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(2) © Science Press 2007 First published 2007 Reprinted 2008 (twice), 2010 Science Press Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915 sales@sciencepress.com.au www.sciencepress.com.au. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861.
(3) Contents Introduction. v. Verbs to Watch. vi. Dot Points Maintaining a Balance. vii. Blueprint of Life. ix. The Search for Better Health. xi. Communication. xiii. Genetics: The Code Broken?. xv. Questions Maintaining a Balance. 1. Blueprint of Life. 35. The Search for Better Health. 71. Communication. 103. Genetics: The Code Broken?. 145. Summaries Maintaining a Balance. 179. Blueprint of Life. 195. The Search for Better Health. 211. Communication. 229. Genetics: The Code Broken?. 247. Answers Maintaining a Balance. 265. Blueprint of Life. 277. The Search for Better Health. 289. Communication. 299. Genetics: The Code Broken?. 315. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Biology. iii. Contents.
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Science Press. Contents. iv. Dot Point HSC Biology.
(5) Introduction What the book includes ,QWKLVERRN\RXZLOO¿QGW\SLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVDVZHOODVVXPPDULHVIRUHDFKGRWSRLQWLQ the Board of Studies syllabus for the following topics in the Year 12 Biology course: . 0DLQWDLQLQJD%DODQFH. . %OXHSULQWRI/LIH. . 7KH6HDUFKIRU%HWWHU+HDOWK. . &RPPXQLFDWLRQ. . *HQHWLFV 7KH&RGH%URNHQ". Also included are typical experimental results for students to analyse if the third column of the syllabus indicates WKDWVWXGHQWVVKRXOGFDUU\RXWµ¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV¶ Format of the book The book has been formatted in the following way: 1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus) 1.1etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3. 1RWHWKDWWKHQXPEHULQJRIWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVLVWKHDXWKRU¶VFKRLFHDQGKDVEHHQXVHGWRPDNHUHIHUHQFLQJ TXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVFOHDUHU7KHLQGLYLGXDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWQXPEHUHGLQWKHV\OODEXVWKH\DUHVLPSO\ EXOOHWHG±KHQFHRXUXVHRIµGRWSRLQWV¶ZKHQZHUHIHUWRWKHP 1.1.1 )LUVWW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV UHTXLUHPHQW 1.1.2 6HFRQGW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV UHTXLUHPHQWHWF 7KHQXPEHURIOLQHVSURYLGHGIRUHDFKDQVZHUJLYHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIKRZPDQ\PDUNVWKHTXHVWLRQPLJKWEH worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth one mark. Note that in PDQ\DQVZHUVWKUHHOLQHVKDYHEHHQSURYLGHGDVWKHDPRXQWRIZULWLQJUHTXLUHGH[FHHGVWZROLQHVEXWWKH biology involved is worth only one mark. How to use the book &RPSOHWLQJDOOTXHVWLRQVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDVXPPDU\RIDOOWKHZRUN\RXQHHGWRNQRZIURPWKHV\OODEXV You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered, but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams. :KHQZRUNLQJWKURXJKWKHTXHVWLRQVZULWHWKHDQVZHUV\RXKDYHWRORRNXSLQDGLIIHUHQWFRORXUWRWKRVH\RX NQRZZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRUHVHDUFKWKHZRUN7KLVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDTXLFNUHIHUHQFHWRZRUN\RXVKRXOG spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively. $WWKHHQGRIHDFKVHFWLRQLVDQµ$SSOLHG4XHVWLRQ¶7KLVTXHVWLRQOLQNVVHYHUDOGRWSRLQWVUHTXLULQJ\RXWR DQDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGVKRZUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQFRQFHSWV+LJKHURUGHUTXHVWLRQVLQWKH+6&H[DPLQDWLRQ UHTXLUHVWXGHQWVWRDQDO\VHDVVHVVHYDOXDWHDQGOLQNFRQFHSWVIURPGLIIHUHQWVHFWLRQVRIWKHV\OODEXV Science Press. Dot Point HSC Biology. v. Introduction.
