eletrica_p15q04

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\unstça 0 \unstça 0_‗_‗ :2<> :2<> l) l) ∥∥ ⃟⃟_.. ;;   ∓ ∓∩∩⃟⃟   Dnc Dnc `n `n Mlrl`lyMlrl`ly   ;;   ∓∓  ∓∓  ∓∓ ; ;  ∓ ∓   ∓∓∓∓ ; ;    ; ;   ∓∓∓∓   ; ;  ∓ ∓ ;  ;  ∓∓  ∓∓ ∓ ∓ daoa8 daoa8  ; ;  ∓ ∓  ; ;   ∓∓  ∓∓  ∓∓ ∓ ∓  ∓∓ Gldgudlr a vldar nmcglz `n

Gldgudlr a vldar nmcglz `n , gak, gak  ; ;  ∓ ∓, sljne`a qun a, sljne`a qun a vldar nmcglz ã

vldar nmcglz ã 

∘ ∘  , daoa8, daoa8

 ; ; ∓∓∓ ∓∓∓_{∘ ∘ }∓∓ ; ; ::2::2 (`là à neuegclà) (`là à neuegclà)

  _{ ∓ ∓ ;;} ∓ ∓∘ ∘ :: _{:022∓:: ∓ ∓==22 ∰ ∰ }_:022∓::2 ∓∓∘ ∘ ::::2  ; 70 ; 707,7,66∓∓<<22√√  ;;   _{}_{} ; ; 707,6∓<2:2∓<2:2∓<2 707,6∓<2√√ ∓ ∓::22∓∓<<22√√ √√  ; , ; , øø ;;   _{ø}_{ø} ∓ ∓ ; ; :2∓<2:2∓<2 707,6∓<2 707,6∓<2√√ ∓ ∓::22∓∓<<22√√√√ ∓ ∓2,2,3>3> ↚↚ øø ; , ; ,

Gaegdusça8 a mduxa ã a knska, ea netrnmnrra n ea mnrra. Kls l Gaegdusça8 a mduxa ã a knska, ea netrnmnrra n ea mnrra. Kls l `nesc`l`n ã `cmnrnetn `nvc`a la mltar `n

`nesc`l`n ã `cmnrnetn `nvc`a la mltar `n nkpcdflkneta.nkpcdflkneta.

Mltar `n nkpcdflkneta Mltar `n nkpcdflkneta

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j)

j) _{ø}_{ø} ;; 

∘ ∘  ;; , ,∘ ∘  ; 2,=7= ; 2,=7=, uslrnkas àcs paetas `làs plrl, uslrnkas àcs paetas `làs plrl

mlznrkas l cetnrpadlïça n negaetrlkas

mlznrkas l cetnrpadlïça n negaetrlkas  plrl plrl _{ø}_{ø} ; 2,=7= ; 2,=7=.. ^slrnkas as snoucetns paetas8

^slrnkas as snoucetns paetas8 Cetnrpadlr Cetnrpadlr {{(( 9 9 )) (( 9 9 )) ;;;; (022(<:?2(<:?2   ⁀⁀ 9 2,6)(022   ⁀⁀ 9 2,=) 9 2,=) 9 2,6)   ;;        ; ; 2,:7?27?2 ∰  ; >,02>∓<22,: ∰  ; >,02>∓<2√√ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓    ; ;  + + ; ; _{ ∓ ∓2,2,3>3> + +} ___{∓ ∓}  ;; < <   ∓ ∓ _{ ∓2,3>}_{ ∓2,3>++} ___{∓ ∓ }  ;; <<_022∓<2_022∓<2_√_√ ∓ ∓::∓∓  ∓∓==22∓∓<<22_>,02>∓<2_>,02>∓<2√√_√_√ > ∓<∓<22 >_{∓ ∓2,2,3>3> ++}√√ _{00∓∓  ∓∓<<22} >∓<2 >∓<2√√_√_√  ;; <<_022∓<2_022∓<2_√_√ ∓ ∓?:0,00+73?6,6?:0,00+73?6,6  ; < ; <<,<,?>?>66∓∓<2<2 ∓ ∓  ∓∓_   ;; __{}_{} ;; :022_<<,?>6∓<2_<<,?>6∓<2 :022  ; ; 2,0633 2,0633   ;;  _{ ;;} _7??_7??_⏑_⏑ ::2::2 ↚↚ ∓2,0633 ∓2,0633 ∰ ∰  ; , ; , Znsaduïça ldtnreltcvl `a ctnk (j) Znsaduïça ldtnreltcvl `a ctnk (j) ⃟⃟  ;  ;   ∓∓  øø ∓ ∓ øø + + ∓ ∓ ;  ;  ∓∓ ::∓∓  ∓∓==2 2 

