Art. Art. 1106 1106
Prescription
Prescription– acquisition/loss through lapse of – acquisition/loss through lapse of time time Art. Art. 1107 1107
Persons capacitated to acquire through Persons capacitated to acquire through prescription; minors and incapacitated prescription; minors and incapacitated Art.
Art. 1108 1108
Persons against whom prescription run Persons against whom prescription run Art.
Art. 1109 1109
No prescription between husband and wife, No prescription between husband and wife, parents and children (minority/insanity), parents and children (minority/insanity), guardians and wards
guardians and wards Art.
Art. 1110 1110
Against a married woman Against a married woman Art.
Art. 1111 1111
Prescription obtained by co-proprietor/co-partner Prescription obtained by co-proprietor/co-partner Art.
Art. 1112 1112
Renunciation of prescription already obtained Renunciation of prescription already obtained Art.
Art. 1113 1113
Prescription: things within the commerce of man; Prescription: things within the commerce of man; not non-patrimonial property of state
not non-patrimonial property of state Art.
Art. 1114 1114
Prescription despite renunciation of debtor (eg. Prescription despite renunciation of debtor (eg. guarantor’s right) guarantor’s right) Art. Art. 1115 1115
No prejudice to other provisions No prejudice to other provisions Art.
Art. 1116 1116
Transitory pr
Transitory provision: shorteovision: shorter periodr period Art.
Art. 1117 1117
Acquisitive prescription: ordinary (possession in Acquisitive prescription: ordinary (possession in good faith + just title), extraordinary
good faith + just title), extraordinary Art.
Art. 1118 1118
Adverse possession: in concept of an owner, Adverse possession: in concept of an owner, public, peaceful, uninterrupted
public, peaceful, uninterrupted Art.
Art. 1119 1119
Possession: license or tolerance of owner – no Possession: license or tolerance of owner – no prescription prescription Art. Art. 1120 1120 Interrup
Interruption: Naturally tion: Naturally or civillyor civilly Art.
Art. 1121 1121
Natural interrup
Natural interruption – more than one tion – more than one year, notyear, not revived if same adverse claimant
revived if same adverse claimant Art.
Art. 1122 1122
Natural interrup
Natural interruption (effect): one year or less – tion (effect): one year or less – inin favour of
favour of prescriptprescriptionion Art.
Art. 1123 1123
Civil interruption – receipt of judicial summons Civil interruption – receipt of judicial summons Art.
Art. 1124 1124
Judicial sum
Judicial summons deemed mons deemed not issuednot issued Art.
Art. 1125 1125
Possessor’s recognit
Possessor’s recognition of ion of owner’s rights –owner’s rights – interruption interruption Art. Art. 1126 1126 Title recor
Title recorded in Regisded in Register’s of Propeter’s of Property, Landrty, Land Registration Act Registration Act Art. Art. 1127 1127
Good faith – reasonable belief that the person Good faith – reasonable belief that the person from whom he received the property is the owner from whom he received the property is the owner
Art. Art. 1128 1128
Conditions of good faith Conditions of good faith Art.
Art. 1129 1129
Just title – ad
Just title – adverse claim of pverse claim of possession throssession throughough modes recognized by law
modes recognized by law Art.
Art. 1130 1130
Title – true a
Title – true and validnd valid Art.
Art. 1131 1131
Title must b
Title must be provene proven Art.
Art. 1132 1132
Prescript
Prescription of ion of movables: ordinary – 4years,movables: ordinary – 4years, extraordin
extraordinary – 8 ary – 8 years; owner’s right to recoveryears; owner’s right to recover Art.
Art. 1133 1133
No prescription for
No prescription for movables possessed throughmovables possessed through a crime a crime Art. Art. 1134 1134
Immovable property: ordinary prescription – 10 Immovable property: ordinary prescription – 10 years years Art. Art. 1135 1135
Discrepancy in measurement of the land/area – Discrepancy in measurement of the land/area – prescription will be based on possession
prescription will be based on possession Art.
Art. 1136 1136
Possession in wartime/ civil courts closed – in Possession in wartime/ civil courts closed – in favour of
favour of prescriptprescriptionion Art.
Art. 1137 1137
Immovables: extraordinar
Immovables: extraordinary prescription – y prescription – 3030 years years Art. Art. 1138 1138 Computation of time Computation of time Art. Art. 1139 1139 Prescript
Prescription of ion of action (civil actions)action (civil actions) Art.
Art. 1140 1140
Action to recover movables – 8 years (unless Action to recover movables – 8 years (unless property already prescribed in 4 years – Art. property already prescribed in 4 years – Art. 1132) 1132) Art. Art. 1141 1141
Action to recover immovables – 10 years ( unless Action to recover immovables – 10 years ( unless property already prescribed in 10years – Art. property already prescribed in 10years – Art. 1134) 1134) Art. Art. 1142 1142
Mortgage action – 10 years Mortgage action – 10 years Art.
Art. 1143 1143
Actions which do not prescribed: right of way, Actions which do not prescribed: right of way, and abate a public or private nuisance
and abate a public or private nuisance Art.
Art. 1144 1144
Actions prescribing in 10 years – written contract, Actions prescribing in 10 years – written contract, obligation by law,
obligation by law, judgmenjudgmentt Art.
Art. 1145 1145
Actions prescribing in 6 years – oral contract, Actions prescribing in 6 years – oral contract, quasi-contract quasi-contract Art. Art. 1146 1146
Actions prescribing in 4 years – injury to the Actions prescribing in 4 years – injury to the rights of the
rights of the plaintiff, quasi-delictplaintiff, quasi-delict Art.
Art. 1147 1147
Actions prescribing in 1 year- forcible entry and Actions prescribing in 1 year- forcible entry and detainer, defamation detainer, defamation Art. Art. 1148 1148
Art. 1140-47 without prejudice to other Art. 1140-47 without prejudice to other provisions, code of commerce, special laws provisions, code of commerce, special laws Art.
1149 Art. 1150
Prescription, without provision to the contrary, shall be counter from the day it may be brought Art.
1151
Action to enforce obligation to pay principal with interest or annuity – from day of last payment Art.
1152
Action to enforce obligation by virtue of judgment – from day of finality of judgment
Art. 1153
Action for accounting – from the day accounting ceased; result of accounting – from day result recognized by interested parties
Art. 1154
Time when oblige was prevented by fortuitous event from enforcing his rights – not counted against him
Art. 1155
Prescription of action interrupted: case filed in court, written extrajudicial demand, written acknowledgment of debt Art. 1156 Obligation Art. 1157
Sources of obligation (law, contracts, quasi-contracts, crimes, quasi-delicts
Art. 1158
Law – never presumed (clear, specific, exact) Art.
1159
Contracts – need compliance in good faith Art.
1160
Quasi-contracts Art.
1161
Crimes – civil liability attaching to crimes Art.
1162
Quasi-delicts (torts) – negligence resulting to damages
Art. 1163
Duty to take care – diligence of a good father of a family
Art. 1164
Rights to the fruit Art.
1165
Determinate: specific performance to deliver + damages; indeterminate: compliance at the expense of debtor; obligor delays or promised the object to 2 persons: responsible for fortuitous events until delivery (exception to the rule on fortuitous event)
Art. 1166
Delivery of determinate – includes accessions and accessories
Art. 1167
Failure to do – done at his cost; not required to be done – may be undone
Art. 1168
Obligation not to do, but was done – undo at obligors expense
Art. 1169
Delay – from time oblige demands ; cases when no demand is necessary
Art. 1170
Damages – fraud, negligence, delay, contravention of tenor of contract Art.
1171
Fraud in the performance of obligation – waiver for future fraud is void
Art. 1172
Negligence Art.
1173
Negligence in the omission of diligence with bad faith = fraud Art. 1174 Fortuitous event Art. 1175 Usurious transactions Art. 1176
Receipt of principal without reservation – presumption: interest has been paid
Receipt of later instalment – presumption: prior instalments has been paid
Art. 1177
Creditors may go against debtors of the debtors Art.
1178
Rights acquired by virtue of obligation – transmissible
Art. 1179
Pure obligation; obligation with resolutory condition – demandable at once
Art. 1180
To pay when means permit him to do so – deemed to be with a period (court)
Art. 1181
Conditional obligation Art.
