The French Revolution Begins i

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French Revolution and Napoleon European History

A. The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815

a. The French Revolution establishes a ______________

_____, Napoleon Bonaparte gains and loses an empire, and _______________________________________.

Section 1

b. The French Revolution Begins

i. Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime help cause the French Revolution.

B. The Old Order

a. The Old Regime

i. Old Regime—__________________________

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ii. Estates—_____________________________

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b. The Privileged Estates

i. ___________________—Catholic clergy—own 10 percent land, pay few taxes

ii. ___________________—rich nobles—2 percent population, own 20 percent land

c. The Third Estate

i. _______________________________________

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ii. Have few privileges, pay heavy taxes, want change

Notes:

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C. The Forces of Change a. Enlightenment Ideas

i. _______________________________________

b. Economic Troubles

i. _______________________________________

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ii. King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette known for extravagance

iii. _______________________________________

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c. A Weak Leader

i. Louis’s poor decisions and lack of patience add to France’s problems

ii. _______________________________________

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D. Dawn of the Revolution

a. The National Assembly

i. _______________________________________

ii. Sieyès persuades them to make major changes in French government

iii. _______________________________________

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iv. Tennis Court Oath—_____________________

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b. Storming the Bastille

i. Rumors fly in Paris that Louis wants to suppress National Assembly

ii. _______________________________________

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E. A Great Fear Sweeps France a. Rebellion

i. Rumors and panic spread throughout France ii. Great Fear—____________________________

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iii. _______________________________________

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iv. In October 1789, Parisian women revolt over rising price of bread

v. They demand action, forcing Louis to return from Versailles to Paris

Section 2

b. Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

i. _______________________________________

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F. The Assembly Reforms France a. The Rights of Man

i. _______________________________________

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ii. Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

b. A State-Controlled Church

i. _______________________________________

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ii. This action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics

c. Louis Tries to Escape

i. Louis, worried about his future, attempts to escape France

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ii. _______________________________________

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G. Divisions Develop

a. A Limited Monarchy

i. In September 1791, Assembly finishes new constitution

ii. _______________________________________

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b. Factions Split France

i. _______________________________________

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ii. Assembly split into Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives

iii. Émigrés—______________________________

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iv. Sans-culottes—__________________________

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H. War and Execution

a. Problems with Other Countries

i. _______________________________________

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b. France at War

i. Prussian forces soon threaten to attack Paris ii. Parisian mob jails royal family, kills guards iii. Mob breaks into prisons, killing over 1,000,

including many who support king

iv. _______________________________________

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v. _______________________________________

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c. Jacobins Take Control

i. Jacobins—______________________________

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ii. After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of ___________________________________

iii. _______________________________________

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d. The War Continues

i. French army wins great victory against Prussians and Austrians

ii. _______________________________________

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iii. National Convention orders draft of 300,000 to reinforce army

I. The Terror Grips France a. Divided Country

i. Not all people in France support all changes of the Revolution

b. Robespierre Assumes Control

i. Maximilien Robespierre—________________

_______________________________________

ii. Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety, __________________

iii. Reign of Terror—________________________

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iv. Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette

v. 85 percent of those who die during the Terror are ___________________________________

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J. End of the Terror

a. Another Change in Government

i. In July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed ii. Terror results in public opinion shifting away

from radicals

iii. Moderate leaders write new constitution

iv. _______________________________________

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v. _______________________________________

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Section 3

b. Napoleon Forges an Empire

i. Napoleon Bonaparte, a military genius, seizes power in France and makes himself emperor.

K. Napoleon Seizes Power a. Early Life

i. Napoleon Bonaparte—___________________

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b. Hero of the Hour

i. _______________________________________

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ii. Napoleon wins stunning victories in Italy, gaining popularity

iii. News of his defeats in Egypt is suppressed c. Coup d’État

i. _______________________________________

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ii. Napoleon defeats British, Russians, Austrians who join forces against him

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L. Napoleon Rules France a. Vote of Approval

i. _______________________________________

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b. Restoring Order at Home

i. _______________________________________

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ii. Establishes ___________—government-run public schools to train officials

iii. _______________________________________

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iv. Creates Napoleonic Code—________________

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c. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor

i. In December 1804, Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France

M. Napoleon Creates an Empire a. Loss of American Territories

i. In 1801, Napoleon attempts to retake colony of Saint Domingue but fails

ii. _______________________________________

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iii. _______________________________________

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b. Conquering Europe

i. Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden join forces against Napoleon

ii. Napoleon crushes enemy forces in several brilliant battles

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iii. Napoleon forces Austria, Russia, Sweden to sign peace treaties

c. The Battle of Trafalgar

i. In 1805, British win Battle of Trafalgar—

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ii. This defeat forces Napoleon to give up plan of invading Britain

iii. Looks for another way to control Britain d. The French Empire

i. Napoleon controls Europe except for Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Ottomans

ii. _______________________________________

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iii. French Empire reaches largest extent from 1807 to 1812

Section 4

e. Napoleon’s Empire Collapses

i. Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall.

N. Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes a. The Continental System

i. _______________________________________

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ii. Continental System—____________________

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iii. Smugglers and uncooperative allies make France’s blockade fail

iv. Britain responds with blockade of its own, led by its stronger navy

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v. Americans fight Britain in War of 1812; war does no major damage to Britain

b. The Peninsular War

i. Napoleon sends troops across Spain to attack Portugal, causing protest

ii. _______________________________________

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iii. Spanish fight as guerrillas—_______________

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iv. British aid Spanish guerrillas

v. Napoleon loses 300,000 soldiers during this Peninsular War

vi. Nationalist rebels fight the French in other conquered territories

c. The Invasion of Russia

i. _______________________________________

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ii. In June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with 420,000 men

iii. Russians use scorched-earth policy—

_______________________________________

iv. In September 1812, Russians retreat from Moscow after Battle of Borodino

v. Napoleon finds Moscow abandoned and burning vi. _______________________________________

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O. Napoleon’s Downfall

a. Napoleon Suffers Defeat

i. Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon

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ii. Napoleon raises another army, but meets quick defeat by allied powers

iii. _______________________________________

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b. The Hundred Days

i. Louis XVIII, new king, is soon overthrown and ______________________________________

ii. Waterloo—_____________________________

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iii. This defeat ends Hundred Days—Napoleon’s last attempt at power

Section 5

c. The Congress of Vienna

i. _______________________________________

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P. Metternich’s Plan for Europe a. A Meeting of Nations

i. Congress of Vienna—____________________

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b. Metternich and the Great Powers

i. Klemens von Metternich—foreign minister of Austria, influential at Congress

ii. _______________________________________

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c. The Containment of France

i. Kingdom of the Netherlands formed, and

______________________________________

ii. Austria dominates new German Confederation of 39 German states

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iii. Kingdom of Sardinia is strengthened by adding Genoa

d. Balance of Power

i. _______________________________________

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e. Legitimacy

i. Legitimacy—____________________________

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ii. Leaders hope to restore order through these changes

iii. Congress of Vienna succeeds in getting all European governments together

iv. Fair deals are worked out so that the meeting does not lead to more war

v. _______________________________________

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Q. Political Changes Beyond Vienna a. Conservative Europe

i. Holy Alliance—_________________________

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ii. Concert of Europe—European nations pledge to help fight revolutions

iii. Conservative governments rule across Europe, but new ideas have impact

b. Revolutions in Latin America

i. _______________________________________

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ii. Many former colonies of Spain and Portugal gain independence

c. Long-Term Legacy

i. _______________________________________

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Notes: