Criminal Law 2 Notes

(1)

1. UNLAWFUL HOMICIDE...

1. UNLAWFUL HOMICIDE... 44

1.1 P

1.1 PATTERNSATTERNS OFOF H HOMICIEOMICIE !.1..." !.1..."

1.2 A 1.2 A N N A AT#PICALT#PICAL O OFFENCEFFENCE$ !.2..."$ !.2..."

1.% T 1.% THEHE L LE&ALE&AL F FRAMEWOR' RAMEWOR' !."...! !."...!

1.3.1 statutory provisions...5

1.3.2 causation...6

1.3.3 constructive 1.3.3 constructive homicide...homicide...7 ...7

1.3.4 voluntary manslaughter...7 1.3.4 voluntary manslaughter...7 1.3.5 prosecution process...7 1.3.5 prosecution process...7 1.3.6 sentence...7 1.3.6 sentence...7

1.3.7 debate about abolishing murder-manslaughter...8

1." M 1." MENSENS R R EAEA OFOF   NLAWFL NLAWFL H HOMICIEOMICIE...... 1.4.1 intent, recless indi!!erence 5.5...8

1.4.1 intent, recless indi!!erence 5.5...8

1.4.2 constructive murder 5.6..."

1.4.3 manslaughter by unla#!ul act 5.7...1$

1.4.4 manslaughter by criminal negligence 5.8...11

1.4.5 corporate homicide 5."...12

1.! A 1.! ACTSCTS R R ESES OFOF   NLAWFL NLAWFL H HOMICIEOMICIE...12...12

1.5.1 homicide by omission 5.1$...12

1.5.2 causation 5.11...14

1.5.3 causation% medical treatment and euthanasia 5.12...18

1.5.4 de!inition o! li!e...18 1.5.4 de!inition o! li!e...18 1.5.5 de!inition o! death...18 1.5.5 de!inition o! death...18 1.5.6 voluntariness...18 1.5.6 voluntariness...18 1.* T 1.* TEMPORALEMPORAL COCO++INCIENCEINCIENCE OFOF MENSMENS REAREA ANAN ACTSACTS RESRES...1,...1,

2. DEFENCES...20

2.1 I 2.1 I NTROCTION NTROCTION*.1...*.1...20...20

2.2 M 2.2 MENTALENTAL  EFENCESEFENCES...21...21

2.2.1 &nsanity 6.2...21 2.2.1 &nsanity 6.2...21 2.2.1.1 -r/ur...22 2.2.1.1 -r/ur...22 2.2.1.2 i3n44 3 -la...2% 2.2.1.2 i3n44 3 -la...2% 2.2.1.% rn4i/ -a3in34...2% 2.2.1.% rn4i/ -a3in34...2% 2.2.1." 4ummary -r/in54...2% 2.2.1." 4ummary -r/in54...2% 2.2.1.! in6lun3ary /mmi33al...2% 2.2.1.! in6lun3ary /mmi33al...2% 2.2.2 'utomatism 6.3...23 2.2.2 'utomatism 6.3...23

2.2.2.1 w7a3 i4 a i4a4  37 min$...2%

2.2.2.2 in4an au3ma3i4m...2% 2.2.2.2 in4an au3ma3i4m...2% 2.2.2.% 4an au3ma3i4m...2" 2.2.2.% 4an au3ma3i4m...2" 2.2.2." /a4 law...2" 2.2.2." /a4 law...2" 2.2.3 2.2.3 (ubstantial (ubstantial &mpairment &mpairment 6.4...6.4... 2525 2.2.%.1 a8nrmali3y  37 min...2* 2.2.%.1 a8nrmali3y  37 min...2* 2.2.%.2 unrlyin5 /ni3in...29 2.2.%.2 unrlyin5 /ni3in...29 2.2.%.% 4u843an3ial im-airmn3...29 2.2.%.% 4u843an3ial im-airmn3...29 2.2.%." :-r3 6in/...29 2.2.%." :-r3 6in/...29 2.2.%.! 4n3n/in5...29 2.2.%.! 4n3n/in5...29 2.2.4 &n!anticide 6.5...27 2.2.4 &n!anticide 6.5...27 2.% I 2.% I NTO;ICATION NTO;ICATION *.*...2, *.*...2, 2.3.1 )art 11'...2" 2.3.1 )art 11'...2" 2.3.2 common la#...3$ 2.3.2 common la#...3$

2.3.3 *he +reasonable person...31

2.3.4 &ntoication and other de!ences...31

2.%.".1 in4ani3y...%1

2.%.".2 au3ma3i4m...%1

2.%.".% 4u843an3ial im-airmn3 (imini47 r4-n4i8ili3y)...%1

2.%."." inan3i/i...%1 2.%."." inan3i/i...%1 2.%.".! -r6/a3in...%1 2.%.".! -r6/a3in...%1 2.%.".* 4l+n/...%1 2.%.".* 4l+n/...%1 2.%.".9 ur44...%% 2.%.".9 ur44...%% 2.%.". n/44i3y...%% 2.%.". n/44i3y...%% 2." P 2." PRO<OCATIONRO<OCATION *.9...%" *.9...%" 2.4.1 history...34 2.4.1 history...34

2.4.2 s 23% trial !or murder  provocation...34

(2)

2.4.3 provocative conduct/circumstances...35

2.4.4 sub0ective test% time  loss o! sel!-control ...36

2.4.5 ob0ective test% the ordinary person ...36

2.! S 2.! SELFELF++EFENCEEFENCE *....% *....% 2.5.1 statutory de!ence o! sel!-de!ence...38

2.5.1 statutory de!ence o! sel!-de!ence...38

2.5.2 old common la#...41

2.!.2.1 a 4u8=/3i6 r 8=/3i6 343$ ..."2 2.!.2.1 a 4u8=/3i6 r 8=/3i6 343$ ..."2 2.!.2.2 n/  -r-r3y..."2 2.!.2.2 n/  -r-r3y..."2 2.!.2.% >a33r Wman Synrm (>WS)..."2 2.!.2.% >a33r Wman Synrm (>WS)..."2 2.* N 2.* NECESSIT#ECESSIT# *.,..."" *.,..."" 2.6.1 prison escapes ...44 2.6.1 prison escapes ...44 2.6.2 strict liability ...45 2.6.2 strict liability ...45 2.6.3 2.6.3 political political protest protest ... ...45...45

2.6.4 regulation o! abortion ...45 2.6.4 regulation o! abortion ...45 2.9  2.9 RESSRESS *.10..."* *.10..."* 2.7.1 elements o! duress ...46 2.7.1 elements o! duress ...46

2.7.2 the ob0ective test% the person o! ordinary !irmness 2.7.2 the ob0ective test% the person o! ordinary !irmness o! mind ...47 o! mind ...47

2.7.3 duress  murder ...48

2.7.4 duress  battered #oman syndrome...48

3. ASSAULT...49

%.1 I %.1 I NTROCTION NTROCTION9.1...9.1...",...",

%.2 C %.2 COMMONOMMON A ASSALTSSALT...",...",

3.2.1 assault...4" 3.2.1 assault...4" %.2.1.1 a/3u4 ru4 ...", %.2.1.1 a/3u4 ru4 ...", %.2.1.2 mn4 ra...!0 %.2.1.2 mn4 ra...!0 3.2.2 battery...5$ 3.2.2 battery...5$ %.2.2.1 a/3u4 ru4...!0 %.2.2.1 a/3u4 ru4...!0 %.2.2.2 mn4 ra...!1 %.2.2.2 mn4 ra...!1

3.2.3 coincidence o! actus reus  mens rea...51

3.2.4 case la#...51

%.% A %.% A&&RA<ATE&&RA<ATE A ASSALTSSALT 9.%...!2 9.%...!2

3.3.1 #ith !urther speci!ic intent...52

3.3.2 causing particular in0uries...52

3.3.3 on victims o! special status...53

3.3.4 using o!!ensive #eapons or dangerous substances...53

3.3.5 in combination #ith other o!!ences...53

3.3.6 #ith a seual component...53

%." C %." CONSENTONSENT TOTO H HARMARM 9."...!" 9."...!"

%.! A %.! ACCEPTA>LECCEPTA>LE < <IOLENCEIOLENCE 9.!...!! 9.!...!!

%.* P %.* PATTERNSATTERNS OFOF < <ICTIMISATIONICTIMISATION 9.*...!! 9.*...!!

