Agfa Formulas for Photographic Use

CONTENTS

c~tUMI5TitY FOR THE PHOTOGRA.PHER

Adutto.. . • . . . . • •..••••••••.•••..• CeaM~~woiiOII ol~MMt-tu•lln4 ltaP«D.twta ••• Co.nPOAiffth •lid aa.~ o( dCYdO~n. , , , ••••• Co.pouuoe~ aed 11114Kdoo o( bu-••••••••••••• l)c•ifloprr ,,Ju•Mioft,, •••••••••••••••••••••••

lapol1ll•C• a ad

•.ll•

of ~·stop,,,, ••••••••••

S.••nrkl"' Cor tro.bl«·frn .nniq ... .

ALPH ABETICAL INDEX

'

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_I

'

•

•

'

2:01 Arid ll~rd~nhut Fl"cr. ••·•••••••••·•··· 21 210 Arld~l,ou·Siop •. , .• ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, •.•.... 22

l U A'"ldul f'uwr O(.~duPU •...•.•.... 17

202 Chrom.-Al~o~m Flnr, ••••.•...•...••••••• 21

216 Chrom•Afvm ll•rdt·mna Uath •••••••• ,,,,, 22 lll Chtomiwm lntenli .. u ..••.•• ,.,,,,,.,,,,,,, 27

110 Dir«t IJro•n·Oiatk t••pou ~doPU ••••••• 11 )10 fahl'l«:r"t R~IK~···••••••••••••··· 26

t 1 l'ie~e-C..nlo Do..-u Tult ~dopu.... .. .. .. 8

tlM P G. Mcttbotllte Tank ~c-lopu... .• .•• •• 8

Jll n•rcm•"-R..tu<u ••.•.•.••••••••••••••••• 2:6 11 Gbn•i)c,.doll'ft' ... I"' I IS Gbn• 11>4,-oq•l--. ~'f:'opu., •..••••• It: l)l GoW T...-... !J J.) H1d1 Coo~c )l.fl Tny ~~lopu ... 14" 90 lh~la Coorh" N•ll Tr•)" l>e-.dopr« •• ., ... , 16

10 ll1dt'OCI-.f!Ofle C.•"tc Drr•klpu ... 14" l l l llrpo Al11• TOIMf ... 2l 2-41 lr04 OltteTOMr,,, ... !J 20 ~t.ll Po;~~1h•f o.~elopcr.... •. ••••. ... 9 42 ~1-11 Tnt.: l)r.-.lapc.r ... 10 ll M II Tid.-O.•cloprr ... 9 4"0 M-Il Tr•1 ~•lol'f.r ... 10 61 M·U ,.,.., Dt••loPtr ... l) JJO McrC\It)'lntt!tnllttt., , , , , .... , ... 26 4ftM Mc:t•hoNt~ l>t•ciOP<r, ... l l "" Mctollly.Jroquinonc-Oe•cloper ...••.• 11 a:u Mctulllydroqufnune lk'clupc:r ... , ... 19 J.H Mo.,c~ho,•cn'•lnt~ll)lficr ... 21

l"2) Nrh.on Ooltl ,.oner ...

l"

20) Ncu•·h•Aicnlu Mcc.bbulphhec FJxc.r ••••.•. .n IOJ JJ•Pf"f Of,ciOpc!r.. • 16

It'

I••P-I!r u'ld Him Onc-h>JN"r ... l9 79 P•nfMm•ldd•.tdc ~doPtt •••• , •••••••••. 1 S HI Pinoliol')'rtOI Grnn Ot-tC'Dll.tlttr ... ;!'8

JU Pin.ak,prol YcllowiRs.mtoith.c.r ... .28

.f' 11) ro Qn detPd", , ., • .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. • • • .. I I 6-4 Jta,.ld M .If "'r'ro.,taJ ~do~ ... ,.... t 1 11 Retll~hkt-for. • .. .. . . .. . .. • .. .. .. • ... .. t llM Jteplcei"'-C"ffOf" . . . II "' R«l~Mi~ lew... • ... U " ' " Rc-pl-•\.llwr kM-.... .. ... ll I I Rci!C'Oinh Oindopu ... I , 111 Scpu l'06Ct ... , ... 2) UO Soff•WOt.iAa p.._pcc Qr.doprH .... ., ... II l.)O U•i.-c-rul p_.,., ~tloPH ... 10

l l ' .., . ., .... O<Md Ptoport 0..-.lot~tt ... 10

JO X-Rayl.)c,,Jo~ ... ,, ... tO AOFA FORMULAS Dc-wn-''luorr-... • • • •••••••• , , • , • , • • • • . . • . • l f

ee-doPtt"...

.. . .. .. . ..

..

..

. . ..

.. ..

..

.. . •

8·20 fi.-C"I' ... '.... .. ... 2'1-2'1 Redw..,.._lfMgwk:f,,, ,,, ... l6-l1 TOMn., ... 2J·2') ... .,.d Clf'O«• .. l•& INO<cd•tc-.... ... 19

Tw-o-lnyd.-.·clopin• pro«d•t•. ... 19

A.af• Pho1oanDbic Ch.cmiC'alt •mi Pn-p..ncioa' .)I NUMERICAL INDEX NltUNt 17 Pl,u~o(;nr.ln JJoru

·r.,.k

lkvelopcor... 8

17A H.er-lc-lllthtr.,.,,,,,,, ... 8 t 7M fl. G. /llti•borue 'l'.nk J)c,eloper., .... .... 8 17.111 Jte~fllt-lll,ht:r.,, ... , ... , , 9 10 M·ll fio•ilh•llcvelop.tr ... , .... ,,, ... , 9 l l M·ll'rlllc~do~~ott ... .9 30 X·K•rlMdoJ~ot:r, ... tO -40 M·lt'fra;O.:.t:I<JIIft",.,, ... 10 42 \1·11 T•ftk [)c-..dopc:t ... 10 -4 ' 1•,-rol)c.. t:lopr:r.. .. .. • .. . .. .. .. • .. • .. .. • • .. 11 4"7 'fnoCII,4roqt~tiiOO .. I".)ne:lop.«,,..,, ... II "'A RC"IIIm•~ ... ll

"'"t

~fn.bontcOc'doCI!tt ... l l

"'"' ... """.\bltr.,

...

1"2 6t \C•H Tr.,. O...doporr ... ,.,., IJ 6-4

••lttd

M·H 'l'ro.,K.I Dnclopct,. ... I ) "0 IIJdroca.MiloOfM! C..•tttc ~t&opou ... 14 "l Gl)ria [)c,doporr ... 14

.. J Jliah {.:.Qat,..tl M-H Tra, ~doper ... 1" .,.9 Pantforftll.ddfhtde Ondopcr ... U •• KeDtOihb O.,dop..-... B ?0 Jll.ah Conltut M·ll TNY Dc'C.IOIP<f, .,.,.,, t6 IOJ ll•PC"r o.,.t(ll'lt.r ... 16

I 10 Duwt't llrown·UI•ck t• .. .,., ~dopu ... 17

IIJ Amitloii'•JH!r Dc,t(upcr ... 17

115 (~l)dn Jhdroo\IJnonc Dlt"lc:lopcr ... 18

120 SOll·workftiJt I'•Per llev~Jopc-r •• , •• ,.,,.,,, 18

u'

Jlap~rllltJ 1'11111 l)cn~lopcr ... 19

1]0 Unh•trtafi)•I)Clr Oe\elopu ... 10

I,, \~atnl•CMf1.1 lltpu ~-eloper ••••.••.•..••• 1:0 J.O I Add Jt.rllc.'nln~t f'i.,;tr, , , ... , .. , ... 21

20.:! (.:hrotnc "'tum tlu.r ... 21 lO) ~'on·h•rdt'nl~t~• ~trubbu.ltlhite Fi.ur ...•.•• l2 110 Add Shon·Stop ... , ... 22

216 Ou-omeAI .. m lhrdm.ina Jhah ... 1l 111 40e"PI.A Toe""'"'.,,,,.,, ... l3 l2l ll.tpo AI"'• TOM"t ... , ... 2~

2H St-1-o. Cold Tonu ... l.C 1)1 Gold Toe« .... , ... 2! 2.c1 fro. m .. TOOft' ... , , JIO F...-.~, R..ctww ...

!'

J II n..u.-.i-. R ... t~~tt:r,., ... .16 :J)O ~lcr(V;r)' 1 .. ~ ...

1'

HI Mood,Jtoorm't l11•m.~li.H ... l7 .Hl Chtoai:IIIM lntcaua!l'r ... ?7 J\ 1 P.aal.rrii"JJI Gr"a ... l t )\1 Puatkf)'ptol Yc:Liow,. ... 1:8

•

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CHEMISTRY FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHER

P

HOTOGRaPHERS everywhere realize

rhc imporraoce which chemistry holds in phomgraphic work, but ofc-ca consider the subject too formjdable and involved for application co their own work. This discossio.n has been

ere

pared to help dispel that fear, :and to show that theoretical knowledge is unimportant

if

rhe photogra-pher knov.'S in a pracclcal w:a.y7 what is in a developing or fixing solution. why it is there :tnd how it accompHshes i cs own particular job.