1182
Fulfilment of condition depending on will of debtor – obligation void; chance and will of third person
Art. 1183
Impossible obligation – annul obligation save for parts of divisible obligation
Art. 1184
Condition: at a determinate time – happening – extinguish
Art. 1185
Condition: at a determinate time – not to happen – effective
Art. 1186
Acts of prevention by obligor – constructive fulfilment
Art. 1187
Effects of suspensive condition– retroact to the day of constitution of obligation – appropriate fruits and interests; reciprocal obligation – mutual compensation
Art. 1188
Creditor – preservation of right prior fulfilment; recover payment by mistake
Art. 1189
Rules in case of improvement, loss or deterioration
Art. 1190
Condition: purpose is for extinguishment of obligation to give – return what they have received
Art. 1191
Rescission of contract – implied in reciprocal obligation; creditor – choice between rescission or fulfilment +damages; without prejudice to 3rd persons
Art. 1192
Both parties breached the contract: 1stinfractor; if can’t be determined- bear own damages, exting.
Art. 1193
Obligations with a period Art.
1194
Loss, deterioration, improvement – Art. 1189 Art.
1195
Anything paid by mistake before due – may be recovered with fruits and interests
Art. 1196
Period – presumed as established for creditor and debtor unless otherwise stated
Art. 1197
No period, depend on will of debtor - court Art.
1198
Debtor lose right to period in the following cases...(guarantees/sureties, abscond) Art.
1199
Alternative obligation – complete performance of one; creditor can’t be compelled to receive partial
Art. 1200
Right of choice – debtor; no right to choose: impossible, unlawful, not the object of obligation Art.
1201
Choice – no effect until communicated Art.
1202
Lose right of choice when only one is practicable Art.
1203
Creditor’s prevents choice of debtor – debtor may rescind
Art. 1204
Indemnity for loss/impossibility through the fault of debtor – value of last thing which disappeared + other damages
Art. 1205
Creditor’s choice – ceases to be alternative upon communication to debtor
Responsibilities of debtor in case of loss of objects
Art. Facultative obligation– one prestation agreed
1206 upon with substitute; deterioration of substitute Art.
1207
Solidary liability – only when expressly stated, or by law of nature of obligation
Art. 1208
Absent stipulation/law/nature – joint obligation – divided into shares
Art. 1209
Joint indivisible obligation – creditors must act collectively
Art. 1210
Indivisibility of obligation does not give rise to solidarity and vice versa
Art. 1211
Solidary – even if bound is different manner, period, condition
Art. 1212
Each solidary creditor may do what may be useful to the others
Art. 1213
Solidary creditor can’t assign his rights with consent of others
Art. 1214
Debtor may pay any creditor, if demand was made, pay creditor who demanded
Art. 1215
Novation, compensation, confusion or remission of the debt – extinguish – liability towards others Art.
1216
Creditor may proceed after any one/some/all of solidary debtor
Art. 1217
Payment by one debtor extinguishes obligation, creditor may choose whose offer to accept, debtor may reimburse from other debtor, insolvency – shouldered by others in proportion to debt
Art. 1218
Payment made after prescription/illegal – no reimbursement
Art. 1219
Remission by creditor – debtor still responsible to co-debtors
Art. 1220
Remission of whole obligation – no reimbursement
Art. 1221
Object lost/impossible without fault of solidary debtors – extinguished; with fault – all
responsible + action against guilty debtor;
fortuitous after impossible/ delay – all responsible + action
Art. 1222
Solidary debtor – all defences from nature of obligation or personal
Art. 1223
Divisibility/indivisibility + one debtor and one creditor – chapter2
Art. 1224
Joint divisible obligation – indemnity any time one debtor fail to comply, those ready to pay shall no contribute
1225 performance; divisible: measurable/partial (unless stipulated otherwise); not to do – character of obligation
Art. 1226
Penal clause – penalty – substitute indemnity + interest; damages – refuse to pay penalty or fraud
Art. 1227
Cant’s exempt from performance by paying penalty; not simultaneous with performance Art.
1228
Proof of actual damages – not necessary Art.
1229
Judge – equitably reduce penalty (iniquitous and unconscionable)
Art. 1230
Nullity of penal clause – no nullity of principal; nullity of principal – nullity of penal
Art. 1231 Extinguishment of obligation Art. 1232 Payment Art. 1233
Not deemed paid unless thing/service has been completely delivered
Art. 1234
Substantial performance in good faith – deemed as fulfilled + damages
Art. 1235
Acceptance of substantial performance without express protest – fulfilled + no damages Art.