%.9  %.9 OMESTICOMESTIC < <IOLENCEIOLENCE ? L ? LE&ALE&AL C CHAN&EHAN&E 9.9...!! 9.9...!! 4. SEXUAL ASSAULT...56

4. SEXUAL ASSAULT...56

".1 I ".1 I NTROCTION NTROCTION9....9....!*...!*

".2 T ".2 THEHE M MENTALENTAL E ELEMENTLEMENT 9.,...!* 9.,...!*

4.2.1 sub0ective no#ledge o! lac o! 4.2.1 sub0ective no#ledge o! lac o! consent...56 consent...56

4.2.2 reclessness...57

".% A ".% ACTSCTS R R ESES I ISSESSSES 9.10...!9 9.10...!9

4.3.1 de!inition o! seual intercourse...6$

4.3.2 4.3.2 consent...consent...6$...6$

4.3.3 consent induced by !orce...6$

4.3.4 consent induced by !raud  mistae...61

4.3.5 !eminist perspective...61

"." I "." I NECENT NECENT A ASSALTSSALT 9.11...*2 9.11...*2

".! A ".! ACTCT OFOF I I NECENC# NECENC# 9.11...*% 9.11...*% ".* H ".* HOMOSE;ALOMOSE;AL O OFFENCESFFENCES 9.12...*" 9.12...*"

".9 P ".9 PROSECTIONROSECTION OFOF S SE;ALE;AL A ASSALTSSALT 9.1%...*" 9.1%...*"

". P ". PRO<IN&RO<IN& NON NON++CONSENTCONSENT 9.1"...*" 9.1"...*"

4.8.1 delay in complaint...64

4.8.2 abolition o! reuirement !or a corroboration #arning to 0ury...65

4.8.3 communications privilege...66

Pa5 2  9 Pa5 2  9

(3)

2.4.3 provocative conduct/circumstances...35

2.4.4 sub0ective test% time  loss o! sel!-control ...36

2.4.5 ob0ective test% the ordinary person ...36

2.! S 2.! SELFELF++EFENCEEFENCE *....% *....% 2.5.1 statutory de!ence o! sel!-de!ence...38

2.5.1 statutory de!ence o! sel!-de!ence...38

2.5.2 old common la#...41

2.!.2.1 a 4u8=/3i6 r 8=/3i6 343$ ..."2 2.!.2.1 a 4u8=/3i6 r 8=/3i6 343$ ..."2 2.!.2.2 n/  -r-r3y..."2 2.!.2.2 n/  -r-r3y..."2 2.!.2.% >a33r Wman Synrm (>WS)..."2 2.!.2.% >a33r Wman Synrm (>WS)..."2 2.* N 2.* NECESSIT#ECESSIT# *.,..."" *.,..."" 2.6.1 prison escapes ...44 2.6.1 prison escapes ...44 2.6.2 strict liability ...45 2.6.2 strict liability ...45 2.6.3 2.6.3 political political protest protest ... ...45...45

2.6.4 regulation o! abortion ...45 2.6.4 regulation o! abortion ...45 2.9  2.9 RESSRESS *.10..."* *.10..."* 2.7.1 elements o! duress ...46 2.7.1 elements o! duress ...46

2.7.2 the ob0ective test% the person o! ordinary !irmness 2.7.2 the ob0ective test% the person o! ordinary !irmness o! mind ...47 o! mind ...47

2.7.3 duress  murder ...48

2.7.4 duress  battered #oman syndrome...48

3. ASSAULT...49

%.1 I %.1 I NTROCTION NTROCTION9.1...9.1...",...",

%.2 C %.2 COMMONOMMON A ASSALTSSALT...",...",

3.2.1 assault...4" 3.2.1 assault...4" %.2.1.1 a/3u4 ru4 ...", %.2.1.1 a/3u4 ru4 ...", %.2.1.2 mn4 ra...!0 %.2.1.2 mn4 ra...!0 3.2.2 battery...5$ 3.2.2 battery...5$ %.2.2.1 a/3u4 ru4...!0 %.2.2.1 a/3u4 ru4...!0 %.2.2.2 mn4 ra...!1 %.2.2.2 mn4 ra...!1

3.2.3 coincidence o! actus reus  mens rea...51

3.2.4 case la#...51

%.% A %.% A&&RA<ATE&&RA<ATE A ASSALTSSALT 9.%...!2 9.%...!2

3.3.1 #ith !urther speci!ic intent...52

3.3.2 causing particular in0uries...52

3.3.3 on victims o! special status...53

3.3.4 using o!!ensive #eapons or dangerous substances...53

3.3.5 in combination #ith other o!!ences...53

3.3.6 #ith a seual component...53

%." C %." CONSENTONSENT TOTO H HARMARM 9."...!" 9."...!"

%.! A %.! ACCEPTA>LECCEPTA>LE < <IOLENCEIOLENCE 9.!...!! 9.!...!!

%.* P %.* PATTERNSATTERNS OFOF < <ICTIMISATIONICTIMISATION 9.*...!! 9.*...!!

%.9  %.9 OMESTICOMESTIC < <IOLENCEIOLENCE ? L ? LE&ALE&AL C CHAN&EHAN&E 9.9...!! 9.9...!! 4. SEXUAL ASSAULT...56

4. SEXUAL ASSAULT...56

".1 I ".1 I NTROCTION NTROCTION9....9....!*...!*

".2 T ".2 THEHE M MENTALENTAL E ELEMENTLEMENT 9.,...!* 9.,...!*

4.2.1 sub0ective no#ledge o! lac o! 4.2.1 sub0ective no#ledge o! lac o! consent...56 consent...56

4.2.2 reclessness...57

".% A ".% ACTSCTS R R ESES I ISSESSSES 9.10...!9 9.10...!9

4.3.1 de!inition o! seual intercourse...6$

4.3.2 4.3.2 consent...consent...6$...6$

4.3.3 consent induced by !orce...6$

4.3.4 consent induced by !raud  mistae...61

4.3.5 !eminist perspective...61

"." I "." I NECENT NECENT A ASSALTSSALT 9.11...*2 9.11...*2

".! A ".! ACTCT OFOF I I NECENC# NECENC# 9.11...*% 9.11...*% ".* H ".* HOMOSE;ALOMOSE;AL O OFFENCESFFENCES 9.12...*" 9.12...*"

".9 P ".9 PROSECTIONROSECTION OFOF S SE;ALE;AL A ASSALTSSALT 9.1%...*" 9.1%...*"

". P ". PRO<IN&RO<IN& NON NON++CONSENTCONSENT 9.1"...*" 9.1"...*"

4.8.1 delay in complaint...64

4.8.2 abolition o! reuirement !or a corroboration #arning to 0ury...65

4.8.3 communications privilege...66

(4)

4.8.4 admissibility o! evidence o! seual eperience  reputation...66

4.8.5 the stay development...67

"., C "., CHILHIL A A>SE>SE ? S ? SE;ALE;AL A ASSALTSSALT 9.1!...*9 9.1!...*9

5. DISHONEST ACQUISITION...68 5. DISHONEST ACQUISITION...68 !.1 I !.1 I NTROCTION NTROCTION 10 1... 10 1...*...* !.2 L !.2 LARCEN#ARCEN# 10.2...* 10.2...* !.% O !.% OTHER THER NSW O NSW OFFENCESFFENCES 10.%...* 10.%...*

!." T !." TECHNOLO&#ECHNOLO&# ? W ? WHITEHITE C COLLAR OLLAR C CRIMERIME 10.9."...* 10.9."...* !.! R !.! R O>>ER#O>>ER#@ >@ >R&LAR#R&LAR# ? > ? >LAC'MAILLAC'MAIL 10....* 10....*

!.* R !.* R ECEI<IN&ECEI<IN&@ P@ PROCEESROCEES OFOF C CRIMERIME 10.,...* 10.,...*

6. EXTENDING CRIMINAL LIABILIT...69

*.1 I *.1 I NTROCTION NTROCTION11.1...11.1...*,...*, *.2 A *.2 ATTEMPTTTEMPT 11.2...*, 11.2...*, 6.2.1 introduction...6" 6.2.1 introduction...6" 6.2.2 mens rea...7$ 6.2.2 mens rea...7$ 6.2.3 actus reus...7$ 6.2.3 actus reus...7$ 6.2.4 impossibility...71 6.2.4 impossibility...71 *.% C *.% CONSPIRAC#ONSPIRAC# 11.%...9% 11.%...9% 6.3.1 introduction...73 6.3.1 introduction...73 6.3.2 elements...74 6.3.2 elements...74 *.%.2.1 :i43n/  37 a5rmn3...9" *.%.2.1 :i43n/  37 a5rmn3...9" *.%.2.2 /n6i/3in4  ini6iual4 r /n4-ira/y...9" *.%.2.2 /n6i/3in4  ini6iual4 r /n4-ira/y...9" *.%.2.% im-44i8ili3y...9" *.%.2.% im-44i8ili3y...9" *.%.2." 4/-  37 a5rmn3...9!

*.%.2." 4/-  37 a5rmn3...9!

6.3.3 controversies surrounding conspiracy...75

*.%.%.1 rl6an3 unlawul a/34B...9!

*.%.%.2 ra3inal r 37 n/  /n4-ira/y...9!

*.%.%.% -li3i/ally m3i6a3 -r4/u3in4...9!