The general strucrure of photographic film, its componcnrs of nicro cellulose (or acetyl cellulose) base, emulsion coacing of gelatin which contains suspended particles of light-sensitive silver s:Ut, nnd auxiliary layers for S\JCh purposes as pcevcntion of

halarioo, arc common knowledge among

photographers. The chcmiscg involved in this branch of the science as held under precise control by chc manufacturer and causes the photographer lie-de concern. Photographic chemist!')' begins to affect

the photographcc more direcdy io rhe

devefoping and fixing operations carried out w1tb film :1nd paper. It is therefore well worth while to considet first the composition and function of the develo

p-ing solution to see what it contains and what ic doc5 to c.fFect development.

When a (>hotographk emulsion is ex-posed to light, rhe silver salt (silver bromide, chloride or iodide) which the light reaches, undergoes a definite rhougb invisible change

co

form what is known as rhe larcnt image. It is not )'ct de6nirely known just how this change cakc:s place, buc ic is believed chat the exposed parts of the emulsion gain a certain "acriv:uioa"

rhac makes them susceptible t.o the reduc· iog action of a developer. When p.laccd in • developing solution the exposed, "acci -vtaed' particles of silver salt are reduced chemically to black meullicsilver,leaving the unexposed particles of silver salt un-changed. Reduction io this sense does not

have the meaning commonly thought of in rhc photographic field, namely, rhe lessen-iog of density io a film negative. This chemt'cRI reduction is a cooversioo of the s-ilver sale co

Irc:c

silver and for the reaction one or more rtdtt&ing ~¥gmti-whkh pho-togmpherscall "developers" arc necessary.

THE DEVELOPER'S BASIC COMPONENT There arc many cbemica.ls wbjcb arc reducing agcnrs, but most of them :~re coo powerfal to be used for developing because

they reduce all the silver salt lD the emul-sion without regard co the latent image which exposure in the camera has pro-duced. TI1erdore il reducing agent must be selected wbjch is satisfactory as a developer and which confines irs Jlccion co the ex·

posed

p:trric.les. of silver sale, leaving the rem•indc.- unaffected. Of the reducing ageni'S that are sarisfactory for photo-grophic usc, me col, hydroquinone and pyro are most commonly used, and there arc in addition other developing ageors such as glycio, amidol and rodioal frequently

em-ployed. There are also several developing agents on the market under different names from roetol, but which are basically the same cbemical-mooomethrl·para·amino-.

phenol-sulphate.

II$ has been indic.~rcd, the chemic•! action of rhese developing agents is funda-mentally the same. The photographic effect, however, depends co a large exte.nt on the particular developing agent and chc way in wbkh it is used. Thus many dc\•clopcrs contain a combination of dc-vdopiog agents, and one formulA may have, for example, a high P.C'cenrage

of

hydroquinone to produce br~lliam photo-g<>phic images while another formula may usc: a larger ratio of mctol tO produc-e softer results:.

lc: is ob\'IOU$ therefore, thg,c great care should be ukcn 1n the prcp:~ratlon of

de-veloping soluuons, for a slight error in che

cypc

or amount of che dcvelopmg agcn<S

(or the other coru.titucnu coo. for that m2uer: may h2\'C 2 serious dfect on the bebanor of the developer. ~toS< successful phorosraphcn have found chat it is far wiser to usc the formulas recommended by the m:anuf:a.crurcr and tO make sure solu· tions arc carefully and accurace.ly mixed, than tO spend dmc on indh~idual expcri· menung or research. The usc of recom· mended formul•s is undoubtedly one of che moSt importont helps co getting good results in film developmem.

OTHER INGRlOI£NTS OF THE OEVROPING SOLUTION

The func<ion aod imporcancc of che dcveloptng agcn< rn che developer h•vc boch

been

mcntloned-bu< chore arc three other componcnrs which also play ao important roJe in any developing solution. The first of these " the alkali-whicb is oroioanly essential for development. Most of the developing agents io use roday are ocuc:ral or

slaghcly

acid in tbeir normal sr:a.tc, and in this condi don gi vc licdc: or no developing :tction. Howe\•er, wben an alk~dine salt like sodium cubon:ue is in· [roduc.:ed 1 nm the solucion comain.iog the

dcvclopmg a~tcnr, a very int.eresting change

~al<es pl•cc The developing agent forms what

iJ

c:..llcd an alkaline salt

whkb

io a photographic sc:n.se is a more acth•e ID.2.• 1eri•l, 2nd " IS 1h1s alkaline salt of che dcveloptng agcn< th>< acroally reduces cbc exposed gralns of sih~cr s:alt to metallic siher. The 2lk•li has a scconduy dfect in tbc dc•·clop1ng solucioo which is 2lso 1m· porwn. lc helps 1he gelatin emulsion to swell and chus hcilitates che penetration of che developing solution throughout the network

layer

of the emulsion.

It is Ob'o'IOUJ that the alkaU is a really 1mporwa component of cbe de,•doping solution and it is likewise evident that

~re: mun

be

e.xaci.Sed 10 us1ng the ngbt

kind 2nd correct •mount of alkali. Sodium

carbonate u normally recommended

though potaSSium cubonate is sometimes used 10 irs place. The caustic. alkalis, sod1um hydrox1de and poussium hvdrox-ide, should not be subsri1utcd unleis

dcfi.

nitely specrfied as they are mucb scronger and CAn easily c•use fos. Normally chey arc used only in special·purpose developers

givin~ high contrast. lloux wd similor

:Uka

la

s

\

Vhic

h

arc

lm

energetic are often spc:C-ilicd for fine .. grain devclopmeoc in which gr~tin size must be controlled by sof1er development. Anocher alkali used for pboto~rophie work is sodium meta· bora<e wb1cb 1S helpful in reducing bliSter formation wbcrc u

is

difficult to conuol the temperature of processing solutions dunng hot wcathet.

The amount of alkali should of course be we<gbed accura<ely to che 2mounc speei· ficd, as coo much may cause fog in de-veloped ncganvcs; coo lirde may rcsuJr 10

slow.

sole

dc'•elopmenr. It is important tO remember when using carbonate, that the pocassium salt is gener~lly available only 10 the anhydrous form.

wru

le the more generolly used sodium sol< C>O be obtained

as

(I)

the anhydrous snlr con raining •bouc 2o/o water, (2) che monohydrated sale containing about 15% water, or (3) in crystal form contA.ining about 63% water.

The anhydrous and crystalline forms arc boch uns111ble

><

ordinary conditions

of

tempcr:uure and humidity, and must

be

kept rn cigbdy scaled coouiocrs and used wtth grc;~t c~re tO pt'C'\'Ctlt considerable

absorption of wucr from the atmosphere by che anhydrous ulc,

or

loss of water by the trySiallioe form. The monohydrared form of sodium carboonc 1s stable aod cbcrefore preferred by most pho<ographcrs for accurate prepua<ioo of developing solutions.

•

-THI IMPORTANCE OF A PRISlRVAnVE It is • charae<aistic or m•ny pboto-guphic reducing agents 10 :alk:!.lline solu -tions ro combine freely ;and easily with oxygen. llcc.1USC of this "hunger" for oxygen, alkaline solutions of the

develop-ing •gems spoil ''ery quickly when exposed ro !.lit- To incre.a.se their useful life, to

al-low the ck\·cJoping agem co do its work on the exposed silver halo de as desired, wd

to prc:"ccu the occurrence of stains, a pre-scrv:au,·c: must l't added to chc: de:,•e:loping solution.

Sodnnn sulphite

is

ordinarily used as the prcscn•ativc, though

in

developers prc-p;arcd for scock in two .solutions, prcserva-rh•cs which are slightly ~acid in solution such .. sodium bisulphice

wd

potASSium mecabi•ulphite are J'l"'ferred.

Bec•use

dc-velopmg agents keep bener tn acid solu-tion rh2n in one which is alkaline. it is common practice to use one of these add sulphtces as the preserv:uivc io che

de-velopor p2rt of the stock solution. In single· solution developors, sodium bisulphice is never used alone as a prC'$ervative since lc.

neucrali~es some of the alkali in the

solu-tion and would result in sofrer

c:kYeiOJr

mcnc. One other Jnrcresung point :about prc:sc:n·auvc:s is that in some c.ases tbe

pn:

-scn·au,·e performs a KCondary function in

the de,·elopor. In some fine-gmn

devel-o~rs, for ins~ncc, a l11rgc 11mount of

sOdium sulpbjtc is used to Qid jn keeping gr:ain size ar 11 minimum.

The fourth and final amporr.anr com· ponent of the typic•! developing solution

u

the restuiner, potassium bromide. This oecesury constituent of the de-·doping soluuon acu u 2 ''brake" on t.hc chemical re.cuon of development ond keeps the opcntion under control. The action of the rcnr:une:r Js such that an JDCrcas:e 10 the conccntr;ttion

of

potassium bromide in the developer reads to slow down or· 'rcstcain ·'

the development of the phocogn.pbic im:age. The conccnrn.uon of potassium bromide 10 the solurion is ob,.,.iousJy im· porranc, for coo much may reurd

de<elop-menr excessively :tnd indauce an appata~-r IO$$ of spocd while too little may permit development of fog.