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 ; ; __ nn

 ; ; 2,6=_{00∓∓  ∓∓<<22} 2,6= _√_√ ; =60,?  ⁀⁀ ; =60,?

Rlrl negaetrlrkas

Rlrl negaetrlrkas øø `nvnkas mlznr ukl cetnrpadlïça usleà as `nvnkas mlznr ukl cetnrpadlïça usleà as vldarns `làs el tljndl. vldarns `làs el tljndl. <,22,6 <,22,6 36<,:? 36<,:? ; ;  2,32,6 2,32,6øø  <,<,:?:? ∰ ∰ øø ; <,=:>  ⁀⁀ ; <,=:> øø ∓ ∓øø + + ∓ ∓ ;  ;  ∓∓ <,=:>∓<2 <,=:>∓<2_{∓ ∓77??: : ∓∓<<22}√√_{+ +==6600,,??∓∓<<22}_{∓ ∓>∓>∓ <<22}√√_{; :0}_{; :022}_{22 ∓∓}  ; <,=6  ; <,=6

Gaka uslkas as vldarns kìxckas `n J, negaetrlkas

Gaka uslkas as vldarns kìxckas `n J, negaetrlkas , tnkas qun, tnkas qun `cvc`cr par

`cvc`cr par ∘ ∘ :: plrl negaetrlkas snu vldar nmcglz plrl negaetrlkas snu vldar nmcglz

 ; ; , ,_{∘ ∘  ; ,} ; , g) g)   ;;  _, , ae`nae`n   ; ;   ∓∓  ↚ ↚   ; ; :0:022 22 ∓∓70707,7,66∓∓<2<2√√ ; 2,6:><: ; 2,6:><:  ;  ; , ,_,_{, ; ,} ; , YY[[ !

! Ajs8 Ajs8 Gaka Gaka mac uslmac uslàà  ea gìdguda `n ea gìdguda `n , `nvn-sn uslr l garrnetn, `nvn-sn uslr l garrnetn kìxckl plrl gldgudlr l ceùtêegcl, sn tcvãssnkas uslà

kìxckl plrl gldgudlr l ce`utêegcl, sn tcvãssnkas usl`a  uslrëlkas

uslrëlkas  plrl a gìdguda `l ce`utêegcl. plrl a gìdguda `l ce`utêegcl.

  ;;  _{  ;;} _{ ∓ ∓ ; ;} _{::∓∓  ∓∓  ∓∓ ; ;} _{::∓∓  ∓∓==22∓∓22,,0022}::2::2  ; , 

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`) `) øø ; ; __{ø}_{ø}øø_{∓ ∓22,,33>>∓∓ ; ;} _>,02>∓<2_>,02>∓<2 :∓ ∓=2∓<2 :∓ ∓=2∓<2_√_√_{2,3>∓022∓<2}_{2,3>∓022∓<2}√√ > > ∓∓<<22√√_√_√_ ; ; 7?: ∓<2 7?: ∓<2_{:2:2>0 ∓}_{>0 ∓<2<2}√√_√_√ øø ; , ; ,∓∓  ∓∓__  ; ;  ___{∓ ∓ ;;} _{00∓∓  ∓∓<<22} >∓<2 >∓<2_√_√_{∓ ∓ 002222∓∓<<22}√√ _√_√  ;  ; ,,∓∓  ∓∓__  ; ; øø + +  ;  ; ,,∓∓  ∓∓__ n) n)   ;; __{}_{} ;; :022_<<,=7<∓<2_<<,=7<∓<2 :022  ; , ; ,  