*.%.%." -r/ural an 6in3iary a6an3a54...9*

6.3.4 !uture o! 6.3.4 !uture o! conspiracy...conspiracy...76 ...76

*." C *." COMPLICIT#OMPLICIT# 11."...9* 11."...9*

6.4.1 introduction...76

6.4.2 0oint criminal enterprise...76

6.4.3 accessorial liability...76

*.".%.1 /nu/3 amun3in5 3 4/nary -ar3i/i-a3in...9*

*.".%.2 mn3al lmn3 r a//44rial lia8ili3y...9*

*.".%.% im-li/a3in4  ri6a3i6 lia8ili3y inn/n3 a5n/y...9*

*.".%." wi37rawal...9*

6.4.4 doctrine o! common purpose...76

*.".".1 w7a3 mu43 8 r4n$...9*

*.".".2 rla3in47i- 83wn =in3 /riminal n3r-ri4 an /mmn -ur-4...9*

6.4.5 accessory a!ter the 6.4.5 accessory a!ter the !act...!act...76 ...76

!. SENTENCING " #ENALIT...!8

9.1 I 9.1 I NTROCTION NTROCTION12.1...12.1...9...9

9.2 D 9.2 DSTIFICATIONSSTIFICATIONS FOR FOR P PNISHMENTNISHMENT 12.2...9 12.2...9

9.%  9.% E<ELOPMENTSE<ELOPMENTS I I NCONSISTENT NCONSISTENT WITHWITH D DSTST  ESERTSESERTS 12.%...9 12.%...9

9." D 9." DICIALICIAL R R ESISTANCEESISTANCE 12."...9 12."...9

9.! P 9.! PENALIT#ENALIT# ? C ? CRIMERIME P PRE<ENTIONRE<ENTION 12.!...9 12.!...9

9.* < 9.* <ICTIMICTIM P PARTICIPATIONARTICIPATION 12.*...9 12.*...9

9.9 D 9.9 DICIALICIAL A APPROACHESPPROACHES TOTO S SENTENCIN&ENTENCIN& 12.9...9 12.9...9

9. A 9. APPELLATEPPELLATE R R E<IEWE<IEW 12....9 12....9

9., S 9., SENTENCIN&ENTENCIN& O OPTIONSPTIONS 12.,...9 12.,...9

C/a48 Criminal Law4 C/a48 Criminal Law4 Nn34 Nn34 TS (Ca6ni47) /ri8 TS (Ca6ni47) /ri8 H?DHwi ? D7n4n H?DHwi ? D7n4n Pa5 %  9 Pa5 %  9

(5)

1. Unlawful Homicide

GC.",0+!02 !0*+!20 GN.%+!

1.1 Patterns of Homicide 5.1

GC.",0+!01 GN.*+

• m43 a374 ar n3 /au4 8y 7mi/i • 5nr irn/

o m43 murrr4 ar mn (mal+3+mal /nrn3a3inal 6iln/)

o w7n wmn illJar ill i3 i4 m43i/

o w7n mn illJar ill i3K4 i37r m43i/ r rin4

• ini5nu4 ra34  7mi/i  3im4 37a3  5nral --ula3in • ln5+3rm 3rn 7mi/i n 37 /lin (1,0 6 1,,2 GN.)

1.2 An Atypical Offence? 5.2

GC.!01+2

1. actus reus (act mu43 cause 37 death  a human)

• a/3 r mi44in (mi44in(tone  obinson@ *ata ) • /au4a3in ( oyall )

• a37 ( uman *issues 'ct 1,% (NSW) 4 %%)

• 7uman 8in5 (85innin5  li murr $ 20 man4lau573r  utty) • 6lun3arin44

o 6in3iary 8urn n  (i rai4in5 in6lun3arin44) ( alconer )

o P mu43 -r6 6lun3arin44 >R ( alconer ) GC.%9% 2. mens rea

• murr$ 18%1&%'&

o in3n3 3 ill

o in3n3 3 /au4 &>H

o r/l44 inirn/ 3 7uman li (4u8=. r4i573  probability  a37) (9rabbe (olomon)

o /n43ru/3i6 murr ( yan)

• man4lau573r $ 18%1&%(&  /mmn law

o 6lun3ary man4lau573r (mens rea r murr@ 8u3 -ar3ial n/)  -r6/a3in

 4u843an3ial im-airmn3 (a..a. imini47 r4-n4i8ili3y)

 :/44i6 4l+n/ (w7il nin5 li r li8r3y) ($ 420)  inan3i/i

o in6lun3ary man4lau573r (nmens rea r murr 8=/3i6 343)  8y unlawul an an5ru4 a/3 (:ilson a--r/ia8l ri4 

4riu4 in=ury)

 8y /riminal n5li5n/ ( ;ydam -r8a8ili3y  7arm)

o 4u8=/3i6 man4lau573rK

 r/l44 inirn/ 3 probability  &>H ((olomon)  r/l44 inirn/ 3 possibility  a37 (9rabbe) %. )*+,)+-,)  actus reus?mens rea( <eyers) GC.%!

(6)

• 7ar3 i4a4 ? /an/r ar 37 8i5 illr4

• 7mi/i a//un34 r 1  all a374 in 1,,%

• 7mi/i i4 a3y-i/al a4 a /riminal n/ a8u3 2  4riu4 n/4 in

1,,,

1.3 The Legal Frameor! 5."

GC.!0*+20 GN.+,@1,+20@2!

• actus reus r murr ? man4lau573r i4 in3i/al • nly 37 mens rea ir4

1.3.1 statutory provisions

$ 18%1&%'& /-  " 7a4

• intent 3 ill

• intent 3 inli/3 &>H

• r/l44 inirn/to human li!e

o r/l44 inirn/B  4u8=/3i6 r4i573  nwl5 

-r8a8ili3y

o r4a8ili3yJ probability  a37 (9rabbe)

Gn3 possibility  a37r/l44 man4lau573r (-r9rabbe)

o l4w7r in Au43 r/l44 inirn/ 3 -r8a8ili3y  &>H i4 al4

murr@ in NSW i3 i4 man4lau573r (8/au4  wr4 3 7uman liB in 37i4 4u8+4/3in) ((olomon)

o (in ' r/l44 inirn/ i4 man4lau573r@ 8/au4 37rK4 n in3n3)

• /n43ru/3i6 murr (lny murr) murr w7il /mmi33in5 an n/

37a3 a33ra/34 li r 2! yar4  nmens rea ruir

$ 18%1&%(& 6ry37in5 l4 i4 /',$'  a4 in in /mmn law

• voluntary man4lau573r (mens rea r murr@ 8u3 37r ar mi3i5a3in5

/ir/um43an/4@ i.. a 4u//44ul -ar3ial n/)

o -r6/a3in

o 4u843an3ial im-airmn3 (a..a. imini47 r4-n4i8ili3y)

o :/44i6 4l+n/

o inan3i/i

• involuntary man4lau573r (la/4mens rea r murr) G8=/3i6 343

ra4na8l -r4n

o man4lau573r 8y an unlawul ? an5ru4 a/3

o man4lau573r 8y /riminal n5li5n/

• sub0ective man4lau573r (i.. n3 8=/3i6)

o r/l44 inirn/ 3 probability  &>H Gn3 37i4 i4 r/l44 murr in 37r Au43 =uri4i/3in4 ((olomons)

o r/l44 inirn/ 3 37 possibility  a37 (9rabbe)

$ 18%2&%'& mali/iu4K  n wi37 37 a--r-ria3mens rea. (mali/ ar37u573 GC.!09)

(7)

1.3.2 causation

•  mu43 7a6caused 37 a37  <@ 37rwi4 37y ar n3 5uil3y  murr r

man4lau573r. P44i8ly 5uil3y  a33m-3 3 murr (i 37y 7a6 in3n3) r an a44aul3 r a55ra6a3 a44aul3.

• 6n i  nly in3n &>H (r wa4 r/l44ly inirn3 3 -r8a8ili3y 

(8)

1.3.3 constructive homicide

• $ 18%1&%'& a/3 r mi44in /au4in5 a37 n in an a33m-3 3 /mmi3@ r

urin5 r immia3ly a3r 37 /mmi44in@ 8y 37 a//u4@ r 4m

a//m-li/ wi37 7im@  a /rim -uni47a8l 8y im-ri4nmn3 r li r 2! yar4K.

• 37i4 i4 n4i6 8/au4 i3 ma4 murrr4  374 w7 ill a//in3ally@ i

37y ar /mmi33in5 an n/ a33ra/3in5 2!yr4. E:am-l4

o 4u--lyin5 -r7i8i3 4u843an/4 in /mmr/ial uan3i3i4 rug <isuse  *ra!!icing 'ct 1,! (NSW) 44 2!(2) (4u--ly  lar5

/mmr/ial uan3i3y) an 2!(2A) (4u--ly  /mmr/ial uan3i3i4 3 4mn 1*y..)

o $ 36 /au4in5 a 5ri6u4 8ily i4a4

• man4lau573r 8y unlawul an an5ru4 a/3 i4 a 6r4in  /n43ru/3i6

manslaughter .