DEVELOPER EXHAUSTION

The chemical reaction of development results 1n a depletion

of

certain con.stimenes of the de,·cJopiog soluuon so that with conunued usc the de,·eJoper hecomes less ellictent. This "cxb.union" of the dc-velopor ts characterized by • loss in elfec-dve speed and gradation of the phoco

-g:rapluc cm1tlsion (of 11111X>rtllncc: in both him and papor development) and by a cb•nge in cone of the developed image (of special import2tlce tn m•king prints). In

conscqueo.ce of this condiuon, it is stan· dard practice to

use fresh

de,·eloping sola· uon whenC\•cr ~ble,

as

it is good

io-sul'lli>Ce of obcacning uniformly optimum results with pbocograpbic films and papors. There are, however, occasions when :a

rocher

large quantity of developer must be

P"' in use, as in the taqk development of

rums,

:tnd in such circumsc:ancc:s it

be-comes desirable. for reoasons of economy, to prolong the usefulness of tbe devdopor by the addit1011: of a ''repJcnasher" solution which replaces soluuon carried away oo developed films and

helps

restore the babncc: of active ingred1enrs an the solu· uon. For replenishers for Agfo formulas commonly

used

in

rank

dc,•clopment, see the formulas apponded to Agf• 17, 17M, 47 and 48M.

By the occasional addnion of such re-plenishers ro ma.inu.in a consc~nt volume of solurion in the developmg cwlc, the useful life of the de' eloper can be

pro-longed three to four umes without seriously degrading the quoliry of

de-veloped negatives.

If

large amounts of replenisher ore to be

added

at any one time, the activity of the solution may

be

so

increased

that devdopin$ rime will nave CO be shortened elCCCSStvely, unless the replenisher is diluted somewhat with water.

Frequent requests arc made for inform:a-rion on the exhaustion

cb.a.raetcrinia

of

a develorer so that the user may have

some idci of the amount of film or paper

thar mar be safely procascd. The

ac-(Ur)cy o information gi,~eo on this point:

depends largely on the th= following

facron which should be coruidered when

10tcrpreting data on exhaustion c.harac·

tcnstics.

1. The rate of exhaustion is grc.atly in·

fluenced by the type: of negatives or

priors. When average density is high,

exhaustion will be faster. When average

dens

i

ty is

l

ow

.

ex

h

austion

wiJI

occur

more slowly.

2. The useful life of a developer is shore-coed by oxidation e2used by conue<

with

air.

Exhaustion characrerisrics

will, therefore, depend greatly oo the

age and manner io

,,,h_jeh

the solution

is used.

3. The degree of permissible exhaustion of

paper developers IS also dcpc:odeot oo

tbc acccpcablc tolc:ra.oc:c in variation of

imasc tone of ptiot:S. Exhaustion figures

cited below arc bu& on whac arc nor·

molly considered accepmble priors, aod

may require modi6c2tion if unusuilly

critical stondardsofuniformityof image rone are csrablisbed.

With approproa<c regard giveo tO the

factors

mentioned above,

tbc:

foiJowjng

6gurcs on developer exhaustion may be oppllcd in practice. il.gfa

ftlm

developers l7, 17M, 47 and 48M can be safely used

wirhour rcplcnishmeot for the

develop-men< of 24 rolls ofB2 size (or an equivalent arnounr of other site 61m) per gallon of

developer if comreosation in developing

time is made as the oolutioo is used.

On

the

basiS of • golloo of de•·cloping solution the increase in devcloprog time amouniS <O ap-proxtmately 10% for c•·cry four rolls of

film procascd-or more simply, 10% in-crease per roll per quart of developer.

When used

with

their

r~pccth·e

replen-ishers at the nte ol ~ to~ ounce or more

of replenisher per roll of film, these

dcvclopc:n may be u<Cd for approximately

200 Bl rolls per 6•11oo of original deYelorer

without neccu1t.:aung an increase in the origtoal time of de•·clopmcor. When

add-ang rcplenubcr, m2.inr.a.tn

origiM.I

,·olume

of de• eloper discarding, if oeccsury, some used developer.

il.gf. paper de•·clop<rs 103, 125 and 135

may

be

used sadsfactorily

without

re-pleni•hment for the development of

from

100 ro 125 8 x IO.inch pciniS per g:tllon of

working strength developer. This

quan-tity

assumes a change of

tone 'vi

chin

ac-cepmblc limits and a slight and progressive

increase

in

exposure and

dcYdoping

time

in order tO 111lllnu:dn coos tam pcinc quali

ry

throughour rhe life of the solution.

TME IMPORTANCE OF A SHORT STOP

As neguhcs or prinrs arc removed from

rhc developing solution, the)' carry with

them corutdcnble amounts of alhli aod

other chemicals which

can conaminace

the fixing b2th and interfere wicb itS

acrion. Used-up developer carried alon~:

with ncgan

\'CS

and

r.incs can

also

cause

rroublesome

suans

i some method ls not

used ro srop development insuotly and

completely. The best and most reliable way

o( doing

this as the

wc:IJ-koowo sbort ... scop

bath of dilute Acetic •cid which ocurraliz"'

:any :alkali remaini

n

g on

ne~acives

or

pnots and I_)I'C:Venrs cont':lmina

u

on o

f the

fixing soluuoo. Yet

it

is surpr-ising how

man)' pho<ograpbc" still try co get along

without thjs intermediate b2th

bccwec:n

development and

6x.atioo. It is true

th2c

an acid lixiog bath will give satuf•CtO<J' results without the usc of a preliminary sbon-stop bath, but iiS usd'ul life is

severely

lim1ted

when a ihon-stop ts

not

used.

Pbotograph<es frequently ask why acetic

acid IS used for the shon-srop bath and

6xtng bath instead of orher common acids like hydrochloric or sulphuric. The

ao-swer lies in

cbe

bet th:u

a rd.ath·dy

large :unouot of 2cid mu.sr

be

2vail:ablc but the

•

solution must noc be coo scrongly odd.

Co~uendy a compound

is

IJ$Cd which is

weak: 10 ac1du:y but whsch has avaibblc a

high racr>e of :acid to neutralize alkali. A correspondingly larger amount or the wcalc aceuc

acid

may therefore be IJ$Cd

than could be used or a •rrong :acid.

COMPOSITION AND JUNCTION OF THE FIXING BATH

The procedure of fixation is rclari vely

simple but ic should

be

carried ouc with

cons

.

ide:rablc

CAre

:.

.

s

it c:~n be the:

sourc

e

of

much trouble when improperly handled.

The photographic

film

neeative upon

re-moval from the dcveloptng solucion is

still sensitive to light, as it concains un·

developed s.lvC1" uh in che shadow por·

tions of the tmagc. To make the negative image permancm

by

rcmo,~iog rhis und~ '\"eloped sah·cr sah. 2.s wc.ll as to m.alcc it

clear and tranJparcnt for printing, the action or the familiar fixing bach muse be employed. The principal conotiroent of the lixmg soluuon iJ sod1um chiosulphace, more

commonly known

as ..

hypo· (from its

olw name of sodium hyposulphirc), for

in solution this useful chcmicaJ has the

property of dissolving light-sensitive silver

salts. The mcchod by which che silver sale

is remo,,ed is generally considered as, fuse,

a. conversion tO 2 soluble double salt

br

the

hypo, and second, the washing our o chis

soluble sa.h: wirb water.

The convcndon:tl fixin$ solution genc:r·

ally contains other c:hem1c:lls in lldd.ition

ro the hypo. Acetic acid is often included tO aJd 1n regulating the acidity of the fixing solution and 10 prcvent s12ins.

How-ever, a

hypo

soluuon coot:a..ining much

acid I.S apt tO rccipit-atC sulphur, $0

aootba chemica , sodium sulpb..ite, is added co pcncnr chtJ unwanrcd rc:accion.

An add1tional component of the nsu.al

fixing bath IS the h2rdening agcnr which

prevents frtlltng and softening or the gela

-tin emulsion. White powsium alu.m

(pot:wi11m alummum sulphate) is usually

employed for this purpose though some pborogra(>hers prefer potaJSium chrome alum IJ$Cd w1ch a small •mount of

sul-phuric acid.

C.rc

mun beuJcd with chrome

alum as the: hardener. howc:,·er.~as it

rapid-ly loses

us

strength and 1S only crnly

dfcccive when

a

fresh solution is IJ$Cd.

Fixing bnhs will seldom if ever give <rouble when properly prepared from pure

chemicals. If a bub rums aUlky afrcr

preparation, it indicates that snlpbut is

precipituin~ because of too much or coo strong an ac1d, too

lie

de sulphite, too high

a temperature of the solurion, or improper

mixing. A millcy •ppcar•nce of the bach

dutiUt( USC js due tO the pt~C:III.:C Of CXCCSS alkali •nd iodicaca choc the bath should

be re:pla.ccd. h is important not tO over·

work the 6x.ing b:uh, becausc a. nearly exhauncd 6xmg solution will not com·

plcrely remove the silver sales, and prinu

or negatives m.ay rum yellow or su.in oa

aging. A g.tllon of standard suengthlixing bath should

lix

100 8 x 10' donble-weight

prints or tbeir cquivalrot. Berweeo 100

and 120 roLIJ

ol

82 film (or equivalent)

may be

fixed

in one fallon or

sundarJ-scrength 6xinll bath i the filmJ have

pre-viously

been

nosed in a short-stOp Inch or pla.io water. When the bach frorbs or

foamJ, it should be repl>eed. Many

photographers have found a convenient,

ccrrajn and economicAl method of insuring

compJcte fixulon lies in the usc of two

fixing solutions. Fixing

Js

carried out first

in the more used of the cwo baths and finally in the fresher solution. When the older b><h becomes exhausted, the p>rdy IJ$Cd solution tokes irs pl•ec and a fresh 6xin$ bath is prcp.red for the $CCOnd soluuon.