(6) Verbs to Watch account, account for State reasons for, report on, give an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions.. distinguish Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from, note difference between things.. analyse Identify components and the relationships among them, draw out and relate implications.. evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria. examine ,QTXLUHLQWR. apply Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation.. explain Relate cause and effect, make the relationship between things evident, provide why and/or how.. appreciate Make a judgement about the value of something.. extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.. assess 0DNHDMXGJHPHQWRIYDOXHTXDOLW\RXWFRPHV results or size.. extrapolate Infer from what is known.. calculate 'HWHUPLQHIURPJLYHQIDFWV¿JXUHVRULQIRUPDWLRQ. identify Recognise and name.. clarify Make clear or plain.. interpret Draw meaning from.. classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories.. investigate 3ODQLQTXLUHLQWRDQGGUDZFRQFOXVLRQVDERXW. compare Show how things are similar or different.. justify Support an argument or conclusion.. construct Make, build, put together items or arguments.. outline Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features.. contrast Show how things are different or opposite.. predict Suggest what may happen based on available data.. critically (analyse/evaluate) Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJORJLFTXHVWLRQLQJUHÀHFWLRQDQG TXDOLW\WRDQDQDO\VLVRUHYDOXDWLRQ. propose Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion etc) for consideration or action.. deduce Draw conclusions.. recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.. GH¿QH 6WDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIDQGLGHQWLI\HVVHQWLDOTXDOLWLHV. recommend Provide reasons in favour.. demonstrate Show by example.. recount Retell a series of events.. describe Provide characteristics and features.. summarise Express concisely the relevant details.. discuss Identify issues and provide points for and against.. synthesise Put together various elements to make a whole.. Science Press. Verbs to Watch. vi. Dot Point HSC Biology.
(7) Maintaining a Balance Dot Point. Page. Dot Point. Page. 1.. Organisms are active in a limited temperature range. 2. 2.12 Investigation: TS and LS xylem and phloem. 23. 1.1. Role of enzymes. 2. 2.13 Applied Question Section 2. 24. 1.2. Investigation: Enzymes and temperature, pH, substrate. 3. 3.. Regulation of concentrations of gases, water and waste products. 25. 1.3. pH and acidity. 6. 3.1. 25. 1.4. Constant internal environment. 6. Why water concentrations are maintained in a narrow range. 1.5. Homeostasis. 6. 3.2. Why removal of wastes is essential. 25. 1.6. Two stages of homeostasis. 6. . 5ROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQ¿VKDQGPDPPDOV. . 1.7. Role of nervous system. 7. 3.4. 26. 1.8. Investigation: Feedback model. 7. Diffusion and osmosis and removing nitrogenous wastes. 1.9. Range of temperatures for life. 8. 3.5. Active and passive transport in mammalian kidney. 26. 3.6. Filtration and reabsorption in nephron. 26. 3.7. Investigation: Structure of mammalian kidney. 27. 3.8. Investigation: Renal dialysis. 28. 3.9. Roles of hormones aldosterone and ADH. 29. 1.10 Australian endotherms and ectotherms. 8. 1.11 Investigation: Australian adaptations for temperature. 9. 1.12 Plant responses to temperature. 10. 1.13 Applied Question Section 1. 11. 2. . Plants and animals transport nutrients 13 DQGJDVHVLQDÀXLGPHGLXP. 2.1. Substances in blood. 13. 2.2. Advantage of haemoglobin. 14. 2.3. Structure of arteries, veins, capillaries. 14. 2.4. Changes in blood composition. 16. 2.5. Investigation: Carbon dioxide and blood pH. 17. 2.6. Investigation: Size of red and white blood cells. 2.7 2.8. 2.9. 3.10 Investigation: Hormone replacement therapy. 30. 3.11 Investigation: Urine concentration of PDPPDOVDQG¿VK. 30. 3.12 Investigation: Water concentration and nitrogenous wastes in insects and mammals. 31. 3.13 Enantiostasis and estuarine organisms. 32. 18. 3.14 Investigation: Salt regulation in different plants. 32. Need for oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. 19. 3.15 Adaptations of terrestrial Australian plants to reduce water loss. 33. Investigation: Current technologies for measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood. 19. 3.16 Investigation: Structures in plants to conserve water loss. 34. 3.17 Applied Question Section 3. 34. Investigation: Donated blood. 21. $UWL¿FLDOEORRG. . 2.11 Current theories for movement in xylem and phloem. 22. Answers to Maintaining a Balance. 265. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Biology. vii. Maintaining a Balance.
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Science Press. Maintaining a Balance. viii. Dot Point HSC Biology.