1.3.4 voluntary manslaughter

• ull mens rea r murr@ 8u3 mi3i5a3in5 a/3r4 ru/ murr 3

man4lau573r

• -ar3ial n/4 a6aila8l

o -r6/a3in

o 4u843an3ial im-airmn3 (a..a. imini47 r4-n4i8ili3y)

o :/44i6 4l+n/

o inan3i/i

1.3.5 prosecution process

• in any 3rial r murr@ 37 al3rna3i6 6ri/3  man4lau573r i4 alway4 -n

3 37 =ury ( o#ns)

• PP 4im-ly /7ar54 murr@ la6in5 =ury 3 /i i i3 wa4 murr r

man4lau573r (4urly 37i4 -r=ui/4 37 a//u4QQQ)

1.3.6 sentence

• 9rimes =>i!e (entences? 'mendment 'ct 1"8" (NSW) amn9rimes 'ct 

o $ 19A murr a33ra/34 li (r 37 3rm  37 -r4nK4 na3ural liB)

o $ 24 man4lau573r a33ra/34 2!yr4

)emble v  (1,91@ HCA) GC.!20 GN.1"

')$ + -r+:i43in5 m43i/ rla3in47i- 83wn  ? < + rla3in47i- 3rmina3@  wa4 un7a--y a8u3 i3

+  4aw 37 /a4@ an /arri a la 5un 3war4 7r@ all5in5 37a3 7 nly in3n 3 4/ar 7r

+ 37 ril wa4 //@ 7 3ri-- an ill 7r

+ Crwn all5 37a3  wal u- 3 7r@ mul@ an 473 7r

+$$ i4 a/3ual r4i573  37 /n4un/4  37 a/34 n/44ary r murr$

'+* r/l44n44 r murractual !oresight r a6r3n/ 3 37 probability  /n4un/4  7i4 a/3.

,* >arwi/ CD possibility (a4 llw in >a ontaine 8u3 6rrul in

9rabbe)

- /n6i/3in  murr mu43 8 43 a4i@ an r-la/ wi37 man4lau573r 8y unlawul an an5ru4 a/3.

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1.3.7 deate aout aolishing murder!manslaughter

• 8a3 a8u3 a8li3in  -ar3ial n/4 ? murr+man4lau573r ? /ra3

4in5l n/  unlawul 7mi/iK

o 7* irn/ ma 4n4 w7n a37 -nal3y (r murr) :i43. Nw 37r i4 n n yam v )) (1,9"@') GC.!11

o )*, /allin5 4mn a murrrK 43ill 7a4 a 43i5ma a33a/7 GC.*1%

o )*, rl  =ury 3 /i mral /ul-a8ili3ymurrJman4lau573r GC.*1%

1." #ens $ea of %nlaf&l Homicide

1.4.1 intent" rec#less indifference 5.5

GC.!20+%0 GN.1%+*

• in3n3 i4 un/n3r6r4ial  i3 rla34 3 2 7a4  murr 37 in3n3 3 /au4

a37 r 3 /au4 &>H

• r/l44 inirn/4u8=/3i6 r4i573 a4 3 -r8a8ili3y  a37 (9rabbe) • r/l44 inirn/ i4 irn3 a/r44 =uri4i/3in4

)$$ +,-+,) * NSW $ * A$ U: probability  a37 murr murr man4lau573r

possibility  a37 man4lau573r man4lau573r man4lau573r

probability  &>H man4lau573r murr man4lau573r

possibility  &>H man4lau573r man4lau573r man4lau573r

9rabbe (1,!@HCA) GC.!20 GN.1"+!

')$ +  53 6ry run a3 a 73l in Ayr4 R/ + 7 wa4 =/3 rm 37 8ar

+ 7 r3urn in 7i4 ra 3rainB an r6 i3 in3 37 4i  37 73l illin5 ! --l

+$$ i4 a/3ual nwl5 r r4i573  37 /n4un/4  a/3 n/44ary r murr$ (r+/n4ir4 )emble v )

'+* 3 /n6i/3  murr  mu43 nw (r4) 37a3 7i4 a/3in4 wul probably

/au4 a37 r &>Him-u3 nwl5 r a possibility i4 n3 nu57.

- 37 ir/3in  37 3rial =u5 a4 -44i8ili3y wa4 in/rr/3 an 37 Fral Cur3 rr r a nw 3rial 43an4@ Crwn a--al i4mi44.

@oughey (1,*@HCA) GC.!2! GN.1!

')$ Ta4manian /3r wi37 a -n/7an3 r /ar3i ar3ri4

'+* lilyB  -r8a8ili3y (in a =ury ir/3in)

-+$$, >rnnan D -r8a8ili3y≠ 5 /7an/B

,* 6r3urn in oyall (37u57 n3 :-r44ly 6rrul)

'nnain (1,@NSWCCA) GC.!2* GN.1!

'+* i5nr4 @ougheyK4 l4 343 ? a--li4 43ri/39rabbe 343

,* a--r6 8y HCA in oyall oyall (1,,0@HCA) GC.!2" GN.1"+!

'+* • 9rabbe mens rea r murr a--li4 3$ 18@ 8u3 nly r a37@ n3 r

(10)

• a--r64 'nnain ra37r 37an @oughey (37u57 4nK3 :-r44ly

6rrul la33r)

,* in ' r/l44 inirn/B u44 an 8=/3i6 343@ i.. in6lun3ary man4lau573r

1.4.2 constructive murder 5.6

GC.!%0+, GN.1*+

• $ 18%1&%'& a/3 r mi44in /au4in5 a37 n in an a33m-3 3 /mmi3@ r

urin5 r immia3ly a3r 37 /mmi44in@ 8y 37 a//u4@ r 4m

a//m-li/ wi37 7im@  a /rim -uni47a8l 8y im-ri4nmn3 r li r 2! yar4K.

• 37 w7l -in3  /n43ru/3i6 murr i4 37a3 37mens rea ruirmn3 i4 n3

37a3  murr@ 8u3 ra37r 37a3  37 una3inalK /rim (4 yan GN.1*)

• 37actus reus  murr i4 43ill ruir@ w7i/7 i4 w7yinvoluntariness wa4

ar5u in yan GC.%*! G."%. I3K4 43ill -44i8l 3 n5a3i6 37actus reus  murr.

• 4 n3 :i43 in 37 /mmn law  37 ' ( )agett GC.!,")

yan v  (1,*9@HCA) GC.!%0 GN.1*

')$ +  n3r a 4r6i/ 43a3in wi37 37 in3n3 3 /mmi3 a r88ry wi37 a wa-n

+ 7i4 ril wa4 //@ 7a 4a3y  ? wa4 -in3 a3 <

+ 37 5un i4/7ar5 w7n  wa4 43ar3l 8y <K4 4un m6mn3

+$$ i  7a6mens rea r murr$ (H /n3n 37a3 i3 wa4 man4lau573r 8y an5ru4 an unlawul a/3).

'+* 37 lny in$ 98 i4 /ra3 8y 2 a/34 r88ry an wunin5 n in3n3in 3 wun i4 n/44ary@ i3 mu43 nly 8 a 6lun3ary a/3@ an i 37 wunin5 r4ul34 in a37@ i3 i4 /n43ru/3i6 murr.

- a--al i4mi44.

<unro (1,1@ NSWCCA) GC.!%% GN.19

')$ +  wa4 4n3n/ 3 li im-ri4nmn3 r murrin5@ U 9 yar4 r an n/ unr$ 95

+ n3r la3  ,2 yar l man wi37 37 in3n3  43alin5 + in -r/44 7 -un/7 37 man w7i/7 l 3 manK4 a37

+$$ wa4 a /au4al lin ruir 83wn 37 lny an 37 a37$

'+* • in$ 96 n/@ 37r i4 n ruirmn3 37a3 37r 8 a ir/3 /au4al

lin 83wn 37 lny an 37 a37@ nly 37a3 37 a37 mu43 8 /au4during OR immediately a!ter 37 lnyB.

• P 4 n3 7a6 3 -r6 37a3 a37 wa4 -44i8l r 37a3 a

ra4na8l -r4n wul 7a6 r4n 37 ri4.

- a--al i4mi44.

+$'+*, $ 95r88ry wi37 6iln/

$ 96w7r in /mmi44in  37i4 n/@ wunin5 //ur4@ -nal 4r6i3u r li

(11)

1.4.3 manslaughter y unlawful act 5.7

GC.!%,+" GN.1

• *(;)+< $ 37 unlawul a/3 mu43 8 4u/7 37a3 a ra4na8l man in 37

a//u4K4 -4i3inwul 7a6 rali 37a3 7 wa4 :-4in5 an37r r 37r4 3 an a--r/ia8l ri4  4riu4 in=ury

:ilson v  (1,,2@HCA) GC.!%, GN.1

')$ +  7i3 37 /a4 n 37 a/@ w7i/7 /au4 7im 3 all an 7i3 7i4 7a. K4 /m-anin 37n wn3 37ru57 7i4 -/34 an 4ma47B 7i4 7a n 37 /n/r3. T7 /a4 4u84un3ly i rm 8rain in=uri4.