SUGG£SnONS FOR TROU8Lf•RIU MIXJNG

The fint aod perhaps most important

point to foUow 10 tbe preparation of

solu-tions is tbat o( using cbcmicals which are

"phmo~rophically pure". Cheap commer -cial grade1 of every cbemic:.tl used

i

n

J;,hoto-graphoc processes can be obramcd, but

m2.0y of them coota.an impunucs which

arc: dcmmcnral <0 perfect resulu.

Chemi-cals which :u-c marked

··c.r ...

(Chc:mi

-ca!Jy Pure) and those which arc marketed for photographic purposes by reliable

ma.nufacrurcrs are ah,.ays safe to usc. and

cau be depended upon. Cbc:micals marked U.S.P. may be su>tablc

if

the amount of

impuriry

present

is know~ to be msig~f ..

icant. T111s can be dercrmmed by looktDg up the U.S.P. stand>rds for the chc:micll in qucsuon by consulting the edition of

the Unued Srates Ph:amucol?'"· tenth edition (1925) or eleventh ediuon (1935)

as iodocated by the number X or X l which fo!Jows the U.S.P. on the chcnoical

con-tainer l:~bcl.

The KCond most amponant rule for

<roublo-frcc solutions

os-

pc:rbapo that of

mhjng llll components of a solution in

the order liS<ed in the formula. This is

c:xue.Dlcly imponam: :1nd lack of .tuention to this point can easaly result in the forma-tion of precipitates ,,_,hich wilJ not d~s~ sol\'c in the solution. A worth while coroJla.ry to this ruJc is ro wait until each

chemical is thoroughly dissolved before adding the oat component of the solution.

In

most siogle-.olution de'clopcr1 the

prescrvati\'e Sodium sulphite is usua}-ly

added immediately after the dcvclopong •gent but before the hydroquloonc if tbls chemical is used. When two de•·cloplllg •gco« such as mc<ol and bydroquioonc arc used, the 2ddocioo ts generally made in cbe order metal, sulphite, hydroquinooc.

However with developing :agents like

glycin, the sulplllte 2nd carbonate arc

dis-solved first, as the glycin dissohes with greater dilliculcy otherwise.

A thord important rule for any pho~g­

raphcr is ro usc tbc purest water obram·

•blc. lnnumeublc troubles in developing

and fixaog bave b«n uaccd ro tmpuritics

present in the wa<er. Many pbotopphcrs

find it a wise decision to usc distilled warer

for :aJJ scock solutiO•lS, addeng up water

for dilution.

The time required for the preparation of processing soluuons con be reduced ma-terially by the usc of bot water (about 125" F.) as most chemicals dossolve more

r:tpidl)• in hot than

in

cold warer. A con·

vcnicm method of prcp.ring one quart of

de\·c:loper, for inscancc, is to scan with

about 24-28ounccsofhot water (llS" F.)

and after the 2dditioo of all chemicals, to add sufficient cold water tO bnng the totnl

,·olumc up ro 32 ou.oces.

Another

po1nr v.·ell '''orth rc.membcrios:

os

that of wagbiog aod measuring all quantities as close!)• as possoblc. Particular

c:are should

be

taken to ~void errors in sm;all quantities, us :t ten-grain error

i.s

obviously a very serious one on • fi!cy-gratn quaotlt)', while on a half-pound

quantity it might not ha,·c hannruJ dfeca.

Finally and no less tmportant for 1 be order inwh

a

cb iris

men rione..l, is the m:auer of tcmpcrarurc. The need (or uniform

regu-lation of tcmpcruurc cannot be ovcr<m·

pbasoK<l. Whole it bas to the past been accepted praC<iec to dc\·clop film ac 65° F.

and papc:r at 70° F., pr:acti<:al consider:a-dons have resulted in rhe rcconuueod:~.tion

o( 68" F. (or both film and paper develop-ment. Accordongly, all developing umcs lined in thos book haYc been n:•·iscd to conform with this stand...-d of 68° F.

COMPENSATION OF NON-STANOARO

TEMPERA TVRES

While besc results an: obt•iocd when

film devclofnlent is c:t.rrled our ac 68°

f'

.•

there an:. o course, certain occasions when surroo.ndios conditions arc: such tb:u: n as

impossible ro maintain solution$ at lhis u:mperara.rc. Jn insr.:mccs when the tern· perature is nOt higher ch11n 75° F. orlowcr

th:~.n 60° F., development can be carried

out with can: o( the de,-cloping time is

modified <0 keep the contrast of the

•

range. The following t:tble of Time· Tempera cure Cocfficten,. indicucs the per-centage correction tn developing time for " number of popular Agfa formulas.

II,

(or example, h were ncces.sary co usc

Asfa

11 at 75° F., with 2 film normally rcqwrmg 12 minurc.s dc\·clopment at 68° F., the

de•·cloping rime would be reduced }}% ro

•rrroxunuely 8 minurcs in order to keep concras-c within rhe desired ran8C· Of

course. care must

be

taken in handling

wet photogrophic film ;It the bigher tem·

pcr~atures, 2.$ the:: gelatin emulsion is rbcn

more susceptible to scurchcs and other

phys1col cbinage. TIMI·TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS Agf• 17. Agfa 17M . . Agfa 20. Agfa 30.

As£•

45

Agfa 47 A8f• 48.\1 A8fa 64 .... +6}%

+6}~

+8}

0

+85

0

+50%

+65

%

+6}%

+75%

- }}

-

3}

-

35

-

35

0

-%

-

3}

%

-

3}

%

-

25

%

When development is necessary ar tem-peratures above 75° f'. the usc of 11 c

hemi-cal, such as sodjum sulphate, which acts as

• "swelling suppressor" is advisable. For de'elopmcnr at

so•

F., 100 to lW grams

(3~ ro

5

ounces) of sodium sulphate

crystals• should be •dded ro uch htcr

(quart) of dtotuptr •nd shon-mp so char

protection againSt excessive swel1ins will

be afforded until films have been hardened '" the finng barb. Development time "'

so•

F. With the proper .mount or sodiUm sulphate added will

be

approxim .. dy

30%

less than the nonn•l development nme at

68°

F.

II

r:cmperarurc C.lls below that for

•If anhydrous $01.hum tuJph•tc ia em• pJoycd use ,J.i the anMJutu •pccificd.

which sod1um sulphate addiuon is made,

devclopi~g time may ha•·e to be lengthened

30 to W'7o to compensate Cor loss in de

-veloping accion.

Due to the rnpid oxidation of pyro at high temperAtures Agfa 45 should not be

used

u

tempera

cures obo<e

75° F

Another method of muumiung the

chance of physical damage caused by

processing at high r-emper:nures i.s the usc of a hardening short-stop bath1 such as

Agfa

216,

directly after dcvelopmcnr. In

summ:uion, these methods of high-rem· perature proc~~ should not be con·

sidcred as pr~ de,·eJopmg technique

but merely u the

best

expc<Jicnr when

process1ng solurions e:annm be

m.a.io-rained

or

68° F.

AGITATION

Developtng times lisced with formulas shown on later pages of this booltlet, as well AS the time-temperature compc:nsa·

tion methods previously described, arc based on cfTccdvc agitanon of the film in the developing solution. Effective agita· tion can

be

considered to

be

any method which prov1dcs a continu;al flow of solu-tion ocross the surfoce of the film, but for

practic21 coosidera_tioru :tn mrmni11rnt

form of •gitation can be employed which will adequately remove development by-productS and supr,ly fresh developing

solution co [he fi m emulsion. Sucb a

method requires ocru>l movement of tbe film in the deYclopcr, or developer over tbe

film for 5 seconds out of e"ery minute, and

can

be

achieved by rockio$ the

trf

io tray development,

or

by agitation o the film in the solution when tonk devdol,>' mcnt is employed. The important point u that a repeatable method or getting dfcc-ti•·c •gitation sbowd be established

if

uniformly exccUcac results arc to be obtained in film development.

DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGfA 17

FINE.GRAlN I)ORAX TANK OJ!VELOPER

In addjtloo tO itS uscfulocts "' a fine.. grain dc:vdopcr, dt.i$ formula t. s.acisfactocy (or obtaining: soft

lrada-tiQn with A a/a Di:rect Co~y Film, Ag.fa Direct Duplicating Filn1 and Agfu. portn.it 1nd prCS$ 6.1ros. lt 1$ also r«ommcndta lor motion PJCtu1'1: ocgauvc dcve.lopmcnt. Lhis$0ft·working, fincograln dc:vc:lopcr may be obtalocd in psckagcd form re:ady·t.o-usc by ordering "Agfa 11 Finc:-G-ra.i.o Ikvdoper.''