1236
Creditor not bound to accept payment by 3rd persons; 3rdperson may reimburse from debtor except when paid without knowledge and consent – recover only what’s beneficial Art.
1237
Payment by 3rdperson without
knowledge/consent – no subrogation of rights Art.
1238
Payment by 3rdperson without intent to reimbursement = donation – need consent Art.
1239
Payment by person with no free disposal – not valid ; minors can
Art. 1240
Payment to = person in whose favour obligation was constitutes, successors in interest, authority Art.
1241
Payment to incapacitated person – valid – kept the thing, beneficial; benefit need not be proven in...
Art. 1242
Payment in good faith to person in possession of credit – release from obligation
Art. 1243
Payment after judicial order to retain debt – invalid
Art. Debtor can’t compel creditor to receive a
1244 different object; can’t be substituted by another act against will of oblige
Art. 1245
Dation in payment Art.
1246
Indeterminate/ generic – can’t demand superior quality or accept inferior quality
Art. 1247
Extrajudicial cost – debtor; judicial cost – court Art.
1248
Creditor can’t be compel to accept partial
prestation/ debtor to make partial payment; part liquidated and part unliquidated
Art. 1249
Payment of debts in money – stipulated currency or phil. currency; mercantile documents as payment only when encashed, impaired through fault of debtor
Art. 1250
Extraordinary inflation/deflation – value at time of constitution of obligation, unless otherwise
Art. 1251
Place of payment – stipulation, location of thing, domicile of debtor – change in domicile in bad faith or after delay – cost by debtor
Art. 1252
Various debts, same kind, same creditor – declaration, due; accepts a receipt – can’t complain after
Art. 1253
Debt with interest – principal not paid until interest are covered
Art. 1254
Most onerous debt; all of same nature – payment applied proportionately
Art. 1255
Cession – assign property in payment of debts; released for net proceeds
Art. 1256
Consignation – creditor to whom tender of payment made refuses without just cause; consignation alone in cases...
Art. 1257
1stnotification to persons interested in fulfilment Art.
1258
Consignation – made by depositing thing due to judicial authority; 2ndnotification
Art. 1259
Expenses of consignation – creditor Art.
1260
Withdraw consigned object: before creditor accepted, before judicial declaration – obligation remain
Art. 1261
Creditor authorize the debtor to withdraw – lose preference over the thing, co debtors, sureties, guarantors – released
Art. 1262
Determinate lost/destroyed w/o fault of debtor, before delay – extinguished; responsible for fortuitous – law, stipulation, risk – damages Art.
1263
Generic: loss/destruction – not extinguished Art.
1264
Courts - partial loss is so important as to extinguish obligation
Art. 1265
Lost in possession of debtor – presumption of fault except in earthquake, flood, storm (calamity)
Art. 1266
Prestation becomes legally/physically impossible w/o fault of debtor – released in whole or part Art.
1267
Service has become so difficult as to be manifestly beyond the contemplation of the parties – same
Art. 1268
Debt of thing certain – criminal offense – loss – no exemption; unless offered back and creditor refused w/o justification
Art. 1269
Creditor have all rights of action of debtor against 3rdpersons by reason of loss (insurance) Art.
1270
Condonation/remission – requires acceptance (express/implied)
Art. 1271
Delivery of private document (credit) – remission; defense against claim of inofficiousness –
voluntary delivery by virtue of payment Art.
1272
Private document in possession of debtor – presumption of voluntary delivery
Art. 1273
Renunciation of principal = also accessory Art.
1274
Presumption of remittance of pledge – if found in possession of debtor/owner
Art. 1275
Confusion/merger – creditor and debtor in one and same person
Art. 1276
Merger of principal debtor and creditors – release guarantor; debtor/creditor and guarantor – not extinguished
Art. 1277
Confusion does not extinguish joint obligation; only extent of share
Art. 1278
Compensation – 2 persons are creditors and debtors of each other
Art. 1279
Requisites
Art. Guarantor may set up compensation as regards
1280 what the creditor may owe the principal debtor Art.
1281
Total or partial compensation Art.
1282
May agree upon compensation of debts not yet due
Art. 1283
Judicial set-off (damages) Art.
1284
Compensation before rescission/nullity of obligation
Art. 1285
Assignment of credit by the creditor to 3rdperson Art.