+ P ar5u 37a3 m43 lily /au4  a37 wa4 all rm K4 -un/7 +  ? /m-anin /7ar5 wi37 murr n 37 8a4i4  37

/3rin  lny murr + /m-anin a/ui33

+  /n6i/3  man4lau573r ? a--al 7i4 /n6i/3in

/';*+=>

Ma4n CD@ T7y@ &aurn an M/Hu57 DD

+ a--r6 /i4in  Smi37 D in oltAer an ar3i/ula3 343 3 8 an appreciable ris o! serious in0ury.

+ r=/3 En5li47 lin  au37ri3y in9hurch an ;e#bury 37a3 37r 7a 3 8 an a--r/ia8l ri4  4m 7armK@ al8i3 n3 4riu4 7arm

/+,*+=>

>rnnan@ an an aw4n DD

+ 7l 37a3 man4lau573r 8y an unlawul a/3 ruir -r  :i43n/@ 8=/3i6ly 3rmin  37 lili7 r ri4  in=ury 4u/7 37a3 i3 /ul 8 4ai 37a3 37 a/3 in u43in wa4 an5ru4

+ r=/3 ma=ri3y 6iw  -r  8=/3i6 a--r/ia8l ri4 r 4riu4 in=ury

R'+* +*(;)+< $ /ir/um43an/4 mu43 8 4u/7 37a3 a ra4na8l man in 37 a//u4K4 -4i3in@ -rrmin5 37 6ry a/3 w7i/7 37 a//u4 -rrm@ wul 7a6 rali 37a3 7 wa4 :-4in5 an37r r 37r4 3 an a--r/ia8l ri4  4riu4 in=uryB + 8a33ry man4lau573r a8li47 in Au43ralia

H- + i3 i4 n3 -44i8l 3 /n/lu 37a3 n 4u843an3ial mi4/arria5  =u43i/ //urr.

+ a--al wa4 allw@ 37 /n6i/3in r man4lau573r ua47 an a nw 3rial rr.

(12)

1.4.4 manslaughter y criminal negligence 5.$

GC.!",+*2 GN.21+2

• 37i4 i4 a 6r4in  /n43ru/3i6manslaughter GC.!0,

• nintention  /au4in5 a37 r &>H n 8 -r6 8y P@ 4 i3 wul 8 a

5 ia 3 ar5uinvoluntariness (a4 in yan GC.%*!) G."%. I3K4 43ill -44i8l 3 n5a3i6 37actus reus  man4lau573r.

• *(;)+< $ P mu43 -r6at least 37a3 37 a//u4 ll 47r3  37 43anar

 /ar w7i/7 a reasonable person wul 7a6 :r/i4@ in /ir/um43an/4 w7r 37 ra4na8l -r4n wul 7a6 a--r/ia3 a probability  a37 r &>H.

;ydam v  (1,99@<SC (FC)) GC.!", GN.21

')$ +  7a a 3rira3in5 rin47i- wi37 < (/a4 wman). H wa4 u-43 a3 37 37u573  7r r3urnin5 3 En5lan.

+ n 2 //a4in4  a33m-3 3 -r4ua 7r 3 4-a 3 7im.

+ n 37 37ir //a4in 7 37rw -3rl 6r 37 /a4 an li3 a /i5ar33 li573r. An :-l4in //urr an 37 /a4 i in43an3ly

+  wa4 /n6i/3  murr. H a--al.

+$$ w7a3 i4 37 -r-r 343 3 8 a--li r man4lau573r 8y /riminal n5li5n/$

'+* + In rr 3 43a8li47 MCN i3 i4 4ui/in3 i 37 P 47w4 37a3 37 a/3 w7i/7 /au4 a37 wa4 n 8y 37 a//u4 /n4/iu4ly an 6lun3arily@ wi37u3 any in3n3in  /au4in5 a37 r &>H 8u3 in /ir/um43an/4 w7i/7 in6l6 4u/7 a 5ra3 allin5 47r3  37 43anar  /ar w7i/7 areasonable man

wul 7a6 :r/i4 an w7i/7 in6l6 4u/7 ahigh ris 37a3 a37 r &>H wul llwB

+ 37rr 37 343 (1) i4 8=/3i6 (2) in6l64 a 6ry 7i57 5r  n5li5n/ an (%) 37 ra4na8l -r4n wul 7a6 a--r/ia3 a

probability  a37 r &>H

- + a ir/3in 3 37i4 /3 wa4 n3 5i6n 8y 37 3rial =u5 an wa4 n3 in a//ran/ wi37 37 343 a4 rmula3.

+ 6ri/3 wa4 ua47 an a nw 3rial wa4 rr.

 v @utts#orth (1,%@ NSWCCA) GC.!!" GN.21+2

')$ a--llan3 /7ar5 wi37 * n/4  /ul-a8l ri6in5 ($ 52A)

+$$ 44n3ially@ 37 i43in/3in 83wn 37 n/ MCN an 37 n/  /ul-a8l ri6in5 unr$ 52A

'+* + /ur3 i43in5ui474 8Jw n/  m3r+man4lau573r (MCN) ?$ 52A

+ wi37 r5ar4 3 MCN

+ 37 /ur3 a--r64 Lr A3inK4 4-/7 in 'ndre#s v )) .

+ a 7i57 5r  n5li5n/ i4 ruir 37 n5li5n/ wn3 8yn a mr ma33r  /m-n4a3in 8Jw 4u8=/34 an 47w 4u/7 i4r5ar r 37 li an 4a3y  37r4 a4 3 amun3 3 a /rim a5ain43 37 S3a3 an /nu/3 4r6in5 r -uni47mn3B

+ 37i4 rmain4 au37ri3y in NSW + wi37 r4-/3 3 $ 52A

+ 37 4am 8=/3i6 43anar i4 43 8y$ 52A a4 in ;ydam v 

- 37r wa4 6in/ u-n w7i/7 37 =ury /ul 7a6 un 837 n5li5n/ r man4lau573r an ri6in5 in a mannr an5ru4 3 37 -u8li/ r /ul-a8l ri6in5. S3r3 CD an Na5l CD a5r.

(13)

,* • " nw ri6in5 n/4 wr /ra3 in NSW a4 a /n4un/ GN.22 • Burisic 5uilin =u5mn3 al4 i44u

1.4.5 corporate homicide 5.%

GC.!*2+, GN.2%

• 37r ar n in4 r murr@ =u43 im-ri4nmn3/ann3 /n6i/3 a /m-any • mens rea u4 *esco 3 in ir/3in5 will  37 /m-any

1.5 Act&s $e&s of %nlaf&l Homicide

• 37actus reus i4 37 4am r murr ? man4lau573r

o a/3 r mi44in ($ 18%1&)

o /au4a3in ( oyall )

o a37 ( uman *issues 'ct NSW (1,%) 4 %%)

o 7uman 8in5 (murr $ 20 man4lau573r  utty G.%")

o 6lun3arin44 ( yan)

• $//'= a 6lun3ary a/3 r mi44in /au4in5 37 a37  a 7uman 8in5

1.5.1 homicide y omission 5.1&

GC.!*,+0 GN.2%+"

• $ 18%1&%'& murr ? man4lau573r /an 8 /mmi33 8y mi44in

o 37i4 will 8 ra wn in 37 li573  37 /mmn law /3rin 37a3 8r 7mi/i /an 8 /mmi33 8y mi44in@ 37r mu43 ir43 8 a

u3y 3 a/3. GC.!90

• *(;)+< $ i yu a44um a u3y 3 /ar r 4mn@ yu mu43 i4/7ar5

37a3 u3y 3 37 43anar  a ra4na8l -r4n.

(tone and obinson (1,99@'CA) GC.!90 GN.2%

')$ + S wa4 -ar3ially@ a@ alm43 33ally 8lin@ 7a li33l 4n4  4mll an  lw a6ra5 in3lli5n/.

+  li6 wi37 S an wa4 4/ri8 a4 in/3ual an inaua3. + SK4 //n3ri/ 4i43r F /am 3 li6 wi37 37m.

+ F 8/am ill an S a33m-3 3 in 7r a /3r 8u3 wal 3 37 wrn5 6illa5. Hr /ni3in 3rira3. A ni578ur /am 3 -r6i a44i43an/ 3 F an a6i4  3 /n3a/3 4/ial 4r6i/.