(9) Blueprint of Life Dot Point 1. 1.1 1.2. Page. Evidence of evolution Investigation: Model natural selection Impact on evolution of physical and chemical environment changes and resource competition 1.3 Case study: Environmental change and change in a species 1.4 Supporting evidence for evolution 1.5 Investigation: Vertebrate forelimbs 1.6 Investigation: Technology advances and evolutionary relationships 1.7 Darwin/Wallace theory for divergent and convergent evolution 1.8 Investigation: Historical development of HYROXWLRQWKHRULHVDQGSROLWLFDOLQÀXHQFHV 1.9 Applied Question Section 1 2. Gregor Mendel and inheritance of characteristics 2.1 Experiments of Gregor Mendel 0HQGHO¶VWHFKQLTXHVDQGKLVVXFFHVV 2.3 Monohybrid crosses and dominance :K\0HQGHO¶VZRUNZDVUHFRJQLVHGODWHU 2.5 Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes 2.6 Distinguish allele and gene 2.7 Phenotype and dominant and recessive alleles 2.8 Investigation: Family trees and pedigrees ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ 3UREOHPVROYLQJ monohybrid crosses 2.10 Investigation: Hybridisation within a species 2.11 Applied Question Section 2 3. Structure of Chromosomes 3.1 Sutton and Boveri 3.2 Chemical nature of chromosomes and genes 3.3 DNA is a double helix with bases and VXJDUSKRVSKDWHEDFNERQH 3.4 Chromosomes during meiosis and inheritance of genes 3.5 Investigation: Model of meiosis and crossing over. Dot Point. 36 36 36. Page. 3.6. Gamete production, sexual reproduction 53 and variability 6H[OLQNDJHDQG0HQGHO¶VUDWLRV 0RUJDQDQGVH[OLQNDJH 3.9 Codominance 55 ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ 3UREOHPVROYLQJ FRGRPLQDQFHDQGVH[OLQNDJH 3.11 Environment and gene expression 56 3.12 Investigation: Effect of environment 56 on phenotype 3.13 Applied Question Section 3 57 4. Structure of DNA 59 '1$UHSOLFDWLRQDQGLWVVLJQL¿FDQFH 4.2 DNA controls production of polypeptides 59 4.3 Investigation: Model for polypeptide 60 synthesis 4.4 Relationship of proteins and polypeptides 61 4.5 Investigation: Experiments of Beadle 61 DQG7DWXPIRUµRQHJHQHRQHSURWHLQ¶ 4.6 Mutations lead to new alleles 62 4.7 Evidence for mutagenic nature of radiation 62 4.8 Investigation: Flow chart for change in 62 DNA changes cell activity 4.9 Understanding source of variation supports 63 'DUZLQ¶VWKHRU\RIQDWXUDOVHOHFWLRQ 4.10 Investigation: Modern example of 63 natural selection 3XQFWXDWHGHTXLOLEULXPDQGJUDGXDO evolution 4.12 Investigation: Watson, Crick, Franklin 64 and Wilkins 4.13 Applied Question Section 4 65 5. Current reproductive technologies 67 $UWL¿FLDOLQVHPLQDWLRQDUWL¿FLDO pollination and cloning 5.2 Investigation: Cloning 68 5.3 Producing transgenic species 68 5.4 Investigation: Examples of transgenic 69 species 5.5 Reproductive technologies and genetic 69 diversity 5.6 Applied Question Section 5 70 Answers to Blueprint of Life 277. 38 38 41 41 41 42 43 45 45 46 47 47 47 48 49 50 51 51 51 51 52 52. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Biology. ix. Blueprint of Life.
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Science Press. Blueprint of Life. x. Dot Point HSC Biology.
(11) The Search for Better Health Dot Point. Page. Dot Point. Page. 1.. What is a healthy organism?. 72. 4.4. Defence adaptations. 87. . 'H¿QLQJKHDOWKDQGGLVHDVH. . . ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ ,PEDODQFHRIPLFURÀRUD. . 1.2. Function of genes, mitosis, differentiation, specialisation and health. 72. 4.6. Applied Question Section 4. 88. 5.. MacFarlane Burnet’s work and immunisation. 89. 1.3. Investigation: Gene expression and maintenance and repair. 73. . $QWLERGLHV7FHOOV%FHOOV. . . %DQG7FHOOVDQGWKHLPPXQHUHVSRQVH. . 1.4. Applied Question Section 1. 73. 5.3. Vaccinations prevent infection. 90. 2.. Chinese and Hebrews advocated cleanliness and hygiene. 75. 5.4. Investigation: Vaccination programs including smallpox, diphtheria and polio. 91. 2.1 . Distinguish infection and QRQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVH. 75. 5.5. Suppression of immune response and organ transplant. 92. 2.2. Cleanliness and hygiene control disease. 75. 5.6. Applied Question Section 5. 92. . 'H¿QLWLRQRISDWKRJHQ. . 6.. Epidemiological studies and non-infectious diseases. 93. 2.4. Investigation: Microbes in food or water. 77. 6.1. Features of epidemiology – lung cancer. 93. 2.5. Investigation: Treatment of drinking water. 77. 6.2. Investigation: Cause and effect of smoking and lung cancer. 93. 2.6. Applied Question Section 2. 78. 