Hot WatC

0

-

lS

•

F. or 52' C.),.

Ag&. Metol.. . • .. • • • . . . . •

Agft Sodium St~lphitc:, anhy

dtolb-Asf.a 1-l)·droquinooe •.

BOrax. • • • ..

~~:~":~~~mid~

. . .

.

.

.

.

Do not dilute for uSc:.

Mrlric } quaru 88 graUu 10){ Ot1tt0:$ ){ oz. 70 g:r. ;.(oz. 70 gr. 30 grains l sllllon

Tank. Oevdopmcnc tituc 1:t 68° F. (2.0' C.), 10 t.0 IS minute$ for finc-graio 61m.s, 12 t0 20 minutes (Of" Direct Copy, Direct Ouplicadns, and ponn.ic shee-t films.

'tray Oc-\•d.opmcot dmc lu 63• F. {20° C.), 8 to 12 minuets dcpeodlng on film type and density desired.

AGFA 17A REPLENISHER

Add~ tO

V.

ounce of ~ple-nbbu to Agfa l7 for c:acb roll of Bl filna or 36-c:Xpo~ure }5mm. 61tn ~or cquh·a~

leac)dcvdopcd. Ma.inuin oragi.nal volume of de,·doper, disc.arding if necessary some used devdopcr. No incrc:uc: in Original clcvcloping rime is ntec$"111Y wheo ~pJcniJ:hcr is used in this ma.nncr. Av.ailllble in p.2tkaged fonu

by ordcri.tlg ''Asf:al?A Replenisher."

Hot Watcr(Jl5e P. or 52•C.)

Agi_a Mcrol.. . • . . • • .. .

Agfa Sodium Sulphirc, :ut.h)'dtous

Agfa Hydroquinooc.. . Boru. Water to make 'f.fttrit Mvir.INp•iJ 750 cc. 14 ounces 3 qua.rts 2.2 grllml }2 gra.ins ;( o~. 2.0 1!1•

• SO g:rams 2;{ ox.. 80 gr. 10}{ ouncc:J

4.$ graa3 6} graii'IS -}'{ 01.. SO g:,

18 grams M oz.. 44 sr. 2)4' ox. 7S gr.

. J [itu 32 oui\Ccs 1 g~Jlon

AGFA 17M

l'lN£·GRAlN M:ETA.BOR.ATE TANK DI!VELOPER

ThU dc:vdoper is recommcoded (Ot those who desire a for:mula similar to Agfa 17, but pccmirting srconcr

vllliatiun in developing time.

Hot Wat«{12$° F. or 52°C.)... •

Agfa Mew! . . • • . . . . . . •••.. Ag(a Sodium Sulphite, :mhydrous

Agfa Hydroquioonr:.. . ...

.

.

....

.

Ag(a SOdium Mctabonn:

Agfa Po~ssium Bromi-de. . . . . . • •. ..•.

\l/3tcr ro make,... , . • • • • • • .. , ... ... .

Do oot d ihuc: (or usc,

M.ttrir Attlnl•~is

no cc:.

24 oun«$ ) quar~

. 1.5 grams 22 sra.ins 88

&nins

80 grams 2}{ o:~:. 80 gr. loy.' ounces

3 ,gn.na 45 grains ;( Ol. 70 gr. 2 v•ms 30 gains

J4

01:. 10 gr.

.5 gam 7}-( gains )0 gr~in1

I liter 12 oune« 1 gallon

Devdop.m.c.nc dme ac 68• P. (20° C.), 10 tO JS mim.a1et for-lioc-graln 6.1JUS.

Luger a.mvonu of Metaboate may be used with corretpot,ding rdu-crion of clevdoping dmc (up tO 10 ~rams of Mctsborate pc.r Hter with a devdoping time o( 5 minutes ar 68°) aJthoogh slightly COaNCr grain si-ze

•

DEVELOPING FORMULAS AGFA 17M REPLENISHER

Ad<l)$oos, -oi«J'l«liih<r«>Ap 17Mla<<>dl <011 olBHima< )6oapol""llaua. 6bss (O< cqui•· J.leru)

dcTc:k:Jrcd.

\t&J6u.ia otigi.rul YOI-.mc: of cbdopct. disc:udinJ if occ:au.ry eo.. UKd dCTd0pcr. No tocrnsc: 1n Of1Jina.l dc'f'Ciopi.ng tibiC is oca:s:s.a.ty wbm replenisher i:J D1cd lft thi~ DUli.IW;r.

Hoc Wu(l' (11S F. or )1• C.). Agf,j Mctol

""""

• 7}1) "'· Agl:t Sodiurn Sulrhicc, .. ,hydrous . •

Ag(~ HydrOquioonc,

. . . 1.lv:una

..

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

SO 4.} gums gra.m1

8 8filmt

1 lirer

Agfll Sodium Mcuboutc.

W •tcr to make, ,

.

.

..

.

.

..

..

..

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

...

..

....

.

...

..

...

AGFA 20 M·H POS.ITJVE DEVELOPER 14 ounces ll arain.s lU oz.. 80 gr. 6) grain•

Y.

ox. JO gr. I <pu.rc } qua.ru ~:: Ol. 20 ". lOY.( OUfKd )i ••. lO 8'· 1 oz.. 40 gr-• ~lion

lhis; duo .... wL.:ana an-dOper is tc'COmmcadcd for normal contn.u wich tray or tanfc dtnlopmcor of positi.-c dim.

].~tnt ,A,.,P,.u

Hoc u•am (12)• F. 0t

sz.

•

C.) ...•....• 750 ex:. 14 owxa l Cf1WU A,JI;l Mtcol • • • • • • . • • • • l pm~ )0 pans }{oz. 10 &". A&faSodiUJilSWpfucc.IUlh~ •... • ..• 21 V,_ ltor .

.o,

.

)),.oL«lg.

AaJa Hydroqui.Qooc.. • • . • • • • . • •• • .. srams 60 V.tJJU }{ OL 10 If'·

Agfa Sodium: Catboo.UC", raooohyclraccd... . . • • • • l8.S sums

X

Ol.lO I"· 2~ Ollr:'!Cd

Acla Pow.,:ium Bromide" . . . ...•... ,. 2 #•tin lO gaatlf h 01. 10 gr. Wattt to make . . . . . • • . . • • 1 liter l2 o.ancn I g.alloo

Do I'IOl dilute: ror we. Nurn•.d dc:velopio, c:irnc ) to 4 mJnutct II 68. F. (20• C.).

AGFA 22

M-H TITLE OBVELOI'ER

This (or mula is recon1mc:ndcd for u-ay or rank-ck'·elopmc:m o( dDC tide film aod potith'c: 6Jm CD obtzin rauh..-of hi&h contrau.

Hot u~.-l(f US F or .).1 C.)

Aaf• M<tOI

A~!. Sodsum S..lrhore, aohfdtooo

A&£•

Hrdroq•-

... . •

A,P Sodi~&m Cubocutc".IDODOh,dhttd .. Agh Poc&Mium BtoauJc

\\.,ncr co nuke Mtmt 750 «. .8cnm

« >

-8 ., .... 50 ...

5v..,.

l Uett A•w*t•u 14 OYDCa ) qu:uts 11 , .... )1 gr>lOU I J" o..ca S OIIDCiCio h OL 10 g. I 01.40 r;t. IJ 4 oancct 7 0W11C0

1s

va•ns

n OLtoJt. ) l ounca 1 a:illoa Do OOt dilute for ut-e. Nonn.t.l dcvdori.ng dnx S co 8 muuue~ at 68 F.

(lo

•

C.).

DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 30

X·RA Y DI!VIli..OPUR

Thi' dcvdopct il r«<illtlteflodcJ (Ot usc with Agl~ X·Ray Film and fot usc with Afl"~~ 01rCCt Copy Film .and

Oirccc Ouplicaung Film "hen raulu of maximnm briJiiancc ar~ dttircd. Agfa )0 as al•o ruiublc for Agf~ IC"tial f1lnl1l'\ it is clean•workln8, hu IOftJ' Ji(c 2t1d Si•tt higft C:OmTISL

Hoc: Water ,ns• F. or )1• C.) A&faMnol

A~a Sodium Sulphite. atlhydrou.

Asla H~ tboquioooc.

,.,,.Sodium Ca.rbonatt, monohydrated A'-(a Pota.njum Bromide

\\au~r fO make-.

Do no~ dilute for use.

Mrmt 7l0 «-).)F .... 110 '""" _{9 1"11'0S} 40 ... l _{I littr}

~·""

2< """"' lO ... 2 OQOCb h o~. lOg. 1){ OL .0 P'• 30 graitM 32 ounces ) qa.aru 'OL 9$ gt. 8 OWl«'S 1 OL

eo

gr. S!, ounca J+ oz. lOgr. 1 salloa

Normal dc"t.IOpmcnt dmc llC 68' F, (20• C.). (cw-X·Ra" l•ilm, 6 mioutcs~ for Non..SCr«n X~Ray FUm. 8

minutn, for Oir«t Copy Film and Otma Ouplia.tios film, <t 10 S miauca. for Asfa uri.al tilm. IO..lS nli.nota

dcpcn.Jan, upoo the ~ of dc•clorioa m~itlc..