Ajs8 a vldar negaetrl`a plrl l

Ajs8 a vldar negaetrlà plrl l ceùtêegcl gldgudl`l l plrtcr `lceùtêegcl gldgudl`l l plrtcr `l rndutêegcl ã could la gldgudlà ea ct

rndutêegcl ã could la gldgudl`a ea ctnk G, gaka nspnrìvlkas.nk G, gaka nspnrìvlkas. m)

m)   ;;  

 Marïl ã l `nrcvl`l à trljldfa (nenrocl) nk mueïça à nsplïa. Marïl ã l `nrcvl`l à trljldfa (nenrocl) nk mueïça à nsplïa.

  ;; _∓∓ ∓ ∓∩∩ ∓ ∓ nenrocl nenrocl kloeãtcgl.kloeãtcgl.

 ∓ ∓  + +øø ∓ ∓øø ;  ;  ∓∓

 ; ; <<_ ∓ ∓  ∓∓   ∓ ∓øø

(6)

  ;;  __ _{;; < <::∓∓} ∓ ∓  ∓∓  __  ∓ ∓  ∓∓

  ;; < <::∓∓ ∓ ∓ ∓ ∓

  ;; < <::∓∓00∓∓  ∓∓<<22√√ ∓ ∓=06,?∓<2=06,?∓<2√√ ∓ ∓::22∓∓<<22√√ ∓ ∓::22∓∓<<22√√

 ; ,

(7)

Ljlcxa vagè crì negaetrlr ls

`øvc`ls/rnspastls `as ldueas letcoas `øvc`ls/rnspastls `as ldueas letcoas

rnmnrnetns â nssl qunstça. rnmnrnetns â nssl qunstça.

ZNGAKNE@LKAW MAZPNKNEPN

\^N DNCL PA@LW NDLW!

Glsa lce`l tnefl mcgl`a gak `øvc`ls, gaesudtn l

rnmnrèegcl

rnmnrèegcl tn÷rcgl ce`cgl`l tn÷rcgl ce`cgl`l plrl nssl plrl nssl qunstça, elqunstça, el

RDLECDFL @N ZNMNZÈEGCLW.

]agè tlkjãk pa`nrì mlznr a snu gaknetìrca, grcle`a

uk t÷pcga eava `l snoucetn markl8

\unstça - Rravl - Pcpa `n Gaknetìrca

Pnrnkas 7 tcpas `n gaknetìrca8

@øvc`l

@øvc`l - ã uk `øvc`l rndlgcael`l l rnsaduïça `l- ã uk `øvc`l rndlgcael`l l rnsaduïça `l

qunstça9

Nrra

Nrra - ã uk passëvnd nrra qun vagè c`netcmcgau el- ã uk passëvnd nrra qun vagè c`netcmcgau el

rnsaduïça9

Gakpdnkneta

Gakpdnkneta - ã ukl ajsnrvlïça qun lornol el- ã ukl ajsnrvlïça qun lornol el

rnsaduïça `l qunstça gaka, par nxnkpda, ukl autrl

markl `n rnsadvè-dl au ukl autrl

markl `n rnsadvè-dl au ukl autrl rnmnrèegcl plrl ndlrnmnrèegcl plrl ndl

Netça, sn vagè mar gaknetlr uk `øvc`l el qunstça 27

`l pravl `n :2<0, vlc grclr uk t÷pcga gak a snoucetn

tëtuda8

27 - :2<0 - @øvc`l

CEPNZLHL N ZNWRAE@L AW GAKNEPÌZCAW... CEPNZLHL N ZNWRAE@L AW GAKNEPÌZCAW... ]AGÈ CZÌ LRZNE@NZ K^CPA MLXNE@A CWWA 8) ]AGÈ CZÌ LRZNE@NZ K^CPA MLXNE@A CWWA 8)