+  wa4 al4 a6i4 3 83ain a /3r 8y an37r -r4n 8u3 7 inK3 nw 7w 3 u4 a -7n.  i 4u--ly F @ 8u3 47 wul nly a3 8i4/ui34 u 3 a ar  533in5 a3.

+ F la3r i an S an  wr /7ar5 wi37 man4lau573r an /n6i/3. + n a--al

+$$ T7 i44u wa4 w737r 37 3rial =u5 mi4ir/3 37 =ury wi37 r5ar 3 i3m4 1 an 2

'+* + % lmn34 ar n in rr 3 /n6i/3 unr 37i4 4u8+/a35ry  MCN@ namly

1.  unr3 /ar  a -r4n w7 8y ra4n  a5Jinirmi3y wa4 una8l 3 /ar r 7im4l

2.  wa4 5r44ly n5li5n3 in r5ar 3 7i4 u3y  /ar %. 8y ra4n  4u/7 n5li5n/ 37 -r4n i

'$*,+, 

+ T7 /ur3 r=/3 37 -r-4i3in 37a3  wa4 n3i3l 3  n37in5 an i43in5ui47 37i4 4i3ua3in rm 37a3  a rwnin5 43ran5r.  i ma

(14)

r34 3 /ar an 37 =ury wr n3i3l 3 in 37a3 37 u3y 7a 8n a44um.

- T7 3rial =u5 i n3 mi4ir/3 37 =ury. T7 /n6i/3in wr u-7l

*ata (1,@NSWCCA) GC.!91 GN.2"

')$ +  wa4 a 7rin ai/3 an a44/ia3  R@ a 7rin 4u--lir. + R a4  3 -r/ur 2 -r43i3u34 r a -ar3y.

+ < 7a 8n u4in5 ru54 an in 37 arly 7ur4  37 mrnin5 R -7n  3 -i/ u- 37 5irl.

+ w7n  arri6 37 5irl wa4 manin5 an una8l 3 4-a.

+  3 37 5irl 8a/ 3 RK4 w7r 7 a33m-3 3 wa 7r 8y 4la--in5 7r a/@ -um-in5 7r /743 an -rrmin5 mu37 3 mu37 r4u4/i3a3in. + R r3urn a3 10 8u3 47 43ill wa4nK3 awa 4 7 wn3 3 53 a /3r. + 37 5irl wa4 alray a w7n 37 /3r arri6.

+  wa4 /7ar5 wi37 man4lau573r. T7r wa4 7w6r a i4-u3 a4 3 37 3im  a37.

+$$ wa4 i3 -n 3 a =ury 3 in 37a3 in 37 /ir/um43an/4@  w 37 5irl a l5al u3y 3 83ain mi/al a33n3in r 7r$

'+* + P mu43 -r6 >R 37 % ruirmn34 r 37i4 7a  man4lau573r 1.  w a u3y  /ar in law 3 <

2. K4 mi44in wa4 37 -r:ima3 /au4  <K4 a37

%. K4 mi44in wa4 /n4/iu4 ? 6lun3ary@ wi37u3 any in3n3in  /au4in5 a37 8u3 in /ir/um43an/4 w7i/7 in6l6 4u/7 a 5ra3 allin5 47r3  37 43anar  /ar w7i/7 a ra4na8l man wul 7a6 :r/i4 an w7i/7 in6l6 4u/7 a 7i57 ri4 37a3 a37 wul llw 37a3 37 mi44in mri3 /riminal -uni47mn3.

,* a u3y  /ar will 8 a44um w7r 37 a--llan3 /ar r a 7l-l44 an inirm -r4n@ 37r8y rm6in5 37m rm a 4i3ua3in in w7i/7 anyn l4 mi573 7a6 rnr r 83ain ai.

- a--al allw 6ri/3  a/ui33al n3r.

ussell (1,%%@<SC) GC.!9* GN.2"

- man /n6i/3  man4lau573r r 43anin5 8y ? wa3/7in5 7i4 wi rwn 7r4l ? 37ir 2 /7ilrn. Hi4 /n6i/3in rla3in5 3 7i4 wi wa4 6r3urn n a--al  7 w 7r n u3y  /ar (w7ra4 7 i 3 7i4 /7ilrn).

,* 37i4 i4 an :am-l  37 /mmn law ruirmn3 r a u3y 3 :i43be!ore an mi44in will a33ra/3 /riminal lia8ili3y r 7mi/i

(15)

1.5.2 causation 5.11

GC.!0+*01 GN.2*+,

• 37r mu43 8 a /7ain  /au4a3in rm 37 substantial  operating act

((mith) 3 37 a37. T7a3 /7ain /an nly 8 8rn 8y anovus actus interveniens.

• operating man4 n3 4-n3B@ i.. 43ill a/3in5 a4 a /au4  a37 ( allet

GC.!,0)

• substantial man4 n3 de minimis (37 law i4 n3 /n/rn wi37 3ril4) • 37 -ra3in5 ? 4u843an3ial /au4 n n3 8 37only -ra3in5 /au4 

a37 ((mith). I3 n n3 8 37 sole /au4 r 6n 37 main /au4  a37 ( )agget ).

•  mu43 3a 37ir < a4 4J7 in4 37m ( @laue)

• /mmn law year-and-a-day rule a8r5a3 in NSW ($ 1!A)

• i4/n3inua3in  li+4u--r3 4 n3 /n43i3u3 anovus actus interveniens

( <alchere and (teel )

• n3 GH?D.29% li434 " 3434 r /au4a3in mn3in in oyall 8y M/Hu57 D

oyall v  (1,,0@HCA) GC.!2 GC.29

')$ +  ? < ( a/3 /u-l) 7a6 a 6iln3 in 37ir a-ar3mn3 + < all4 rm *37 lr winw ? i4 ill

+ 6in/  a44aul3 an 43ru55l in 37 8a37rm

+  4ai < l/ 7r4l in 8a37rm an /mmi33 4ui/i w7n 7 r/ 37 r -n

+ P 4ai % 4/nari4

1) < wa4 pushed (8y )

2) < !ell (w7il r3ra3in5 rm K4 a33a/)

%) < 0umped (7a6in5 a wll+un an ra4na8l a--r7n4in  li+37ra3nin5 6iln/ 8y  ? 4in5 3 4/a- i3  37i4 i4 main /au4a3in i44u)

+  a--al a5ain43 /n6i/3in r murr

+$$ w737r <K4 a/3  ri573J4/a-J4l+-r4r6a3in /n43i3u34 anovus actus interveniens@ 37r8y n5a3i6in5 /au4a3in r 7mi/i$

'+* 1. i3 i4 r 37 =ury 3 3rmin w737r

(i) K4 /nu/3 inu/ in < a#ell-!ounded apprehension (ar)  -7y4i/al 7arm$

',-(ii) <K4 r4-n4 (3 4 4/a-) wa4reasonable$ (i.. < i n3 6r+ra/3)

ES K4 /nu/3 caused <K4 in=ury (i.. <K4 /nu/3 wa4 n3 a

novus actus interveniens n5a3i6in5 /au4al /nn/3in 83wn K4 /nu/3 ? <K4 in=ury)

2. P mu43 -r6 (>R) K4 a/3incaused 37 a/3  4/a- r 4l+ -r4r6a3in

%. r4a8ili3y i4not37 343  r/l44n44 ? in3n3 armens rea

lmn34@ n3 lmn34  /au4a3in

". 37r mu43 8 a 3m-ral /in/in/ 83wnmens rea ? actus reus -+$$, (M/Hu57@ >rnnan DD) ar5u r a 343 37a3 i3 wa4 ra4na8ly r4a8l

(8y ) 37a3 < wul n5a5 in a/3  4l+-r4r6a3in in r4-n4 3 K4 a/3in4J37ra34.

(16)

(17)

allett (1,*,@ SASC) GC.!*9 GN.29

')$ +  /7ar5 wi37 murr  <

+ < ma a -a44 a3  i573 n4u < -ull a ni ? 37ra3n 3 4:ually mu3ila3 

+  53 u--r 7an in 37 i573 ? < ran away in3 37 wa3r < /ul n3 4wim@  r4/u 7im ? l3 7im n 37 8a/7 8ra37in5

+  ll a4l- in /ar@ w7n 7 w u- 7 37a3 < 7a rwn. +  /u3  <K4 5ni3al4 an 8uri 7im.