3.. Pasteur, Koch and the search for microbes. 79. 3.1. Work of Pasteur and Koch. 79. . ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ 3DVWHXU¶VH[SHULPHQW with microbes. . 3.3. Prions, viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, macroparasites. 81. 3.4. . 1RQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVH±LQKHULWHG nutritional, environmental. . . ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ 1DPHGQRQLQIHFWLRXV disease. . 6.5. Applied Question Section 6. 96. 7.. Strategies to prevent and control disease 97. 7.1. Quarantine in and across Australia. 97. 7.2. Preventing disease using public health programs, pesticides, genetic engineering. 97. 7.3 . Investigation: Effectiveness of TXDUDQWLQHLQRUDFURVV$XVWUDOLD. 98. 7.4. Investigation: Plant pathogens and insect pests. 99. 7.5. Investigation: Shift from treatment and control to management or prevention of disease. 100. Applied Question Section 7. 101. Investigation: Cause and prevention of malaria. 82. 3.5. Investigation: Named infectious disease. 82. 3.6. Role of antibiotics in infectious disease. 83. 3.7. Investigation: Problems with antibiotic resistance. 83. 3.8. Applied Question Section 3. 84. 4.. Immune response. 85. 4.1. Barriers to prevent entry of pathogens. 85. 7.6. 4.2. Antigens trigger immune response. 86. Answers to The Search for Better Health. 4.3. Transplants and the immune response. 86. 289. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Biology. xi. The Search for Better Health.
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Science Press. The Search for Better Health. xii. Dot Point HSC Biology.
(13) Communication Dot Point 1.. Page. Humans and animals detect a range of stimuli 1.1 Role of receptors in detecting stimuli 1.2 Stimulus, receptor, messenger, effector, response 1.3 Investigation: Range of senses in communication 1.4 Applied Question Section 1 2. Visual communication and the eye 2.1 Anatomy of the eye 2.2 Limited wavelengths detected by humans, a vertebrate and an invertebrate 2.3 Investigation: Dissection of a mammalian eye 2.4 Investigation: Range of wavelengths detected by humans and other animals 2.5 Applied Question Section 2 3. Signal clarity can affect interpretation 3.1 Conditions for refraction 3.2 Investigation: Convex lenses and accommodation 3.3 Refractive media in the eye 3.4 Accommodation and lens curvature 3.5 Investigation: Changes in the shape of the lens and focus 3.6 Refractive power and accommodation 3.7 Myopia and hyperopia 3.8 Depth perception 3.9 Investigation: Cataracts and technology to prevent blindness 3.10 Applied Question Section 3 4. Light signal and electrical impulse 4.1 Photoreceptor cells 4.2 Distribution, structure, function of photoreceptors 4.3 Role of rhodopsin 4.4 Three types of cones 4.5 Colour blindness 4.6 Investigation: Photoreceptors in mammals, insects and another animal 4.7 Investigation: Colour communication in animals. Dot Point. 104. 4.8 5.. Page. Applied Question Section 4 Sound is an important communication medium 5.1 Why sound is a useful form of communication 6RXQGYLEUDWLQJREMHFWDQGIUHTXHQF\ ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ :DYHOHQJWKIUHTXHQF\ and pitch 5.4 Human larynx and sound production 5.5 Structures used by animals to produce sound 5.6 Applied Question Section 5 6. Organs to detect vibrations 6.1 Detection of vibrations by insects, ¿VKDQGPDPPDOV 6.2 Anatomy and function of human ear 6.3 Investigation: Structure of mammalian ear 6.4 Role of Eustachian tube 6.5 Path of sound wave through ear 6.6 Organ of corti 6.7 Sound shadow ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ )UHTXHQFLHVGHWHFWHG by humans and other animals 6.9 Investigation: Hearing aids and cochlear implants 6.10 Applied Question Section 6 7. Electrochemical changes in membranes 7.1 Nerve is a bundle of neurones 7.2 Neurones transmit signals 7.3 Investigation: Nerve and neurone structure 7.4 Threshold and action potential 7.5 Areas of cerebrum 7.6 Investigation: Brain dissection 7.7 Correct interpretation of signals and coordination 7.8 Investigation: Typical action potential 7.9 Applied Question Section 7 Answers to Communication. 104 104 105 106 107 107 109 109 110 110 111 111 111 111 112 112 113 113 114 115 116 117 117 117 118 119 119 120. 122 123 123 125 126 127 129 129 130 131 131 132 132 133 135 136 137 137 137 138 139 139 140 141 142 143 299. 121. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Biology. xiii. Communication.