(8)

@Ø]C@LW @Ø]C@LW Rravl :2<>

Rravl :2<>_‗_‗ \unstça 20 \unstça 20



 ]ctar ]cecgcus `cssn8]ctar ]cecgcus `cssn8

Eça netne`c el dntrl m) qule`a `nrcvau a

Eça netne`c el dntrl m) quleà `nrcvau a _ nk rndlïça l dn. Ndn s÷ mnz _ nk rndlïça l dn. Ndn s÷ mnz gartlr a dn kudtcpdcgleà,gartlr a dn kudtcpdcgleà,

kls tcefl autra dnU: `cvc`ce`a.

<</2?/:2<6 <?8<7



 Dugls `cssn8Dugls `cssn8

a glegndlkneta agarrnu nk vcrtu`n `l utcdczlïça `l rnorl `l gl`ncl

<6/2?/:2<6 :<82>



 Kltnus Wcquncrl `cssn8Kltnus Wcquncrl `cssn8

La sn mlznr M

La sn mlznr M ; @w/@D, `nvnrcl lplrngnr uk sceld enoltcva , snrì qun l markudl garrntl eça ; @w/@D, `nvnrcl lplrngnr uk sceld enoltcva , snrì qun l markudl garrntl eça snrclsnrcl

M ; -@w/@D 1

2</2?/:2<6 <28:=



 Mljca Jlrjasl Dlolrns `cssn8Mljca Jlrjasl Dlolrns `cssn8

Mcqunc kn pnrouetle`a l knskl gacsl. Muc ltrìs `n jcjdcaorlmcl kls eça lgfnc el`l rlpc`lknetn.

27/2?/:2<6 <=8:3



Kltnus, plrl vagè sljnr sn vlc

Kltnus, plrl vagè sljnr sn vlc lpdcglr a sceld enoltcva au pasctcva ã lpdcglr a sceld enoltcva au pasctcva ã s÷ mlznr a snoucetn8 <- marïl s÷ mlznr a snoucetn8 <- marïl eaea

knska snetcà à `nsdaglkneta --- sceld pasctcva9 :- marïl ea snetcà apasta la

knska snetcà à `nsdaglkneta --- sceld pasctcva9 :- marïl ea snetcà apasta la `nsdaglkneta (`D) ---`nsdaglkneta (`D)

---- sceld enoltcva. Ea glsa `nssl qunstça, ndn trljldfa gak

- sceld enoltcva. Ea glsa `nssl qunstça, ndn trljldfa gak k÷`uda pacs a sceld vlc `npne`nr `n qun mlgnk÷`uda pacs a sceld vlc `npne`nr `n qun mlgn

nstì sne`a gaesc`nrl`l 8) nstì sne`a gaesc`nrl`l 8) 2=/2?/:2<6 <<8<> 2=/2?/:2<6 <<8<>  

(9)



El tljndl `n Jmn n

El tljndl `n Jmn n Fmn, as vldarns nstça `l`as nk Fmn, as vldarns nstça `l`as nk Kìxckas au Nmcglzns, quld nu gaesc`nra 1 ElKìxckas au Nmcglzns, quld nu gaesc`nra 1 El

rnsaduïça mac gaesc`nrl`a a kìxcka, kls ela tnefa gnrtnzl `cssa.

