• No results found

How Will You Get Information You Need in a Zombie Apocalypse?

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "How Will You Get Information You Need in a Zombie Apocalypse?"

Copied!
13
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

http://ojs.uwindsor.ca/ojs/leddy/index.php/iasza

Interdisciplinary approaches to surviving

the Zombie Apocalypse Conference

October 28-29, 2016, University of Windsor

H

OW

W

ILL YOU GET

I

NFORMATION YOU

N

EED IN A

Z

OMBIE

A

POCALYPSE

?

Pages 98-109

Vicki Jay Leung, Jennifer Soutter

University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada vicki.jayleung@uwindsor.ca

jsoutter@uwindsor.ca

(2)

98 | P a g e

H

OW

W

ILL YOU GET

I

NFORMATION YOU

N

EED IN A

Z

OMBIE

A

POCALYPSE

?

Vicki Jay Leung, Jennifer Soutter

University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada vicki.jayleung@uwindsor.ca

jsoutter@uwindsor.ca

ABSTRACT

Zombification in the form of neoliberalism has significantly infected our libraries and the information chain, placing the world’s intellectual output at risk. Disaster planning will also be investigated as a response in the information chain to the metaphor of a zombie apocalypse.

Keywords: neoliberalism, information chain, collective memory, disaster planning, librarians

This paper uses the allegory of a zombie apocalypse and its impact on the information chain to investigate changes in access to our collective memory, and the roles of libraries and librarians during real life catastrophic events. The authors have each taken a different approach to the interpretation of what constitutes a disaster. The first half scrutinizes the effect neoliberalism has on the collective memory as represented in libraries. The second half of the paper highlights concrete, pragmatic examples of how libraries have been shown to contribute to the rebuilding efforts of major natural catastrophes (akin to the devastating breakdown in society caused by zombies).

1. PART ONE

Mirowski states neoliberalism is a shared political philosophy and worldview that involves (2013, 54 quoting Wacquant) “the remaking and redeployment of the state as the core agency that actively fabricates the subjectivities, social relations and collective representations suited to making the fiction of markets real and consequential.” Li (2010: 66) reinforces the latter saying “modern capitalism is unique in that it is the only socio-economic system that has ever existed in human history where market relations have become dominant in every aspect of social life.” Carr and Batile (2015: 2) echo this when they say “[a]uthors (e.g., Chomsky, 1999; Dumenil & Levy, 2011; Giroux, 2005; Harvey, 2005) have suggested that under the reign of neoliberalism there has been increasing emphasis on values such as the

(3)

99 | P a g e

single-minded pursuit of policy and ideology prioritizing the commercialization of everyday life, the corporatization of human services, the dismantling of the welfare state, the militarization of public space, ruthless individualism, and the increasing privatization of the public sphere.” But each society is supposed to set “bounds on where commodification begins and ends. Where the boundaries lie is a matter of contention” (Harvey, 2005: 165).

Neoliberalism as a Zombie virus focuses on creating economic value and privatization, invading even traditionally non-economic spheres. There is a purposeful undermining of community, of the collective and public good along with a focus on the individual as undifferentiated, interchangeable and preferably inexpensive labour. Individuals survive hand to mouth. Where work was once a means to an end it is now both, because of the implementation of precarious labour conditions with no benefits. This is exacerbated by a blame the victim mentality if one is unsuccessful within this system. Moltó Egea (2014: 268) comments that through neoliberalism’s “social engineering, [it] positions human beings and knowledge as management resources exploited to obtain exchangeable and marketable value.” Little consideration is given to the long-term consequences of such an approach or actions in support of such an approach.

Neoliberalism has crept into our libraries (Bales and Engle, 2012; Nicholson, 2014; Oliphant and McNally, 2014) and librarianship (Adler, 2015; Mirtz, 2010; Seale, 2016; Soutter, 2016; Waugh, 2014). A neoliberal library is “simply one whose policies are guided by the imperative of the market in the strictly economic sense…” (Beilin, 2016: 14). This viral infection has negatively affected access to and ownership of our collective memory and the delivery of resources specific to the needs of academic users. But librarian and other professionals continue to fight for the freedom of information and freedom of access and equity with respect to information.