AGFA 40

M·H TRAY DEVELOPER

Thi~o i• a brillimt Mctol•lt)·droquinonc tU.\ .x,-cfopct lor roll. pact aod sbect film.

llot W11tct fJ15' F. 01' Sl' C.)

ArJ.• Mcwl .

AI(• Sodium Scdpbitc, ;a,rthvdt'QI '

Ap;a Hy~Qinoot .

Af,(& Sodturn Carbocutc, CIOCJob,Jtarcd

A~b Pot.a\4iliUII &oaUdc: \\ atc:r to nulc:. StNi s,/wtl, Mttrlr 900 cc. 4.) lfilmt S4 ... 1-) ... S4 , .... l ""'"" 1 lu~

for w.c dilute:: l pan stock ..ohmon with l PJ-HS wuct.

Dc:vclopmcnt time 4 to 5 minutes at 6$• F. (20° C.).

AGFA 42 M·H TANK D~VELOPER AawnJ.,.;, l9 ooocn J~ quiU'ts 66 gains ') ru:. 4 S gt. tJ: 01. 2$ ,., •

n.

ouoca }( OUOC"C I ODac.c IJ{ oa. 2} 11. 7h oaoca. 45 J"'.U"S ~.; Oil. 80 5'.

}2 OCIOCn 1 galiOn

Tb1i h a .olNrodc:~l tank fotmula r~cd (or p.xlc. roll aod ponrtit 6.lmt. Hot Water J2)0 _{f. or Sl. C.).}

AJ(a Mttol _

AJla Sodium S~lpbnc, anb) drou• AJb ttydroqninooc _.

Agla SOdium C!lrboPatc, utOool•ydratcd.

ABJ:a l~oussJum MeubU.ulphltc A3l-a ,._,,-lll,ium Bromide.

W11tct co ma.ke.

Do aor dilute for-*·

Oc-rc.lof

11 w 2:0 aUnuta at 48' F.

no•

C.).

MriTK 7l0 co:. .Spm

• s """"'

_{1.1 ~rams} 8 ,;rams -4 jCtll.ftl• I.S ~·m• 1 liter Ar,_,rJ.,.,.,J 24 oaoca ) qu.a.n.s 12 gra.i.ot of7 g-aiM

1){ OUIKO 6 OUQC:Q

18 pint 70 gnjns ]I( oz. lOS'· 1 0'1!.-40-gr.

59 Jl'lllns

J4

o:r. 20 gr.

U Jrains 88 ~iDS

•

AGF'A 45

PYRO DEVELOPER

DfVELOPINO FORMULAS

Tbn lorcnla as tccom.aatndcd co t:botc: who prJ:c:r Ppo dcTdopmtcr. Scod: tOtocaoot •boa!d be kept in

storpued boultf.

Ag(;a Sod.inm Bi1ulphhc

Agl• l'yto.

Acb Porudum Bromide

Wactt to make

Ag(a Sodlllm Sulrhitc, anhydrout.

\\'Jttt to make

.

.

A8fa Sodiulb Ca.lboaacc. monobydrattd.

Water m ma.kc

s.,.,

.

,

2 Mrmt 9.8pms iO gr.amt 1.1

sr•m•

1 lirer , , • • • lOS gr.nu I liter S•ll~tifllt J .. .. • 8S gums 1 litu AHmi.,.U '• OL lSp. l_l{ o;c. 2S gr. 2 OUti(:CI 8 ouc~ 16 suins 64 gtttitl$ )1 0UD(O I 8'1.liOCI )_H' OMC:c:J ₁₄ OW>C<$ )1

...

_{I g.alloCI} 1l~ OUOc:tt l1

...

)1

...

_{I plloo}

TAN"K 06\'ELOP\U:...'-'T:Tal:e:onc pare ucb.SoJutioas: I, 2.,] mel adcl J1 parts water. !'o:ormaldcTt.lopmt:at

rlmc..lroa! !ho llmiftczrn at 68• F. (2o•c..). TR.AY DEVEl.OPMI!t\"T~ Tab 1 pvc uch Sototioos 1. 2., l aod

add 7 para, w.ucr. ~OilMI ck'ftlopGICat ri.mt. &om 6 ro 8 aillua ac 68• F.

·zo•

C.). Solarioc, will keep m1 ~bca scored wru-rd~ bur WI de~ lboc!d be ascd iauacdiatd1 alter aaialna.

AG:FA 47

MIITOL HYDROQUINONE DEVELOPER

Thit lJ a lonf'lilc. cJcaJJ•workinJ (onnula which will gi,·c cxccUan resultt. •• aniJldatJ lilm dev-eloper for

dth« tray or r~onk development. Avail•blc in pxka&cd lorm by ordering Agl~ 4'7 dcvdopc:r.

Hot Wucr(llS F. or

n•c.)

..

Ag{• M.<IO)

. \gla Sodium Sulrhhe, an.h)dJVus

Agfa Sodium BaJulphitc A sl.a H rdroquJ DOne ••

A

sf•

Sodium Ca.rboa.atc, mooobvdraud

At.f.a Pow,ham Btomidc \\•aur to ma.h

Do ftOt ~lhlf( lot o.c.•

ltflrrit A•'fml•lfh 7}1) cc. ) qlllffl l.S sr~tns' 88 StdiU 4S

B'•

W

•

6 oanco I grm ~ 60 p-ahu l grJ.ms/ j J• ox. 70 &r•

6 (;TamJJ~ ), Ol.lO If·

8 Jr&IIUf. ... ,

w

•

am

I lit.cr

.e

1 a&JJoa 2}S' 8~11ona U 01.. 90 V· I lb. ~oz . K ounce I '• Ql. 80 gr. 1~­ ;: oz. 10 gr. ),t> plloos

T.\S"K OE\ El.OPML'"T· :O.:onn:.d ckYC:lopman rime. 6 ro S aWnncs at &• F. ~llO C.) wttb CIC(.;Aie)W

aJituiorl Tl.\ Y DE\'E.t.OP\Ih.'\T· ~Omtal dcTdopmct~t time: ) ro 7 aunuca 11.t 6a F. (llO• C.).

•for longer de,.clopln.( dma wnh a.n.k dc:ffiOpmcnr, dilur..: occ p.a.rc dcvclopial.oluuao with ooe ~ \ttt"' aocl dcvclOfl 11 co 16 minucct. ott 68• F. (20• C.).

DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 47 A REPlENISHER

Add }{ 10 J• 0110tt of rq*nis:bct co Atfo. 47 iior c.h ro.U ol8l61m(or equiY.a!cac)deTCSoptd.. ~faiDJ•in

CJri.liaal..olumc or ckTCiopn. d.i:Kanlin& if OCO:S:ut)' tome: aed dcvdopc:r. No IOCRaK in

oriJia.al

deTdopiAJ

tiax b nc:caury Vi heft ftl!lc:cisho-il wed in this tbtlftet. Auil.tblt io pach'¢d form by ordcrin.s AP, 47.\

ltcrlcntmu.

Awn.,.u

Hbt Watcr(lls• F

«

)2 C.) .•. . .• 7lQ «. 14 OIIIKU } qtwn

Asfa Mccol

.

) gra,. 4S gra.tos •. 01:.70 gr.

A,Pa SodJun• SIIIJ'huc, aah,dtOUJ

·~

gr01m

Agfa Sodium 8if\11phhc 2 _lftmo

Asla llydroquJnonc •..

.

6 JCilthl

1 ' j ouncts 6 Quoec;s 30 ~aiot f~ oz. JO gr. 88 ~uins J( tn. 20 gr. Agf.t Sodium C.rhor•ate, mooohydracc-d 12 Jta.nM~ )• o~. 6S gr. 1M o~ 50 gr. W 11.te:r ro make, •

".

. .

...

I liltt 31 ouncd J g11llov

AGFA48M

MET AllORA Tl! DEVELOPER

Thu foe-mula U rccommc:aded for PhocofinisbinJ, Prolcuion.al, anJ Ama,c-ur dcnJopiaJ ar~d is suib))lc

for dttp u.nk UK OVC'f a iOOJ period Of time.

Ho' Waca

(lu

•

P. or Sl• C.)

AtJ,_

Mtcol

A,U Sodnu• SlliJ'h.uC', anbyd:rORS A gfa H 1droquat100t. • •• , • Agla Sodl\ua Mcubo..-.tc: ••• Agfa Pou»lum Uronudc •

Wata to m.alcc • • Oo not diJutc lor""'·

M.thK . 7ll) " · 2 , .. ... «< ... ... I.)SJ..., 10 F•mt .) gum I Jua

... ,..,.u

) qasru ! t.( pl!oos J.Ol.lOg. Y. oz.90gr. )h OQftCC:f. I lb. 2K cu.. SS g-aift1i "{ oz.. 90 g. I t • oz.. JO t;r. 4}( oooca )0 gr sins h oca.oct soJioa ))!

,.u ...

TANK. DEVBLOPMI!NT: Notmsl dcvdopiog time~ to 7 m.iouc~ te 68• F. (20• C.).