1286
Compensation – by operation of law regardless of place; indemnity for expenses of transpo – partial Art.
1287
Not proper in case of debts: from depositorium, bailee in commodatum, support for gratuitous title
Art. 1288
No compensation in civil liability from penal offense
Art. 1289
Order of compensation – follow order of payment Art.
1290
Requisites in Art. 1279 present – compensation by operation of law
Art. 1291
Novation: change object/principal condition, substitution debtor, subrogation of creditor Art.
1292
Expressed in unequivocal terms, or that the old and new obligations be on every point
incompatible with each other Art.
1293
Substituting a debtor without his consent, but always with consent of creditor
Art. 1294
Substitution without knowledge/against the will of debtor – insolvency/non-fulfilment of new debtor – no liability on old debtor
Art. 1295
Substitution with consent – creditor can go after debtor – if insolvency was existing and of public knowledge, or known to the debtor – when he delegated his debt
Art. 1296
Accessory obligation may subsist in so far as they benefit 3rdpersons who do not consent to
novation Art.
1297
New obligation is void, old will subsist; unless intended otherwise
Art. 1298
Novation is void if original obligation is void, except before annulment/when ratified Art. Same suspensive/resolutory condition
1299 Art. 1300
Subrogation of 3rdperson in the rights of creditor – legal or conventional. Legal not presumed Art.
1301
Conventional subrogation – needs consent of 3d person and original parties
Art. 1302
Legal subrogation in cases: creditor to creditor credit buy off, disinterested 3rdperson w/ consent of debtor, interested person even w/o consent of debtor
Art.13 03
Subrogation transfers to the subrogated person the credit with all the rights of creditor
Art. 1304
Creditor to whom partial payment was given preferred over subrogated ( for reimbursement) – partial payment by 3rdperson w/ consent
Art. 1305
Contract – meeting of the minds, to bind one self to perform an obligation Art. 1306 Freedom to contract Art. 1307
Innominate contracts – no specific name/ delagtion in law (by analogous nominate contract)
Art. 1308
Contracts bind both parties Art.
1309
Determination of performance by 3rdperson Art.
1310
If determination is evidently inequitable – the courts shall decide what is equitable
Art. 1311
Persons affected by a contract (G: parties, assigns, heirs; E: by nature, stipulation, law); stipulation pour atrui
Art. 1312
3rdpersons are bound by contracts creating real rights
Art. 1313
Right of creditors to impugn contracts intended to defraud them
Art. 1314
Liability of 3rdperson responsible for breach of contract, induces another
Art. 1315
Perfection of contracts: consensual, real, solemn Art.
1316
Perfection of real contracts – delivery (deposit, pledge, commodatum)
Art. 1317
Unauthorized contracts are unenforceable unless ratified
Art. 1318
Requisites of a contract: consent, object, cause Art.
1319
Consent (offer, acceptance, counter-offer) Art.
1320
Acceptance – express of implied Art.
1321
Offerer may fix the time, place, and manner of acceptance
Art. 1322
Offer made through an agent – acceptance communicated to agent
Art. 1323
Offer becomes ineffective – death, civil interdiction, insanity, insolvency before acceptance
Art. 1324
Option contract, option period, option money Art.
1325
G: Business advertisements are invitations to make an offer
Art. 1326
G: advertisements for bidders are invitations to make proposals
Art. 1327
No capacity of give consent: minors, insane or demented, deaf-mute and illiterate
Art. 1328
Contracts: during a lucid interval – valid; during hypnotic spell/state of drunkenness – voidable Art.
1329
Above incapacity is subject to modifications by law (Rules of Court)
Art. 1330
Consent through mistake, violence, intimidation, undue influence, or fraud – voidable
Art. 1331
Mistake or error – should be substantial Art.
1332
Burden of prf in case of mistake or fraud – person enforcing the contract (in case one of the parties is unable to read, in language not
understood by him) Art.
1333
No mistake – knowledge of risk, doubt, contingency
Art. 1334
Mutual error (in mistake of law) Art.
1335
Violence and intimidation Art.
1336
Violence or intimidation by a 3rdperson Art.
1337
Undue influence Art.
1338
Art. 1339
Fraud by concealment Art.