1.1. DAMAGE TO THE INFORMATION CHAIN?

The information chain, creation - dissemination - organization – indexing – storage – use has been negatively impacted, especially in the latter four stages. Over time and with the advent of technology, the relationship between libraries and publishers changed. Print-based and other object-based materials (microfiche, video/dvd’s, records, tapes and CDs, films) continue to be offered in libraries with these objects owned by the respective libraries. Then came e-journals, e-books, streaming, born digital, etc. and the disappearance of ownership in favor of licensing access, greatly modifying the last four elements of the information chain.

(4)

100 | P a g e

For example, the University of Windsor’s Leddy Library does not know the current status of materials accessible at the library with respect to ownership, rental or perpetual access. The multitude of models and formats for acquiring electronic or digital information resources make categorization on a title by title basis difficult, not to mention the lack of staffing or software necessary to pursue such an activity. Other libraries are facing these same issues. A project to confirm the status of all materials, acquired past and present, is required considering roughly 97% of the resources budget was spent on electronic materials, including databases, electronic journal packages and e-book packages.

At a rough count, there is access to approximately 341 databases through Leddy Library, depending on how you define databases. The largest vendor is ProQuest, representing roughly 42% of the total databases. Of that 42%, approximately 65% are rented and 35% owned. For the aforementioned 341 databases, approximately 71.5% are rented 28.5% owned, though continuing service fees to access these latter databases on their native platforms are paid yearly. E-journals and e-books are just as problematic. Publisher backfiles may be purchased outright or just sold as perpetual access, sometimes reflecting ‘graced access’ combined with ownership or perpetual access frontfiles (or just a subset of these frontfiles with the rest rented), versus outright rental of content. Mixed publisher packages are also rented that contain aggregated titles from the different publishers. Very little information produced roughly post-1995 may be bought outright. Risk with respect to e-resources has been shifted onto the libraries who now have limited funding, capabilities or license to safeguard or ensure sustainability of past or future intellectual output. This is compounded by creators of content signing away ownership to their intellectual work.

Even though libraries have gained ‘perpetual access’ or ownership to a fair number of e-journals, e-books, databases it is not uncommon for clauses in licenses to allow publishers to pull articles, issues, journals, books and even book chapters, resulting in mutability and precariousness of access, memory and history. Because for-profit companies own and thus control past and current content on their servers (or even others’ servers) they are able to reshape the past and shape the future. History may be rewritten through modifying or deleting parts of our collective memory, with the potential to minimize activities, philosophies or ideologies that are disapproved of, at the same time as they reorient to an approved neoliberal, ahistorical culture. Sometimes this simply results in holes in our history or the history of a publication or more problematically, the disappearance from the current record of publications through purging or negligence. Fortunately, a fair number of Leddy’s

(5)

101 | P a g e

electronic journal packages are provincially stored in a trusted digital repository (Scholar’s Portal in Ontario) which has the potential to ameliorate some damage to the collective record, assuming ongoing funding to continue this effort.

Librarians face difficulties when negotiating against standard contracts (see Birch, 2016 on “nexus of contracts” as new form of neoliberalism and company control) that heavily constrain what libraries can and can’t do with the content and format of e-resources. As mentioned previously, the publisher or provider’s build in a right to pull content at any time. They also present constraints on use and re-use of content requiring librarians to negotiate for the creation of new formats to respond to users with challenges, or require separate licenses for data-mining. Publishers decide the location for resolution of legal disputes. Luckily most are amendable to licensing for walk-in (community) users and use but some continue to refuse. Many publishers are shifting to perpetual access as opposed to ownership of the materials, with access on publisher servers and a decided lack of information or the nonexistence of agreements regarding the preservation of e-resources.