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Science Press. Communication. xiv. Dot Point HSC Biology.
(15) Genetics: The Code Broken? Dot Point 1.. Page. The structure of a gene and the code for a polypeptide 1.1 Information from DNA to RNA to polypeptide 1.2 Investigation: Model of DNA 1.3 Current understanding of gene expression 1.4 Applied Question Section 1 2. Multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance provide further variability within a trait 2.1 Characteristics determined by multiple alleles 2.2 Inheritance of ABO and Rhesus blood groups 2.3 Investigation: ABO blood groups and Rhesus factor 2.4 Polygenic inheritance 2.5 Investigation: Example of polygenic inheritance '1$¿QJHUSULQWLQJIRUHQVLFV paternity and pedigrees 2.7 Applied Question Section 2 2IIVSULQJVWXGLHVUHÀHFWLQKHULWDQFH on different chromosomes and genes on same chromosomes 3.1 Diploid and haploid 3.2 Dihybrid crosses and Mendel 3.3 Investigation: Dihybrid crosses when both traits inherited independently and when linked 3.4 Predict inheritance difference if two genes linked 3.5 Crossbreeding experiments identify relative positions of linked genes 3.6 Chromosome mapping and species relationships 3.7 Investigation: Model linkage 3.8 Applied Question Section 3 4. Human Genome Project %HQH¿WVRI+XPDQ*HQRPH3URMHFW 4.2 Limitations of data from Human Genome Project 4.3 Investigation: Why Human Genome Project could not be achieved by studying linkage maps. Dot Point. 146. Page. 4.4 4.5. Procedure to produce recombinant DNA 160 Use of recombinant DNA technology 161 and gene position on a chromosome 4.6 Applied Question Section 4 161 5. Gene therapy and harmful conditions 163 8VHRIJHQHWKHUDS\IRUDQLGHQWL¿HG disease 5.2 Investigation: Current use of gene therapy 163 5.3 Applied Question Section 5 164 6. Mechanisms of genetic change 165 6.1 Distinguishing between mutations 165 of chromosomes 6.2 Investigation: Effect of one named 165 and described genetic mutation on human health 6.3 DNA repairs itself 166 6.4 Transposable genetic elements 166 6.5 Germ line and somatic mutations 166 6.6 Applied Question Section 6 167 7. Selective breeding is different to 169 gene cloning 7.1 Selective breeding in agriculture 169 7.2 Investigation: History of selective 169 breeding of one species and changes in the species 7.3 Gene cloning and examples 170 7.4 Gene cloning and whole organism 171 cloning 7.5 Use of cloning in animals or plants 171 7.6 Investigation: Processes used in 172 cloning an animal and verifying it is a clone 7.7 Applied Question Section 7 172 8. Timing of gene expression 173 8.1 Genes and embryonic development 173 8.2 Role of gene cascades 173 8.3 Ancestral vertebrate gene homologues 174 8.4 Evolution of genes and their actions 174 8.5 Investigation: Gene analysis and 175 evolutionary relationships 8.6 Applied Question Section 8 175 Answers to Genetics: The Code Broken? 315. 146 147 148 149 151. 151 151 152 152 152 153 155. 155 155 156. 156 156 157 157 158 159 159 160. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Biology. xv. Genetics: The Code Broken?.
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Science Press. Genetics:The Code Broken?. xvi. Dot Point HSC Biology.
(17) DOT POINT Maintaining a Balance. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Biology. 1. Maintaining a Balance.
(18) 1. Most organisms are active in a limited temperature range. 1.1. Identify the role of enzymes in metabolism, describe their chemical composition and use a VLPSOHPRGHOWRGHVFULEHWKHLUVSHFL¿FLW\RQVXEVWUDWHV 1.1.1. Describe the role of enzymes in metabolism.. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1.1.2. Describe the chemical composition of enzymes.. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1.1.3. 7KHIROORZLQJGLDJUDPVKRZVDVLPSOHPRGHOWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHVSHFL¿FLW\RIHQ]\PHVRQ substrates. (a). Name this model.. Substrate ........................................................................................................................ Active site. ........................................................................................................................ (b) . Enzyme. Explain how this model illustrates the VSHFL¿FLW\RIHQ]\PHVRQVXEVWUDWHV. ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ F
(19) . 2XWOLQHKRZWKLVPRGHOKDVEHHQPRGL¿HG. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ (d). List the factors that affect enzyme activity.. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Science Press. Maintaining a Balance. 2. Dot Point HSC Biology.
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