2</2?/:2<6 2?8>0



eça ã kìxcka, enk nmcglz kls sck

eça ã kìxcka, enk nmcglz kls sck a vldar `l ar`nel`l n a vldar `l ar`nel`l n ljsgcssl ea orìmcga Jmn x Fmn qun pnrkctnljsgcssl ea orìmcga Jmn x Fmn qun pnrkctn

ajtnr mlgcdknetn a kc elqundn paeta

2=/2?/:2<6 <<8<<



 KLPCLW ZCJNCZA KÌVCKA @N DL]ÐZ `cssn8KLPCLW ZCJNCZA KÌVCKA @N DL]ÐZ `cssn8

El dntrl j, ea gldguda `l rndutêegcl, nu eça gaesnouc netne`nr gaka

El dntrl j, ea gldguda `l rndutêegcl, nu eça gaesnouc netne`nr gaka mac gldgudl`a amac gldgudl`a a

gakprckneta kã`ca `a mnrra "dmn", ldouãk pa`nrcl kn nxpdcglr a

gakprckneta kã`ca `a mnrra "dmn", ldouãk pa`nrcl kn nxpdcglr a parquè `n dmn ; :.pc.=2.<2U-7parquè `n dmn ; :.pc.=2.<2U-7

- >.<2U-7 1 - >.<2U-7 1 :2/2=/:2<6 :78:3 :2/2=/:2<6 :78:3   Dugls `cssn8Dugls `cssn8

Kltcls, :.pc.=2.<2U-7 - >.<2U-7 garrnspae`n la la gakprckneta kã`ca `a lrga `n

Kltcls, :.pc.=2.<2U-7 - >.<2U-7 garrnspae`n la la gakprckneta kã`ca `a lrga `n =2kk (qun=2kk (qun

garrnspae`n la rlca garrnspae`netn l kntl`n `a

garrnspae`n la rlca garrnspae`netn l kntl`n à `cêkntra kã`ca (<02+<22)/:)) kneas as >kk à`cêkntra kã`ca (<02+<22)/:)) kneas as >kk à

netrnmnrra

:7/2=/:2<6 :2820



L `nrcvl`l `l dntrl n) nstì nrrl`l, tnk

L `nrcvl`l `l dntrl n) nstì nrrl`l, tnk uk "Dn" ea `neakcel`ar qun ndn `nvnrcl gaesc`nrlr eauk "Dn" ea `neakcel`ar qun ndn `nvnrcl gaesc`nrlr ea

gldguda gldguda 23/2=/:2<6 2?80: 23/2=/:2<6 2?80:   Dugls `cssn8Dugls `cssn8

l dntrl N nstì garrntl, tì mldtle`a el`l eça, l m÷rkudl `n mlta ã D ; EU:/Z

:7/2=/:2<6 :28<2

(10)



 Zlmlnd Wletas Kltas `n Adcvncrl `cssn8Zlmlnd Wletas Kltas `n Adcvncrl `cssn8

A nmncta `n nsprlclkneta tnk ldoukl cemduèegcl enssl sctulïça1

2:/2>/:2<6 :28>>



enssl sctulïça pa`n snr `nsprnzl`l pacs a gakprckneta `a netrnmnrra ã kucta knear qun a

gakprckneta `a lrga gaestctuc`a pnda kltnrcld

gakprckneta à lrga gaestctucà pnda kltnrcld mnrrakloeãtcmnrrakloeãtcga dlkcelàga dlkcelà

:7/2=/:2<6 :28<7



 Mnrele`a `cssn8Mnrele`a `cssn8

El dntrl l, l ìrnl `l

El dntrl l, l ìrnl `l snïça gldgudl`l mac (:2*:2), parãk eça `nvnrcl snr (02*:2)1 02 pacs snrcl lsnïça gldgudl`l mac (:2*:2), parãk eça `nvnrcl snr (02*:2)1 02 pacs snrcl l

`cmnrneïl netrn a `clkntra nxtnrea n cetnrea `a eugdna tarac`ld

72/20/:2<6 <287?



 GMA - Zlmlnd `cssn8GMA - Zlmlnd `cssn8

Mnrele`a, vagè `nvn mlznr nstn gldguda usle`a a Zlca, eça

Mnrele`a, vagè `nvn mlznr nstn gldguda usle`a a Zlca, eça a `cêkntra.a `cêkntra.

72/20/:2<6 <782<