+ /au4  a37  rwnin5 in 47allw wa3r +  a--al /n6i/3in r murr

+$$ w737r 37 a/34   7a a 4ui/in3ly 4u843an3ial /au4al /3B n 37 a37  <$

'+* a-34(mith (1,!,@'@GC.!2) i a3 37 3im  a37 37 ri5inal wun i4 43ill anoperating /au4 an a substantial /au4 37n 37r i4 a /au4al

/nn/3in@ 6n i 4m 37r /au4 i4 al4 in -ra3in

- 37 a/3   in ru/in5 < 3 un/n4/iu4n44 ri5ina3 37 /7ain  6n34 w7i/7 l 3 37 rwnin5

@laue (1,9!@'CA) GC.!,1 GN.2

')$ +  a33a/ ? 43a88 <

+ < wa4 a D76a7K4 Wi3n44 ? ru4 a 8l 3ran4u4in +  a--al 37i4 /n6i/3in r man4lau573r (r imini47 r4-n4i8ili3y)

+$$ w737r <K4 ru4al 3 a//-3 mi/al 3ra3mn3 wa4 anovus actus interveniens$

'+* • /riminal4 mu43 3a 37ir 6i/3im4 a4 37y in 37m • llw4 (mith -ra3in5 ? 4u843an3ial /au4

- 37 u43in i4 w7a3 /au4 <K4 a37$ T7 an4wr i4 37 43a8 wun. <K4 ru4al 3 43- 37i4 n i n3 8ra 37 /au4al /nn/3in 83wn 37 a/3 an 37 a37. Ru4al wa4@ in /3@ a -r+:i43in5 /ni3inK.

A--al i4mi44.

)agett (1,%@'CA) GC.!," GN.2

')$ +  u4 < a4 47il ? 473 a3 -li/ w7 473 8a/ ? ill <

+  /7ar5 wi37 murr@ /n6i/3  man4lau573r a--alin5 /n6i/3in

+$$ w7n a37 /au4 8y an37r@ w737r i3 47ul 8 im-u3 3 37 ri5inal a55r44r$

'+* • K4 a/3 n n3 8 37 4l /au4@ r 6n 37 main /au4@  <K4 a37

 i3 i4 nu57 37a3 K4 a/3 /n3ri8u3 4i5nii/an3ly 3 <K4 a37.

• an :am-l  anovus actus interveniens i4 w7n 37 in3r6nin5 a/3  a

%r_{-ar3y /an 8 4/ri8 a4 37 4l /au4  <K4 a37.}

o *?<@ a ra4na8l a/3 -rrm (8y a %r -ar3y) r 37 -ur-4  4l+-r4r6a3in@ 8in5 an a/3itsel! caused by s o#n act @ 4 n3 -ra3 a4 a novus actus interveniens  i4 /riminally

r4-n4i8l r 37 a37  <

- a--al i4mi44

<alchere and (teel (1,1@'CA) GC.!,, GN.2,

(18)

+$$ 4 37i4 /n43i3u3 anovus actus interveniens$

- n  4 n3 8ra /7ain  /au4a3in 83wn in=ury an a37

(19)

1.5.3 causation' medical treatment and euthanasia 5.12

GC.*01+* GN.2,

• an aul3 i4 n3i3l 3 ru4 mi/al 3ra3mn3(t Ceorges ;( *rust v (

(1,,@')

• i4/n3inua3in  li+4u--r3 4 n3 /n43i3u3 anovus actus interveniens

<alchere and (teel (1,1@'CA) GC.!,,

• i4/n3inua3in  li+4u--r3 i4  w7n 'iredale ;( *rust v @land

(1,,%@HL)

o in a P<S (-rmann3 653a3i6 43a3)

o -a3in3 n3 r4-nin5 3 mi/al /ar o n -r4-/3  im-r6mn3

o n37in5 l4 /3r4 /an 

o amily /n4n34

o in 37 -a3in3K4 843 in3r434

• $ 31C%1& ai r a83 37 4ui/i r a33m-3 4ui/i  an37r

• $ 31C%2& in/i3in5 r /un4llin5 4ui/i r a33m-3 4ui/i  an37r • ights o! the *erminally &ll 'ct 1,,! (NT) r-al 8y Duthanasia >a#s 'ct

1,,9 (C37)

• 1"  NSW /3r4 ami3 3 a44i43in5 u37ana4ia  -a3in34

1.5.4 definition of life

GC.*00 GN.2*

a /7il 7a4 8n 8rn ali6 w7n

• *  77*$ * /-  a /7il 7a4 8n 8rn ali6 w7n ($ 20)

o i3 7a4 8ra37

',-o 7a4 8n 8rn w7lly in3 37 wrl@

o wi37 r wi37u3 in-nn3 /ir/ula3in

• *  77*$ * /',$'  /mmn law rul  utty (1,!%@<SC)

G.%" a--li4

o /m-l3ly li6r rm 37 8y  i34 m37r

',-o i3 7a4 an :i43n/ 4-ara3 ? in-nn3  i34 m37r

• /7il i4 ully :3ru rm i34 m37rK4 8y ',-• i4 li6in5 8y 6ir3u  37 un/3inin5  i34 wn r5an4@ • i37r a33a/7 r una33a/7 8y um8ili/al /r

1.5.5 definition of death

• uman *issues 'ct NSW (1,%) 4 %%  a -r4n 7a4 i w7n

o irr6r4i8l /44a3in  all un/3in4  37 -r4nK4 8rainor

o irr6r4i8l /44a3in  /ir/ula3in  8l in 37 -r4nK4 8y.

• n3 _{$$ 82@84} ma i3 an n/ 3 intend 3 -r/ur a mi4/arria5 (i..

a8r3in)

1.5.6 voluntariness

• 6lun3arin44 i4 -ar3  37actus reus

• u4ul 3 ar5u in6lun3arin44 in /a44  /n43ru/3i6 murr ( yan

GC.%*!) r man4lau573r r unlawul an an5ru4 a/3. T7i4 /an la 3 a/ui33al. G."%

(20)

• i rai4in5 in6lun3arin44 3 n5a3i6actus reus lmn3

o 6in3iary 8urn n  (i rai4in5 in6lun3arin44) ( alconer ) GC.%9%

o P mu43 -r6 6lun3arin44 >R ( alconer ) GC.%9%

1.' Temporal co(incidence of mens rea and act&s re&s

• o#ler v )adget (19,@') GC.!" 37 in3n3 ? 37 a/3 mu43 837 /n/ur 3

/n43i3u3 37 /rim

• al4 oyall GC.!" ? <eyers GC.%!

• *habo <eli GC.%!, a /n3inuin5 4ri4  a/34

(21)

2. (efences

2.1 )ntrod&ction '.1

GC.*09+1% GN.%0+2

• a 3ru /riminal n/ ruir4  3 i4/7ar5 37 6in3iary 8urn

o 37i4 /n3ra434 wi37 n/4K (in u34) 37a3 ar rally =u43 nial4  /r ini3inal lmn34 (mens rea r actus reus)@ i.. n5a3i6in5 a/3r4  37 /r lmn34

• 8a3 a8u3 a8li3in  -ar3ial n/4 ? murr+man4lau573r ? /ra3

4in5l n/  unlawul 7mi/iK

o 7* irn/ ma 4n4 w7n a37 -nal3y (r murr) :i43 nw 37r i4 n n yam v )) (1,9"@') GC.!11

o )*, /allin5 4mn a murrrK 43ill 7a4 a 43i5ma a33a/7 GC.*1%

o )*, rl  =ury 3 /i mral /ul-a8ili3ymurrJman4lau573r GC.*1%

• a /riminal n/  ar U mr U n/4

o P mu43 -r6 >R ar ? mr (? /+in/in/  837)

o  mu43 i4/7ar5 6in3iary 8urn (rai4 a u83) rall n/4@

• ecept -r4ua4i6 8urn (8alan/  -r8a8ili3i4) ruir r

 in4ani3y GC.*0

 4u843an3ial im-airmn3 (a..a. imini47 r4-n4i8ili3y) GC.*0

 43a3u3ry -r6i4in4 :-r44ly r im-lily -la/in5 4u/7 a 8urn n  GC."1"

o P mu43 dis -r6Jn5a3i6 >R any n/4 rai4 (i.. P mu43 -r6

(22)

2.2 #ental *efences

2.2.1 )nsanity 6.2

GC.*1%+%9 GN.%2+!@%9 G.9*@19,@1,1

<;aughtens 9ase(1*0@'HL) GC.*1% GN.%2

')$ +  8li6 7 wa4 8in5 -r4/u3 8y 37 Tri4 + 6n3ually 7 in3n an -lann 3 ill PM Pl + 8y a//in3 7 ill 7i4 4/r3ary rummn

+ urin5 7i4 3rial 7 u4 ! mi/al 4-/iali434 w7 343ii a4 3 7i4 in4ani3y + 37 Law Lr4 lai wn 37 rul4 r in4ani3y in En5lan

+$$ w7a3 i4 37 law wi37 r5ar4 3 -r4n4 w7 7a6 /mmi33 /rim4 w7il unr in4an lu4in4$

'+* • 6n man i4 -r4um 3 8 4an

• i3 mu43 8 -r6 37a3 w7n /mmi33in5 37 a/3@  wa4

(i) la8urin5 unr 4u/7 ade!ect o! reason

(ii) win5 3 adisease o! the mind  4u/7 37a3either

(iii)  i n3 nw 37 na3ur ? uali3y  K4 a/3or

(i6)i  i nw@ 37a3  i n3 nw 37a3 w7a3  wa4 in5 wa4 wrn5.