The latest challenge to collective memory in the form of the information chain is at the front end: information creation and dissemination. Publishers are replicating the information chain or parts of the information chain within their own servers in order to generate data and analytics to increase revenues (Schonfeld, 2016). Working on publisher servers allows publishers’ opportunities to control access, use and re-use of workflow-related content, data and analytics, depending on contract language. Publishers now have the capacity for control all areas in the information chain generating revenues from academic work at inception through to production, publishing and use of collective memory.

Many STEM fields have been successfully occupied by publishers. Social Sciences and Humanities are proving to be more difficult to monetize and control, as different model(s) for privatization are rolled out (one size so far does not fit all) and there is still preference for the monograph format (requiring a larger investment of resources, slower creation-publishing process and inability to sell micro content in a manner similar to ejournals).

Further vulnerabilities in the information infrastructure are found in the removal of protections for parts of the library [and the work of librarians] which “serve no widely used purpose,” referring to “legacy collections,” reference services, (Beilin, 2016: 14-15), democratic principles and expertise as driving principle for collecting, or even just work that has fallen from popularity. Libraries are increasingly dependent on for-profit software and other people’s programmers as work gets outsourced. This has resulted in licensing agreements

(6)

102 | P a g e

that control how and whether we may export records from our library catalogue. Also, some vendors refuse to allow the purchase and ownership of bibliographic records creating precariousness in library catalogues.

Subject specialists have been sidelined on decisions that end up having a significant impact on the intellectual shape of the collection and the preservation of content, as decisions about package deals and licensing are made with economics the priority. These economic priorities may mean fewer librarian selected e-book titles (which may be more expensive) versus a shotgun approach to choosing content (and the latter process maybe not even managed by subject specialists) offering reduced cost per title for a package, and including duplicates of print books and books that may or may not be relevant to the teaching and learning at the university. Also, the university considers the library a cost centre, a unit that does not generate revenue and thus has little economic value. Ironically, the same forces that implement neoliberal values at the university and insist on our complicity in their neoliberalism, object to neoliberal, perpetual, publisher revenue streams (through the continuous licensing of these precarious resources) by labelling us a cost centre, one that hemorrhages money and reduce our budgets. Further, access to resources is being conflated by neoliberals with users’ abilities to use these resources, assuming that access automatically equals meaningful and informed use. The end result of these moves may be the disappearance to the Library in its current form, reduced to librarians in administration roles coupled with IT management of access to resources.

Disaster planning is coming to an understanding of what information is necessary after an event and making sure that information is available, such that a favourable end is achieved, that one can pick up the pieces and move on. This begs the question, how are librarians and concerned users flexing the information chain? It involves constant retrenching on the part of librarians and other concerned individuals and institutions. Responses include: institutional repositories to record, store and make freely available the cultural memory of the university and faculty; hosting open source software and maybe even providing publishing support e.g. PKP’s OMP, OJS software, Open Conference Software for e-books, e-journals, e-conference papers; software to expose copyright restrictions, e.g. the OCUL Usage Rights Database which is an implementation of the UBC open source Mondo License Grinder database; or to support development of technical skills to counteract the lockdown of and lack of customization or control of our own data in integrated library systems for systems; digitization at a more local level of cultural memory, e.g. SWODA; development

(7)

103 | P a g e

of trusted digital repositories to help safeguard memory; fighting for fair dealing provisions to reduce the ability of for-profit companies to completely close off access to the STEM fields, for example, and to allow users to build on pre-existing cultural memory; developing and implementing information literacy that includes social justice and equity content, as two examples; and research and publishing on the impacts of neoliberalism on our profession and how we may help resist.

Control over memory is shifting into the hands of for-profit companies, even as open access advocates make inroads into for-profit bottom line(s) through challenges based on tax supported research defaulting to open access, by egregious profits on society journals driving journal owners to pull their titles or editors resigning en masse and starting alternate journals, and by the development of community-supported projects such as HAU-N.E.T. (http://www.haujournal.org/haunet/ ) and the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. A lot has been done to reduce for-profit depredation in the information chain but work continues to be needed to stop the capture of the information and workflows throughout the information chain with the corresponding lock down of collective memory.

