the return of lands taken by broken treaties with Indian tribes.

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Other Movements – Women’s

Liberation

“Pink Power”

• _{Feminism: Started with Betty Freidan publishing}

Feminine Mystique

in 1963 - a dissatisfied housewife

who wants equality for all women.

• _{Drew attention to sexual discrimination & unequal}

pay for women - Betty Freidan co-founded the

National Organization of Women (NOW) to

advocate for women.

• _{Demanded an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to}

ban sexism - defeated in the 1970s by conservatives

& anti-ERA women.

• _{Gained abortion rights in Roe v Wade (1973).}

• _{Congress passed Title VII to protect women from}

sexual harassment.

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Other Movements – Counter Culture

“Flower Power”

• _{Hippy Movement - rejected their parents’}

expectations & looked to find personal fulfillment.

• _{View living in “normal” society was}

unacceptable.

• _{Most educated generation (75% graduated high}

school & 40% graduated college).

• _{Perception of the Movement: Sex, Drugs, Rock n’}

Roll.

• _{Drugs were acceptable (marijuana &}

“mind-expanding” hallucinogens like LSD).

• _{Music best represented by the Woodstock}

concert in 1969.

• _{Created self-sustaining communes where property}

was shared.

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Nixon as a Ideological President

• _{1968 election – won due to a three party}

election and the assassination of Bobby

Kennedy.

• _{By 1970 - new military bases + corporate}

headquarters + relocation of retirees +

frustration by whites over civil rights = south

is move conservative!

• _{1972 election - Nixon attracts Southerners to}

the Republican Party - opposing new civil

rights policies & cutting government

spending (Southern Strategy).

• _{Believed in a limited role for the national}

gov’t - reduce or eliminate many Great

Society programs.

• _{Gave states more control over how}

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Nixon – Domestic Events

• _Promoted_{New Federalism}_{– transfer some federal powers} back to the states (ex: de-segregation/busing dealt with at the state level) – most everything passed was vetoed by Nixon! • _{Expansion of affirmative action –}_{Griggs vs. Duke Power Co}

(hire more minority workers to avoid charges of discrimination).

• _{Congress created the}_EPA_{(Environmental Protection Agency)} – a result of new awareness about chemicals and pollution.

• _Muckraker_{Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring}_{(exposes the} effects of farm pesticides).

• _{Endangered Species and Clean Air Act vetoed but 2/3} voted into law!

• _{Created the}_{Occupational Health and Safety Administration}_– creates regulations and inspections of work places to ensure safety!

• _OPEC_{announces an embargo of oil to the US – triples prices} and leads to mass energy crisis!

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Nixon – Foreign Events

● _{Remember Vietnam…Cambodia bombing,}

Vietnamization, War Powers Act, etc.

● _Détente_{- aimed at easing Cold War tensions.} ● _{Nixon visits China in 1972 - Repealed}

embargo (allowed tourism).

● _{Meant to exploit a growing rift}

between USSR & China.

● _{Now the USSR had to cooperate with the}

U.S - immediately reach out to the Americans.

● _{Invited to Moscow in 1972 - Nixon and}

Brezhnev reach several key agreements – reduced tensions and militarization.

● _{Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) treaty.}

● _{Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT).} ● _{Joint space missions (end of the Space}

Race) – response to US Moon landing.

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Nixon – Watergate!

• 1972 – Nixon’s re-election committee plans to plant “bugs” in the Dem.

Party HQ - arranged hush money for the burglars…they get caught in the act and arrested.

• Nixon told CIA to stop the FBI investigation of the bulgers (obstruction of justice!).

• Washington Post reporters (Bernstein and Woodward) uncovered illegal

campaign ‘slush fund’ with help of anonymous source “Deep Throat” – fund used to pay burglars and their defense.

• Senate Committee investigates - links White House to fund and therefore the break in - implicated Nixon and discovered Oval office secret taping system.

• Supreme Court ordered Nixon to release the unaltered tapes – found concrete evidence that the president had ordered the cover-up!

• Nixon resigned in 1974 to avoid impeachment – Gerald Ford takes Presidency.

• This DEFINES the 70’s politically: Watergate + Pentagon Papers + Bad

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Ford as President

• _{Ford was seen as an “honest man” - hoped to move}

America past the Watergate scandal.

• _{Grants full}_{pardon to Nixon}_{– enrages Dem’s and hurts}

his reputation as an honest politician.

• _{Faced a TROUBLED economy - Restricted credit which led}

to recession and inflation (called Stagflation).

• _{Tried to curb inflation with “tight” money (plan called} “WIN” – Whip Inflation Now).

• _Remember_{Org. of Petroleum Exporting Countries}_(OPEC)

…economic situation worsens.

• _{In retaliation for American support of Israel, OPEC cut}

off oil to the U.S. in 1973

• _{Leads to}_{Oil Crisis}_{- Gas prices soared & shortages led}

to long lines at the pump.

• _{1975 – attends the}_{Helsinki Accords}_{(furthered efforts of}

détente in Europe).

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Inflation,

interest rates,

&

unemployment

were all on the

rise

Stagnant economy +

High inflation =

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Carter – Domestic Events

• _{Election of 1976 - Stagflation and gas crisis continues…}

• _{Carter ran as an “outsider” (No involvement in}

Vietnam, Watergate, or the recession) – it was a close election!

• _{Carter tried to attack the energy crisis, stagflation, &}

the recession - None of his efforts worked!

• _{Inflation hit 14%, interest rates neared 20% - a new}

oil embargo in 1979 increased gas prices.

• _{Affirmative Action challenged –}_{Bakke v. Regents}

(claimed reverse discrimination in college admissions).

• _{Upheld affirmative action, but its image decreases}

and looks like an “unfair advantage” to minorities.

• _{Three mile island}_{nuclear plant explodes – leads to}

questioning new energy ideas.

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Carter – Foreign Events

• Carter stresses “human rights” as basis of U.S. foreign

policy - stopped supporting foreign governments that violated human rights.

• Brought Egyptian leader Anwar el-Sadat & Israeli leader Menachem Begin to the U.S. for the Camp David Accords