- n3 5uil3y 8y ra4n  mn3al in4ani3y  /mmi33 3 in4an a4ylum

,* 4 G.12+* r a mr 3ail :amina3in  37 lmn34  37i4 343

)orter(1,%*@HCA) GC.*1! GN.%%

')$ + a3r a num8r  -r8lm4 in 7i4 marria5@  l43 /n3rl  7i4 m3in4@ an 37 wi ru4 3 7a6 any37in5 3  wi37 7im an rm6 37 /7il +  5a6 37 /7il 43ry/7nin@ illin5 i3@ an wa4 a8u3 3 ill 7im4l w7n 37 -li/ arri6

+$$ i  n3 nw 37a3 37 a/3 wa4 wrn5 u 3 a i4a4  37 min$ W7a3 i4 37 law rla3in5 3 in4ani3y in Au43ralia$

Pa5 21  9

37 -ar3y rai4in5 37 n/ (i37r P r  'youb) mu43 -r6@ n 37 8alan/  -r84 ( )orter )@ 37a3 a3 37 3im  /mmi33in5 37 a/3 ( )orter )@  wa4 ( <;aughten)

(i) la8urin5 unr 4u/7 ade!ect o! reason

(ii) win5 3 adisease o! the mind  4u/7 37a3either

(iii)  i n3 nw 37 na3ur ? uali3y  K4 a/3or

(i6)i  i nw@ 37a3  i n3 nw 37a3 w7a3  wa4 in5 wa4 wrn5. a 4-/ial 6ri/3  n3 5uil3y 8y ra4n  mn3al illn44K r4ul34

( <ental ealth =9riminal )rocedures? 'ct 1,,0 (NSW) 4 %) 37 a/ui33 -r4n 8/m4 a rn4i/ -a3in3K ? i4 7l inini3ly in /u43y

( <ental ealth =9riminal )rocedures? 'ct 1,,0 (NSW) 4 %,) 8urn  -r ? rai4in5 37 n/

• -ar3y rai4in5 in4ani3y 8ar4 37 8urn  -r6in5 37 n/ n 37 8alan/

 -r8a8ili3i4 ( )orter  /n3ra :oolmington)

• 837 P an  /an rai4 37 n/ ( alconer  'youb)

• 8urn  -r i4 37 4am r 837 P an  8alan/  -r84 ( alconer 

(23)

'+* •  mu43 -r6 in4ani3y n 37 8alan/  -r8a8ili3i4 (/n3ra

:oolmington)

• =ury nly /n/rn wi37 K4 43a3  min a3 37 3im  37 a/3@ n3

8r r a3r

• in4ani3y i4not  :/i3a8ili3y@ -a44in@ 43u-ii3y@ 83u4n44@ la/  4l+

/n3rl@ im-ul4i6n44

• i a3 37 3im  37 a/3 7 7a 4u/7 a i43ur8an/  37 min 37a3 7 wa4

in/a-a8l  i4/rnin5 ri573 r wrn5 r 3ain5 in3 a//un3 rl6an3 /n4ira3in4@ a//rin5 3 rinary 43anar4@ 37n 7 mu43 8 n3 5uil3y 8y ra4n  mn3al in4ani3y.

- inin5  n3 5uil3y 8y ra4n  mn3al in4ani3y@ /mmi33 3 in4an a4ylum

,* =ury ir/3in (n3 -r4ua4i6 au37ri3y)@ 8u3 li6r 8y i:n D (HCA)

 v Bones(1,,!@NSWSC) GC.*20 GN.%%

*(+ /3  ra4nK 47ul n3 8 a n/44ary lmn3 in 37 n/

 v 'ntoine(2000@'HL) GC.*21 GN.%%

'+* nly n 3 -r6actus reus@ 8/au4 in4ani3y 7a4 43rymens rea.

2.2.1.1 procedure

• -ar3y rai4in5 in4ani3y 8ar4 37 8urn  -r6in5 37 n/ n 37 8alan/

 -r8a8ili3i4 ( )orter  /n3ra:oolmington)

• 837 P an  /an rai4 37 n/ ( alconer  'youb)

• 8urn  -r i4 37 4am r 837 P an  8alan/  -r84 ( alconer 

'youb)

'youb(1,"@NSWCCA) GC.*2! GN.%"

')$ +  43a88 7i4 a37r 3 a37

+  -la imini47 r4-n4i8ili3y ? au/ 4u--r3in5 6in/  4/7i-7rnia

+  i n3 rai4 n/  in4ani3y@ 8u3 P i +  un n3 5uil3y r ra4n  mn3al illn44

+$$ w7a3 i4 37 43anar  -r ruir w7n P rai44 in4ani3y$

'+* P mu43 -r6 n 8alan/  -r8a8ili3i4 (=u43 li )

-+$$, :oolmington 47ul 8 llw (Enr8y D)

alconer(1,,0@HCA) GC.*2! GN.%"

'+* i3 i4 -n 3 P 3 la 6in/ 3 43a8li47 mn3al illn44@ n 37 8alan/  -r8a8ili3i4@ a4 an al3rna3i6 3 /n6i/3in.

<ental ealth =9riminal )rocedures? 'ct 1,,0 (NSW) GC.*2!+* GN.%"

• 4 %9 =ury ir/3in n n/  in4ani3y

• 4 %  4-/ial 6ri/3 n3 5uil3y 8y ra4n  mn3al illn44B

• 4 %,  in3rmina3 3n3in a rn4i/ -a3in3 i4 3ain in /u43y r an

inini3 -ri (rmrly a3 37 56rnrK4 -la4urB)

• au3ma3i/ r3n3in mn in Ln5 >ay@ 37n Mrri43 wmn in

(24)

• 4i:+mn37ly r+a4444mn34 8y Mn3al Hal37 R6iw Tri8unal

2.2.1.2 fitness to plead

• uni3 3 -la  r /ri3ria@ 4 )resser (1,!@<SC) GC.*2 GN.%!

• in/a-a8l  5i6in5 in43ru/3in4 3 /un4lrn4i/ -a3in3 GC.*%0 GN.%!

2.2.1.3 forensic patients

• % 3y-4 mn3al illn44 n/ uni3 3 8 3ri 3ran4rr rm -ri4n • Mn3al Hal37 R6iw Tri8unal r6iw4 /a44  rn4i/ -a3in34 GN.%!

2.2.1.4 summary proceedings

• <ental ealth =9riminal )rocedures? 'ct 1,,0 (NSW) 44 %2+%% allw

mn3ally ill 3 8 i6r3 in3 7al37 /ar 4y43m

2.2.1.5 involuntary committal

• ruir4 /mmi33al 8r a Ma5i43ra3

2.2.2 *utomatism 6.3

GC.*%9+!2 GN.%*+"0

• au3ma3i4m  in6lun3ary a/3B

• n/ 3 6lun3arin44 (lmn3  37actus reus) • 3w 3y-4

1. +,$', au3ma3i4m in6lun3ary a/3 -r/in5 rm adisease o! the mind . N ln5r a6aila8l  4u84um 8y n/  in4ani3y

( @ratty)@ i.. <;aughten rul4 ? in4ani3y -r/ur4 a--ly. 2. $', au3ma3i4m n3 (1)

2.2.2.1 what is a disease of the mind?

T7i4 i4 a 6ry im-r3an3 u43in@ 8/au4 i3 man4 37 irn/ 83wn 37 u3/m4  /m-l3 a/ui33al (r sane au3ma3i4m) an inini3 3n3in (r

insane au3ma3i4m).

• 37r 3434 (8u3 nly 5uilin4 per alconer )

1. r/urrn/ 343 any mn3al i4rr w7i/7 7a4 mani43 i34l in 6iln/ an i4 -rn 3 r/ur ( @ratty)

2. in3rnalJ:3rnal 343 wa4 K4 mn3al 43a3 3ri55r 8y an in3rnal r :3rnal a/3r$ I in3rnal@ 37n i4a4  37 min. ( alconer )

%. un4unJ4un min wa4 K4 mn3al 43a3 37 ra/3in  an un4un min 3 i34 wn lu4in4 r :3rnal 43imuli$ ( ad!ord )

2.2.2.2 insane automatism

• 4m /i :am-l4

o -4y/744@ 4u/7 a 4/7i-7rnia ( @ratty)

o -il-4y ( @ratty (ullivan)

o /r8ral 3umur ( @ratty)

o hyper 5ly/amia ( ennessy) (ia83i/ 7i57 8l 4u5ar@ ail 3 3a in4ulin 7l 37r wa4 n :3rnal a/3r)

o 4l-+walin5 ( @urgess(') /n3ra BimineA  /n3ra )ars(Canaa))

Pa5 2%  9

$7)+' <-+) " +,-+,+ -,+*, )*/7 -,)