2. PART TWO

Zombification of information, where access has been compromised due to any cataclysmic event, is a grave concern to a tech savvy society that has grown dependent on information. This has been detected in the legal information world, historically print based for many years, as it made the transition to electronic. While there are inherent hazards in the preservation and protection of both print and electronic resources, there is a movement to have laws freely available on the internet due to the access to justice efforts to have legal information attainable to those who have an interest in the law (IFLA, 2016).

Initially, Canadian courts were slow in accepting the accuracy and validity of electronic versions of laws that were presented to them. Then, as confidence grew in electronic publishers’ abilities in correctly report primary sources of law (such as legislation and case law), the federal government made consolidated Acts and regulations on the Justice Laws website “official” (Department of Justice Canada, 2009) alongside the traditionally reliable print. This allowed for open access to our federal laws to those with computer and internet access, instead of being tucked away in books isolated in libraries and private collections. However, a few years later, as users grew accustomed to the official online versions, the print was seen as obsolete and costly, and was discontinued (Government of

(8)

104 | P a g e

Canada Publications, 2014). As a result, the legal community has been relying solely on the electronic versions for the most current laws of the land.

Fast forward a year, the reliance and dependence on the online laws are tested when the ominous, online hacker group, Anonymous, cyber hacked and effectively shut down Canadian federal government websites (CBC.ca, 2015), including the Justice Laws site. The blackout was only temporary, but it gave a taste of what could be, should service be interrupted on a grander scale. During the time of the blackout, the federal laws were fortunately not completely lost, as there were alternative ways to access the content. The Canadian Legal Information Institute’s site – CanLII.org, provides online access to authoritative laws, such as court judgments, tribunal decisions, statutes and regulations from all Canadian jurisdictions even though the site itself is considered unofficial. Since 2001, the non-profit organization has been engaged by the law societies of Canada that are members of the Federation of Law Societies of Canada to establish, operate, maintain and provide to the law societies a website dedicated to providing continuous access to a virtual library of Canadian legal information (CanLII, 2017). CanLII's goal is to make Canadian law accessible on the Internet to not only legal professionals but everyday people with an interest in the law (CanLII, 2007).

But what would happen if the internet is compromised, and all sites (including CanLII) are affected and taken offline? In this situation when the internet is down for a prolonged period of time, print copies would be needed; however only historical versions of Canadian federal laws would be available. This possibility almost came true recently when a global internet infrastructure company, Dyn, was targeted by a DNS (denial of service) attack on October 21, 2016, affecting dozens of American and European websites (Thomson Reuters, 2016). This attack was of particular concern to Canadian libraries with American based library management systems, as access to library records and management software could potentially be compromised. Luckily, this was not the case, and libraries came through unscathed.

In light of these isolated events, what would happen on a grander scale when access to information is compromised for a prolonged period of time? What examples of “zombie apocalypses” have there been in the world, where the information chain flexed in order to aid in the rebuilding of society? The following is a selected set of scholarly papers that demonstrate ways libraries have contributed to the recovery efforts of real life disasters. These stories in turn exemplify how libraries can contribute to future initiatives where

(9)

105 | P a g e

information and knowledge skills of librarians can ameliorate any zombie apocalypse such

as those foreshadowed in the events observed above. Libraries have long been seen as a source of credible information in light of what can

be found on a simple Google search. The walls of the library are not a barrier, as most libraries have a web presence that can easily be accessed. However, when the outside world is crumbling, and the library is still standing, it can be seen as a haven not only for shelter but for information. Much has been written on the roles public and health libraries have played in providing services and information to help rescuers in the aftermath of widespread destruction caused by hurricanes and other natural disasters.