TllA Y I)CVELOPMH.NT: NMmsJ dc\·dop.ing time 41 to 6 mtnutc.~t 68• F.

(

zo

•

C.).

Thete duel oping tlnt.es apply to Ag(:a pormtit, pres• and conuttc,r<ial Mnu •nd tO 1111 /l.g(a rOll and pack

films uccpc Flnopan which should be dcV'elopcd 20 ro lO per cmtlctt.

AGFA 48M REPLENISHER

Add !{co

J:

ounce o( rcplttlisha to As{;~ 48..'-l lot each roll o£ 81 falm (or equivalent) dcn:iopcd. ~Uiouiu

oripnal YOI~amc of dc¥clopa, dl$Urd.mg if nca:ss:arr tome used dc'Yclorcr. No iocrcuc ir.~ origitul dcTc:IOpia.g

tiJ.DC: u occaa.vy wh.m ~lcni1bcr i$ utcd ia this I2WUICr.

Hoc Wacct

(

us

•

F. or Sl• C. 7lQ «. 1<

-

)

...

Ap Mccol

.

6.} . . . 510 JU.Ift) .,. oz. .)0 g.

At/• Soduam Sul('buc, 1ohydrocn: Jl)

"''"'

I

-

•

...

Asfa Hydroq•inon< 10 g .... }. 01. lS Jf· }! ; OCiftCC$

Asf.a Sod tum Mcuhoratc <0

,..

....

I '• oonccs )

·=

Water tO make

..

.

I Ina I qua.rc I plloo

•

DfVHOPING FORMULAS AGFA 61

M·B "IRA Y D£VELOP£R

Thit ~~Ioper i• rcconuncnckd fOe usc: with com:mcrd.al film co prodiiCt ncptiva ol normal coo.rrast. fr

may al10 be utcd $acW'actorily foe roll, pxk and sbcc' 6Jm lor ncJativa o( t\CUJC brilli1.tK'C.

A1mk AHinbtl'fi.t

Hot \Vat« (12$' F. ur .)l' C.) ..

_no

_{cc. 2. QUI,(Cf _}

l (J.Uilrt$

Agla Merol.

. .

....

"

....

_{I 1rsam IS Faixlt 60 gnains}

Ag(a Sodhma Sulphhc:, IIJ\h)•drous .• _IS

_sr•m•

_{}( OIII)CC 2}

Ounca Ag(a Hydroquinonc •. •

.

. .

.

₂

JCtiOI:l )0 _Jraios

J1

_{ot. 10 St·}

Agf• Sodu1m Carbooatc, n)QnQbydra.ted •• _{IS gu.ma U oun«}

2 ouocos

At/a Pota.uium 8roruidc _{I pm IS grajm}

60

,.

...

Water tO male ₁

littt )1 OUOCID _4aJIOD

Do flOC dilute b uat. NOrmal ckttlopmc:at time. 4 tO 6 aainuta •t 68' F. lO' C.).

AGFA 64

RAPID M·B (TROPICAL) OEVRLOPER

Thj• i1 a dcan-.. •.-'Orkins dc,·clopcr of paniculoar vulve lo.r rapid dc~lormcnt CN' dc,•dopmcnc ac high rem·

pcutlnet.

Hoc Water (JU' F .. Sl' c )

.

.

...

_.

..

_{7)0 a:.}

Ag& Mctol

.

.

'

.

.

..

.

..

.

_{l.S gums}

Asfa Sodium Sulrhhc, anb,·Jrou' _{2S grams}

Afl-a Hydroqa.h)()Gt

.

.

_.

. ...

_6Sp10$

Agla Sodnuu Catbooacc, aaonotndr-accd

...

_...

.

.

..

₁₆

...

Ap

Powmm &oaudc

.

.

...

...

.

_{1 /11&10} Water to ma.k~t. _•

. ..

.

....

.

_{. .}

_.

.

.

...

.

_{1 lita}

Do aoc dilak for OK.

NonruJ dtYCiopmc:cc tillllt-) to <t mmtatd at 68° F. (20• C.).

1 tO) minutes u

ss•

F. (2.9° C.). 24

··-

_l

"""""

J6 grahn '• O:t. ,}S g. '• en. «>I".

lV.

Ol. .4() gr. II)

.,..

..

_{14 w}. ss _&"· H OL 1)" . 2 _{0~ 60 &'·} IS

,

....

60

"

....

)l

.,_,

_pJJoo

DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 70

HYDROQI.itr\O~'E CAUSTIC Ol'V£LOP£R

'nu dnc:Jopcr U ~cd £or Proca. 6J.m UKd in rcpn>diKUOQ ... otic

S.tat-1

Hoc \\Iacer (liS F. ot ~·C.

Agla Hydroqu"-c

Agf" P6QU.ium Mctablsulphitt lt.Jfa PotWium Dtornidc Cold Wattt

Cold \Vat(r,,,,, .. ....

'Agfa Sodium H,-d.roJCidt

A { , -•• 7511 «. • 2} ,...,. . 2l paw . 1) ,..., 1 lieu

..

.

..

...

.

.

'

.

.

.

1 Utct (C.~arlcSod• Flakct) . . ...••• l6 "'""

M&X cqll&l run of Sohn&OIU 1 and 2 im.mcdiatdy bc:fort ~Hoe. De'•clop 6Jnu within 3 mioutes .u 68' F. (20' C.).

'Mat be: 1obt.tmaud by:

Pota.IIIIUD Hfdtoxidt ••••••..•••••••.•..•.•••••••••• )0 P'&tlll

AGFA 72. GLYON DEVELOPER A,.,Utm 2~ ouoccs j quuts ·~ g,, 40 If· }t,. oz. 40 gr-!, 01, <40 gr. }}-• OI. 'fO gr . ), .. 0¥, <4() Jf. }I~();, .fO If )l ounces 1 s~Uon 31 ounce• 01. 90 gr.

Tbitlotruul.l U m:om.meodcd for usc with commcrcld film• in repodu<doo work and is Jlio suitable

tor

dn•dopCl<nc of roll, p;;~.c.k •nd thcct film.

Hot Water (ltj• P. Of

.u

•

c.

) . . .

..

...

...

...

,

.800 «.

Aafa Sodhuu SuiJ1hhe, anbydrow . . . . • • • • . . . . • . .. 12S gttmJ

Ag(~A Pocmluc11 Carbonate, • .. • • . . . • . • • • . , , .. • • • . . ... 2)0 gram• Agfa Gly<ln.. . . . . . . . ..•••.•... SO ll"m• Waccr co ma.li:c . ... , , ... , . • • • 1 liter

2) OUII(c& 4)( OUI'ICCS

8U

OW'ICCS l}t 01. 80 gr. )2 OUOCCI :) quart;, l lb.lo.. 1 lb.1o..

6J:

ounces t galJoo TANK OE\'E.LOPME:on': Ta.ke ooe JW1 stoek solntion, fJcecn

r••

rt "Atct and de\dop 20 tO IS miaa.tcs

ac 68 P. ~10' C.·, TllJ\ Y OE\'E.LOPMENT: Take ooc part uock 10lucao.,, (our paru wattt ~nd de'>t-.lop) to 10 mlnuttt at 61l'

r

.

,20

c

AGFA 73

HlGll CONTRAST M·H TRAY DEVELOPER

This fOflll~tl.a., tc<OIIiliDCOdcd fot ckTdopmc:nc of proceu, commcr<:u1 a.nd tlmll&l lilau "hcc attcmcly hi&h concr.bc l l dnilcd. Sec foomou uackt AJ;h 90 on pase 16 (Of Formul:t.

•

DEVELOPING FORMULAS AGFA 79

PARAEORMALOEHYDE DEV£LQP[R

Thi.t is a ttaod.ud lomw.Ja rec:ommcnc!cd foe ~col Rq'lfOihb and Rtf«<)litb Or1ho f"tl.ms. At)a 79 mAT M obr.&iacd ltl p<ka~ form rudy•c()-QK by onkr-.lJ13 "PARAIJTl-t Ob\'ii.LOPEJt "

A-fJJrr.: _A"inht-u

W~tcr (Nor O\'c:t 90•1:. or

u•

C.) ₁₀₀₀ ((. ₆₄ 0\UKC$

As(a Sodium Sulphhc, •nhydrous _12<) gram.\ _{~ ounces}

PanJotJn•lclchydc. _lO

_w

_•

_m•

_{I ounce}

Asfa Pot~~.»lum Mc.tabbulphhc _{IO.S AtlltnJ 1.50}

_sum•

Asl• llc>rlc Acld Cryiralo _lO !filml _I OUilC.C

A,;fa Hydroqmoonc:. _{llO arams )}

""'"'''

Asfa PotuJium Bromide _{6 grarm llO p-.iru}

Wuu «> m.akc _{~ Jircn I aa.tloo}

DWol,.c cbctrtic..Jt to the order 1m~:a &01! aa;c 10hnioa full l-trtOJtb. Souul drttlopcDCnt WIX. 2 m J

m.iov:a It 65. tO 70. F. (20 10

n.