1340
Usual exaggerations in trade (dealer’s/trader’s talk) Art. 1341 Expression of opinion Art. 1342 Misrepresentation by 3rd persons Art. 1343
Misrepresentation in good faith Art.
1344
Causal fraud and incidental fraud Art.
1345
Simulation of contract (absolute of relative) Art.
1346
Absolutely simulated – void; relatively simulated (no prejudice to 3rdpersons, not contrary...) – valid Art. 1347 Object of a contract Art. 1348
Impossible things/service – can’t be the object Art.
1349
Object – must be determinate as to its kind Art.
1350
Cause: onerous – prestation/promise of thing or servicel remuneratory – service/benefit
remunerated; contracts of pure beneficence – liberality of benefactor Art. 1351 Motives Art. 1352
No cause – no effect; unlawful cause Art.
1353
False cause – void (if founded on another cause which is true and lawful)
Art. 1354
Cause – presumed to exists and lawful (unless debtor proves the contrary)
Art. 1355
Lesion or inadequacy of cause – doesn’t invalidate contract (unless F,M, UI) Art.
1356
Form of contract (G: obligatory in any form) Art.
1357
When the law requires for the contract to be in a document/other special form
Art. 1358 Public document Art. 1359 Reformation of instrument Art. 1360
Principles of the general law on reformation (note: new civil code will prevail in case of conflict)
Art. 1361
Mutual mistake as basis of reformation Art.
1362
Mistake on one side, fraud/inequitable conduct on the other – reformation by good faith party Art.
1363
Concealment of mistake by the other party – reformation by good faith party
Art. 1364
Ignorance, lack of skill, negligence, bad faith on person drafting – reformation by either party Art.
1365
Mortgage or pledge stated as sale – reformation Art.
1366
No reformation: simple donation inter vivos, wills, real agreement is void
Art. 1367
No reformation: when one of the parties has brought an action to enforce the instrument Art.
1368
Party entitled to reformation: party, successors in interest (mutual mistake); injured party, heirs, assigns
Art. 1369
Procedure for reformation – Rules of Court (§7, Rule 130)
Art. 1370
If words are clear – literal meaning; if in the contrary – intention of the parties
Art. 1371
Intention: contemporaneous and subsequent acts
Art. 1372
Special intent over general intent Art.
1373
Interpretation of stipulation with several meanings – one which will render it effectual Art.
1374
Contract should be interpreted as a whole Art.
1375
Words with different significations – understood in that which is most in keeping with
nature/object Art.
1376
Usage and custom as aid in interpretation Art.
1377
Interpretation of obscure words or stipulations – not to favour party who caused obscurity Art.
1378
Rules in case doubts are impossible to settle Art.
1379
Principles of interpretation – Rule 123 of Rules of Court
Art. 1380
Rescissible contracts: valid up to the time they are rescinded “validly agreed upon”
Art. 1381
Rescissible contracts Art.
1382
Payments made in a state of insolvency – rescissible
Art. 1383
Action for rescission is subsidiary Art.
1384
Rescission: only to the extent necessary to cover damages
Art. 1385
G: mutual restitution; E: if not possible, legally in the possession of 3rdpersons in good faith Art.
1386
No rescission in Art. 1381 (1,2) in contracts approved by courts
Art. 1387
Alienation presumed in fraud of creditors: gratuitous titles and onerous title
Art. 1388
Liability of purchaser in bad faith – return, indemnify
Art. 1389
Action for rescission: 4 years Art.
1390
Voidable/annullable contracts: legal incapacity to give consent, vitiation of consent; ratification Art.
1391
Action for annulment: 4 years Art.
1392
Ratification (extinguishes action to annul) Art.
1393
Ratification: express or tacit/implied Art.
1394
Ratification by guardian of incapacitated person Art.
1395
Conformity of guilty party to ratification is not required
Art. 1396
Ratification cleanses the contract of all its defects
Art. 1397
Party entitled to bring action to annul Art.
1398
Duty of mutual restitution upon annulment Art.
1399
Restitution by incapacitated person: not obliged except in so far as he has been benefited Art.
1400
Loss of thing to be returned: fruits + value of the thing at the time of loss + interest from date of loss
Art. 1401
Extinguishment of action for annulment – if object is lost through fraud or fault of plaintiff Art.
1402
Inability to restore – no obligation to restore for the other party
Art. 1403
Unenforceable contracts (ratification) Art.