Public libraries have a long history in disaster preparedness and delivering much needed community services. For example during the 2004 and 2005 Gulf Coast Hurricanes, libraries won over the public by providing emergency information, physical aid and internet access to survivors, evacuees and relief workers (Jaeger et al, 2006; Bertot et al, 2006). However, it was having public access to the internet in the aftermath of natural disaster that was integral to the distinctive role that public libraries and librarians played in the rebuilding process, by providing a portal to the outside world. During the time of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, public librarians took on a community volunteer role, working tirelessly to aid survivors and rescue workers by giving shelter and handing out provisions, in addition to serving up essential information and services (Jaeger, 2006). Zach (2011), found it strange that librarians did not see themselves as active information specialists in times of disaster, and did not take on a more proactive role in the rebuilding process. If the profession were to continue on with this belief, then the information chain will be broken – as librarians are trained researchers for information, and know how to access credible information that would be otherwise lost in the jumble of information found on the web.

Fortunately, in 2011 FEMA (the American Federal Emergency Management Agency) recognized the potential that libraries and librarians had in providing essential community services related to public health and safety (Zach, 2011). To be knowledgeable and skilled in this new role, librarians must receive training to prepare for and to respond to the information needs of their patrons when faced with emergency situations. The designation Disaster Information Specialist was created by the collaborative efforts of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the Medical Library Association (MLA) under the umbrella of the MLA’s Disaster Information Specialization Program to support outreach services, such as broadcasting risk alerts and providing links to emergency preparedness or response

(10)

106 | P a g e

resources, for disaster workers (Zach, 2011; Featherstone, 2012). This demonstrates that libraries can meet the information needs of the public in times of crisis and become active participants in community emergency planning and response activities, when work is done to establish working relationships with other organizations, through relationship building (Zach, 2011; Moore et al, 2011).

The case study of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti – the birth place of zombies – provides two examples of how information can be flexed by librarians in a major catastrophe. On January 12, 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake injured 300K, killed 220K – 316K, and displaced 1.5M people (CNN, 2016). Moore et al (2011), recounts how the situation was dire with limited resources and how communication lines like the internet were intermittently down, resulting in the need to rely on print materials that were transported to Haiti at the outset. Once stable communication connections were established, over 650 agencies (including dozens of libraries) from the United States and around the world deployed services to in aid in the recovery mission. However, chaos ensued as multiple groups attempted to offer the same services – case in point dozens of libraries independently building websites to support the needs of rescue and health care workers.

Moore et al (2011) explains the desire for an organized, coordinated response was satisfied when the NLM announced the launch of the Emergency Access Initiative (EAI) – a partnership of the NLM and members of the Professional & Scholarly Publishing division of the Association of American Publishers and other publishers. The EAI is the result of the extensive destruction in the Gulf Coast caused by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 (Moore et al, 2011), with the goal to provide “temporary free access to full text articles from major biomedicine titles to healthcare professionals, librarians, and the public affected by disasters” (NLM, 2014). Since the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the EAI has been deployed during the floods in Pakistan, Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the earthquake and tsunami in Japan, and other places requiring its services (Moore et al, 2011). The collaborative effort between librarians and publishers exemplifies the mark of what can be accomplished when librarians become proactively involved, and seek like-minded stakeholders to flex their potential as information specialists working to deliver much needed information to the recovery mission.

Another instance of the information chain flexing, is the use of social media or Web 2.0 during the Haiti earthquake (Yates and Paquette, 2011). As early adopters of web technology for use within libraries, the leap to humanitarian usage is simple for librarians (Schmidt, 2010). With apps such as social media, blogs or wikis that are freely available on

(11)

107 | P a g e

the web or on a library’s homepage, important information can be shared, aid in important decision making and become an open dialogue that becomes an online artifact that can be referred back to (Schmidt, 2010; Yates and Paquette, 2011). Rather than just serving up information in times of crisis, libraries now have a medium whereby librarians can manage the collection of shared knowledge created and used by the open exchange between front line workers.