C.). For .Rqyolilb Onhochtom.J:ri(. dcYc.top Ui tO } .Unum .at u.mt:

Wll-pcraCWC'~

AGJA 81

J\£PROUTH DCVELOPF.R

n,Js formula mav be obtained In p1dugcd form by specifying "Rcprolhh Qo,·dorcr. '' Formula SJ provides

a sinslc:-tolurion de,·doper ol c::xcdlent keeping quaHty for the de\'eiOpm<nt ol Rc:J~Iith Film.

MtlrN

lf..,.,..,,J

Hot water

us•

F or )l•C.). _{7:)0 cc 1~}

...

_

_{) q..,.}

A

'If.• Hydroq•loooc

)) _gam• I _{~. 70 Sf· <}{ """"'}

Ag& Sod1u.m SulrfJIIC, anh)·droul _{~~ II"""}

_n:ouaca

_{1}4 OUDCc$}

A/)~ Sodt1u11 Carhon•tc, IDDDDhyJ.t.to:l _{10 gam- lJ, ouoc:a}

~~-AJhCiaKACid

ss,...

₁₀

...

\ : C)a:OCe'

Apa Pou.ssaue Brolaidc 10 11' .... h ... >Sfll lh (MlC(cS

\\' ucr to aukc _{I Iller )1}

...

_{I gal loa}

DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 90

HIGH CONTRAST M-H TRAY DI!VUOPI!R

l1W .S..d<>ra hu bcm p.vrimlady &.ip:d (« - wub C o - . ! aod Plocon 61..,• ro pod~~«

nc:JJ.U\'a of ..,dliant conuau.

Ho1 Watn 11S F. or }1 C.) _7l0 r;c. 2~

...

) _quuu

Agfa Mctol

,

-

_7J grain• Ji oz. 7S gr.

Agfa Sodium Sulrhitc. an h) drot» 40 _&r•m• I){ o>. 40 I'• S}( oe~nces

AgJa Hydroqulnone. •. . . .

-

_.

6 grams 88 gnin1 J.{ or. 2() b'T.

Agb. Sodium Carbonacc, monoh)'d.tarcd •• 40 8'JUIJ

IH

OL-«) gr.

Sr.f

ounces

Agfa Po~sium Uromide . ) gtloiiiJ ~s graiDs } ( 0%. 70 gr.

Wattt to make I lher )1 ounc« I gallon

Do not ddutc for UK.

•f.or rcsulu O( hipct concn.u, this ckvdopcr mat be acbptal CO Ji•c AJ(" 7l formula by the additioa of three snrm ol Pow.ia~n Bromide: ptt litc:t o( d:c:vdopcr (4) pins per )1 OL), wuh clcvc:lopins. c:imt of 1 co l miouus ac: (18• F

uo•

C.).

AGFA 103 PAPER DEVELOPER

Thi.t formulJ i• tUOmmrnd-=<1 as • dc:,·dopc:r for Conma, Spttdelt •nd Utovl:ra papen when cold, bJgc--bJack: ronC1 11tc: dc:iircd. h may bt had in pach&cd form by otdttin& Asfa 10) lk\·doptt.

Hc>t Wucr

r

ns

•

I or s2

•

C.)

Agfa Mcwl

Agfu Sod•uo• Sutrhitc, a.nhydrou~

Agfa H)'droquinunc

Agfa Soduuo C.ubon.uc, monohydriltcd

Ar)a Pota-M&Wil Brom1dc \\' accr to aul:c sr'KIL s,J.-~,.,• }.IJtrlt .7JI)

"·

).~ gr-.rnt

•s

granb• II S gu.mt 711

...

1.2 ga.au I htcr ,A,..,;rJ.t*h 14 ouncc;i ) quarts lO 11tains 1 _. oz.9Sgr. l "S w ncn • 6 ounces•

I • 0&, SS

«'

I}S' ouoco

1~o•lSp. IOh OU:OCCS II pam 71 I'Wu

)1 owx .. I pllao PAPER. 01;.\ ll.OPMa..'T· Dilute: lpuc:.sroc:lc 501urion wnh lf-W'U water. For Bro' ua UJd nm.ilat bro~ic!c

p&pcn. dc,c.Jop 1 tO It-) m•nutn

•c

68• F.

(lo

•

C.). F<lt Spmla .tad Con" II a nomuJ &,e~t timt 1S 4S ~ Other coaucc

rarer"

m.ar rcquart 1 to lM m.inucn.

Fc:w llo"'cr• M>ftcr fok,etormcnt of 8roTir& dilute" 1 tO 4. Dc,·dop l't 10) m1nu1~. at 6S• F. ·20• C..J.

•

DEVILOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 110

DIR£CT BROWN-BLACK PAPER DEVELOPER

Ek-auriflll "urn tOOD m.ay be obtaaru:d with this dc~Jopc:r Oft botb COC\t.ICC. and rroJ«:tioc P~·

Stld Solvti•

Hoc Wut:c (ll_s• F. or 32• C.) • AJfa HydroquinollC ... . , • , , •

Asfa Sodium Sulphite, Mhfdtout ... .

24 OUOtel It OIIOCC l~ o:c. ~gr. 2~ 0\U)CCJ .) qustts } ounces 7,U OUtiC'd lO OlltlCCS

Atefa Sodium Carbonate, n10ooh)•draacd. At,la Pot&.~;ium 6ro1nidc.

Water ro 111.alc Mrtru 1.SO cc. 22.) sraml .S7 gram1 15 granu 1.75 gumr J Iller <40 sraim )1 ounces J( ... 50 8'· I gaUon fOr UK dilurc J J'UI UO(:k soJutioo with) fW'U Water.

Give ptinn ) co 4 tu:ocs aormal c:xposurc aod de'-d()p S tO 7 minutes ac &• f (20• C.).

AGFA 113

Al'ODOL PAPER DEVELOPER

Thi~ formula b intended for ttay dc:\"Ciopmcru Oftl)" Md muu be mix-ed lra.h t:lld\ dmc. It U: recom:mc:odcd ouly lOt I mall Jot1 ol prlm.t.

Agla AmldoJ ..

Agfa Sodium Sulphhc, anhydrou.to. Agf.a Poc.niuna lkomidc.

Waccr to make 6.6 gracns 44 grams -SS

II'"'"'

1 Jhcr ~ grain1

~·-8 graim J2 oowca

Do aoc dihuc lor u~. Jl bot water is u.cd for d.is:solvt.ng c.bcmic.a.t.. chc tOdiiUD aulfWcc and ~em

t.omidc sboaJd be dWoJvcd fint and tbc: amidoJ added oolr aha the telutioa bq cookd.

F<lf dn'clop~DtCt o/Cykora aaJ ai.mitat papcn CK twia: the a..moonc of Pot*IIUD Bromidctptrificd tbQo,~

DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 115

GLYCJN.HYOROQUINONE OhVELOPER

St.d S..U.:ur~

Mtlrl( lft•fldlllfll

Hoc Wacer (US' F. or

n•

C.).

no

(C. 14 ounces } quat1>

At/aSod.iwnStdpbh.c, anhydroas. 90 8'•na ) OWX<S 12

...

Acfa SocU ... C...bonAtc, -ydt&u.! 1,0

...

}

""""'

I lb.

"02..

ApGiyrin )0

,..

....

_I

.,...,.

•

ooocu ApHy&oquiftOO< _9.)

ar•m•

_J,.

Ot. }0 "'' 1 .oz.IOgr. Agla P~iu.ns Bromide- 4

,..

....

60

,...

.

..

\; Ol. '1/J gr,

Watct tO make I liter 31 ounces I J.&IIOI'I For WNm toon, dilute: I put $COCk IOiutJoa witb l putt w•tcr anJ dc'IC!Op p-Uml1 S tO J minut~ :at 68'

F. (lO" C.).

Far Ttt'f ""'arm tooes &Ad mocc: opm ab.dow'S, apcciaJ.Jy wub C)'k.OfJ., d..ilvtc J put saxk a.olurioa 'With 6

patU wstc:t, .JirinJ prinu) co 4 timcJ nonnal c:xpos:urc: and 1}-{ tO S mJnoccs dc'-dopmc:nc. Bec;auK o( d.ilutiocl

o( the d"·doper. tOhnlon wlll exhaosc more rapidly a.od will require ntore frequent replac:tmc-nt.

AGFA 120

SQIT.WORKING PAPER DBVELOPER

This U a soft•wOtklna d~vciOpc:r, prhoarlly lnccndc:d (or porrult work when •olt aradacion is required,

HOt '\\"accr (11} • F or )l C.)

AJ!a MctOl

A &fa Sodium Sulpb1tc, anhydro~

Ag(a Sodium Calbona~c, mo®hydrlllcd

Ag(a Poc:w.iurn Bromide:

Waur to male~ Mt"" 7,0 a; 11.) &t•mJ l6 grams J6 vams 1.8

sr•rns

1 htcr for usc. dilute I f&rC •teck .olutioa w1tb l pam W1tcr.

Nonnal de,·dor•aa umt, 1}( ro ) muu,ca ac 68• F. (zo• C.).

l<

...

} _q1W1> J~ oz. 70 I"· lh OL 60 tJ• I 01.. $S gr. 4-'-~ ounces I o.. 88 gr. ,.,, ounces 17 _8nUns 1 , ouna: Jl

"""""

I gallon

•