Information is the backbone of society, and is especially needed for survival in the aftermath of a zombie apocalypse. When there is widespread destruction and people are living with limited resources, ordinary channels of information (print or electronic) become inaccessible in a broken infrastructure. In order to meet this need, the information chain can be flexed by librarians who are trained information specialists. As trained information specialists, librarians are experts in connecting information to people. Information also needs to be backed up or archived in easily accessible locations, so it is accessible when it is needed the most. Successful disaster planning can be accomplished when there is open dialogue between key stakeholders, including librarians, who can work together to meet the common goal of rebuilding life for the people affected by a zombie apocalypse – in whatever form it may take.

3. CONCLUSION

Neoliberalism as a zombie virus has already placed our collective memory at risk by introducing boundaries limiting the dissemination, organization, indexing, storage and use of information. The activities of librarians, including disaster planning, are attempts to reduce both intellectual and physical damage to the information chain. The use of the zombie apocalypse as a metaphor has allowed us to demonstrate the danger to the information chain and shows how librarians have built in limited flexibility. Examples provided have also demonstrated how it can flex in the future under intellectual and physical threats.

(12)

108 | P a g e

REFERENCES:

Adler, M.A. (2015) “Broker of Information, the ‘Nation’s Most Important Commodity’: The Library of Congress in the Neoliberal Era”, Information & Culture: a Journal of History Vol 50, No. 1, pp. 24–50.

Bales, Stephen E., and Engle, Lea Susan. (2012) “The Counterhegemonic Academic Librarian: A Call to Action”, Progressive Librarian Vol 40, fall/winter, pp. 16–40.

Bertot, J.C., McClure, C.R., Jaeger, P.T. and Ryan, J. (2006). Public Libraries and the Internet 2006:

Study Results and Findings. [online] Tallahassee, Florida: Information Use Management and

Policy Institute, September 2006. Available at

http://www.ala.org/offices/sites/ala.org.offices/files/content/oitp/PDFs/2006_plinternet.pdf [Accessed 16 January 2017].

CanLII, (2007). Montreal Declaration on Free Access to Law. [online] Available at: http://www.canlii.org/en/info/mtldeclaration.html [Accessed 24 January 2017].

CanLII, (2017). About CanLII. [online] Available at: http://www.canlii.org/en/info/about.html [Accessed 24 January 2017].

Carr, Sam, and Batile, Ioannis Costas.(2015) "Attachment Theory, Neoliberalism, and Social Conscience", Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, Jan. 12.

CBC News, (2015). Anonymous hack of federal government a warning, says Tom Keenan: Collective

claims responsibility, threatens more action in response to Bill C-51. [online] Available at:

http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/anonymous-hack-of-federal-government-a-warning-says-tom-keenan-1.3118354 [Accessed 12 January 2017].

CNN Library, (2016). Haiti Earthquake Fast Facts. [online] Available at:

http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/12/world/haiti-earthquake-fast-facts/ [Accessed 20 January 2017]. Department of Justice Canada, (2009). Note from The Department of Justice Canada. [online]

Available at: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/importantnote/ [Accessed 12 January 2017]. Featherstone, R.M. (2012). The Disaster Information Specialist: An Emerging Role for Health

Librarians. Journal of Library Administration, 52(8), pp. 731-753.

Government of Canada Publications, (2014). Publications.gc.ca has gone public. [online] Available at: http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/news/2014/2014-002-eng.html [Accessed 12 January 2017]. Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Oxford University Press, New York.

IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions), (2016). IFLA Statement on

Government Provision of Public Legal Information in the Digital Age (2016). [online] Available at:

http://www.ifla.org/files/assets/clm/statements/ifla-statement-on-public-legal-information-and-annex.pdf [Accessed 12 January 2017].

Jaeger, P.T., Langa, L.A., McClure, C.R. and Bertot, J.C. (2006). The 2004 and 2005 Gulf Coast Hurricanes: Evolving Roles and Lessons Learned for Public Libraries in Disaster Preparedness and Community Services. Public Library Quarterly, 25(3-4), pp. 199-214.

Li, M. (2010) “Can Global Capitalism Be Saved? ‘Exit Strategies’ for Capitalism or Humanity?”,

Alternate Routes: A Journal of Critical Social Research 2011, pp. 51–70.

Mirowski, P. (2013) Never let a serious crisis go to waste: How neoliberalism survived the financial

meltdown, Verso Books.

Mirowski, P. and Plehwe, D. (2009) The Road from Mont Pelerin, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

(13)

109 | P a g e

Mirtz, R. (2010). “Disintermediation and Resistance: Giroux and Radical Praxis in the Library”,

Critical Library Instruction: Theories and Methods. Library Juice Press, Sacramento, CA, pp.

293–304.

Moltó Egea, O. (2014) “Neoliberalism, Education and the Integration of ICT in Schools. A Critical Reading”, Technology, Pedagogy & Education Vol 23 No. 2, pp. 267–283.

Moore, M., Burrows, S., Collins, M. and Roderer, N. (2011). Libraries and Publishers Respond to Disaster with Groundbreaking Collaboration. Journal of Electronic Resources in Medical

Libraries, 8(1), pp. 54-62.

Nicholson, K. (2014) “Information Literacy as a Situated Practice in the Neoliberal University”,

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of CAIS/Actes Du Congrès Annuel de l’ACSI 2014, Brock

University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada, May, N.p.

NLM (National Library of Medicine), (2014). Emergency Access Initiative. [online] Available at: http://eai.nlm.nih.gov/docs/captcha/test.pl?url [Accessed 20 January 2017].

Oliphant, Tami, and Michael McNally. (2014) “Professional Decline and Resistance: The Case of Library and Archives Canada”, Radical Teacher No. 99, pp. 55–61.

Schmidt, G. (2010). Web 2.0 for Disaster Response and Recovery. Journal of Web Librarianship, 4(4), pp. 413-426.

Seale, Maura. (2016) "Compliant Trust: The Public Good and Democracy in the ALA's" Core Values of Librarianship", library trends Vol 64 No. 3, pp. 585-603.

Soutter, Jennifer. (2016) “The Core Competencies for 21st CARL (Canadian Association of Research

Libraries) Librarians: through a neoliberal lens”, Journal of Radical Librarianship Vol 2, pp. 35-67.

Thomson Reuters, (2016). Major cyberattack knocks Twitter, Paypal, Spotify offline Friday. [online] Available at: http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/dyn-ddos-attack-websites-down-1.3815417 [Accessed 12 January 2017].

Waugh, Evelyn. (2014) “The Creeping Influence of Economic Globalization & Corporatization: Neoliberal Discourse in Canadian Academic Libraries”, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of

CAIS/Actes Du Congrès Annuel de l’ACSI 2014. Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada,

May, N.p.

Yates, D. and Paquette, S. (2011). Emergency knowledge management and social media technologies: A case study of the Haitian earthquake. International Journal of Information

Management, 31, pp. 6-13.

Zach, L. (2011). What Do I Do in an Emergency? The Role of Public Libraries in Providing Information During Times of Crisis. Science & Technology Libraries, 30, pp. 404-413.

References

Related documents

The hypothesis is consistent with our findings that states with large durable-goods sectors tended to have experienced larger reductions in volatility, and a high average firm

After explicating how the narrative form can catalyze political change, I look carefully at both novels, first examining the emotional work characters undertake to manage the

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The latest guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) to test Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

All HER2-positive carcinomas except one grouped within the cluster enriched for HER2 amplicon–related genes together with 2 double-equivocal carcinomas classified as luminal B

Entrance, circulation, distribution (400), student seating for storytelling, instruction, study and research (2050), office (150), 2 conference areas (300), equipment and

Mother-11 [HSSI] It should be noted that some women with a history of acute mental health or substance misuse difficulties, even previous custody loss, had only brief encounters

C7.01. If this congregation ceases to exist, title to undisposed property shaII pass to the Eastern Washington-Idaho Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. If

This paper discusses the portfolio optimisation models and compares the performance as well as portfolio composition of the mean-variance model with other downside risk models which