1 | P a g e
DRAFTING
FUNDAMENTALS AND THEORY OF
DESIGN(INCL.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
PRACTICES)
Authors
ERICH D. CRUZ, EdD
JUN F. PANGANIBAN, MTE
COURSE GUIDE in
DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY 1 (DT 1)
Drafting Fundamentals and Theory of Design (incl. Occupational Health and Safety Practices)
Introduction (PPT/Video)
DR. ERICH D. CRUZ Professor I Drafting Tech. Area Coordinator Drafting/Drawing/Research Professor
34 yrs. In Teaching Profession BSIE (Drafting), MA Ed., Ed. D.
Researcher, IM and Book Writer and Faculty Extensionist
Married to Prof. Thelma (CIT-Physics), with 3 kids and a lovely granddaughter San Pedro, Morong, Rizal
Prof. JUN F. PANGANIBAN Associate Professor II Drafting and Drawing Professor 33 yrs. In Teaching Profession Drafting Specialist and Coach BSIE Drafting Tech (Pioneer Grad. RTPI) Master in Technician Education (Drafting)
Ph. D. - Educational Leadership (CAR) Married with 2 kids from SG, Morong
DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY
A program that prepares individuals to generally apply technical skills (where Drafting is the study of communications of ideas through lines, symbols, sketches, etc.) to create working drawings manually and eventually computer simulations for a variety of applications.
Prof. Erich D. Cruz. Ed. D. Prof. Jun F. Panganiban, MTE DT 1 Professors
First Semester, SY 2020 - 2021
erich.cruz@urs.edu.ph jun.panganiban@urs.edu.ph erichcruz58@yahoo.com
Welcome !
Drafting Technology I
Drafting Fundamentals and Theory of Design incl. Occupational Health and Safety Practices)
3 unit Major Subject
1 hr. lecture and 6 hrs. laboratory
Course Description
The course deals with the identification and application of the basic principles, theories and drafting fundamentals in the preparation of working drawing. It also focuses on orthographic projection, dimensioning, sectioning, scaling, notes and specifications using two methods such as freehand and mechanical drawing in the preparation of working drawing and blueprints with complete details.
This course also deals with the safety standards and procedures in the workshops as set by the industry and the school. It includes topics such as personal safety, safety industry precautions and practices, hazard anticipation, accident preventions, and first aid administration. It also develops and enhances the knowledge, skills and attitudes of students to safety perform their tasks.
Objectives
General Objectives
1. To produce competent technical manpower vital in responding to the needs of industrial society.
2. To produce research-oriented professionals in technology and highly skilled technicians who are creative and innovative, productive, self reliant and morally directed citizens.
3. To understand the importance of drawing as a universal language of industry.
4. To know the fundamental skills and knowledge in preparing working drawing.
Specific Objectives: At the end of the course the students should be able to:
1. To discuss the importance of line as an element of drawing.
2. To explain that working drawing uses geometric construction as a basis for its completion.
3. To discuss the principles of orthographic and pictorial drawings.
4. To identify the importance of dimensioning considering its lines, symbols and rules.
5. To discuss the difference between and among the types of scaling.
6. To explain the purpose of sectioning and auxiliary views.
7. To explain the purpose of sectioning and auxiliary views.
8. To print letters legibly.
9. To construct the object in its pictorial form with the given views and/or vice versa.
10. To prepare working drawings.
11. To construct three dimensional figures based on principles of pattern and surface development.
12. To observe desirable work attitudes.
Course Structure
The course DT 1 consist of twelve (12) instructional units divided into twenty three (23) modules namely:
I. Introduction and Instrument Drawing (2) II. Lettering (1)
III. Geometric Construction (3) IV. Orthographic Drawing (2)
V. Pictorial Drawing (3) VI. Dimensioning (2) VII. Scaling (2) VIII. Sectioning (3)
IX. Auxiliary Views (1)
X. Pattern and Surface Development (2) XI. Working Drawing (1)
XII. Occupational Safety and Health Practices (1)
See: Modules
Course Requirements Grading System
Course Requirement
May be submitted thru courier, online (email) or drop box.
Enhancement Activities Drawing Exercises Drawing of Plates
Grading System
Plates and Projects 40 % Quizzes and Assignments 20%
Participation 10%
Periodical Examinations 30%
Course Schedule
Registration (August 24, 2020) Classes Start and Orientation
Study Session 1 (August 25, 2020)
Submission of Activity and Requirement for Modules 1 to 8
Study Session 2 (October 8, 2020)
Submission of Activity and Requirement for Modules 9 to 18
Study Session 3 (December 5, 2020)
Submission of Activity and Requirement for Modules 19 to 23
Final Requirement Due (December 12, 2020)
DT 1
Drafting Fundamentals and Theory of Design (incl. Occupational Health and Safety Practices)
Course Objectives
General Objectives
1. To produce competent technical manpower vital in responding to the needs of industrial society.
2. To produce research-oriented professionals in technology and highly skilled technicians who are creative and innovative, productive, self reliant and morally directed citizens.
3. To understand the importance of drawing as a universal language of industry.
4. To know the fundamental skills and knowledge in preparing working drawing.
Specific Objectives:
At the end of the course the students should be able to:1. To discuss the importance of line as an element of drawing.
2. To explain that working drawing uses geometric construction as a basis for its completion.
3. To discuss the principles of orthographic and pictorial drawings.
4. To identify the importance of dimensioning considering its lines, symbols and rules.
5. To discuss the difference between and among the types of scaling.
6. To explain the purpose of sectioning and auxiliary views.
7. To explain the purpose of sectioning and auxiliary views.
8. To print letters legibly.
9. To construct the object in its pictorial form with the given views and/or vice versa.
10. To prepare working drawings.
11. To construct three dimensional figures based on principles of pattern and surface development.
12. To observe desirable work attitudes.
Course Structure
The course DT 1 consist of twelve (12) instructional units divided into twenty three (23) modules namely:
CONTENT WRITER
Unit 1. Introduction and Instrument Drawing Module
1. Drafting Related Careers and Line Sketching
2. Hand Manipulated Tools, Set of Drawing
Instruments, Machine Operated Instruments and Consumable Materials
Erich D. Cruz
Unit 2. Lettering Module
3. Lettering as an Essential Element in a Working Drawing
Erich D. Cruz
Unit 3. Geometric Construction Module
4. Points, Lines, Angles and Circles
5. Polygons
6. Solids
Erich D. Cruz
Unit 4. Orthographic Drawing Module
7. Alphabet of Lines
8. Multiview Projection incl. Planes of Projection and Methods of Presentation
Erich D. Cruz
Unit 5. Pictorial Drawing Module
9. Isometric Drawing
10. Oblique Drawing
11. Perspective Drawing
Erich D. Cruz
Unit 6. Dimensioning Module
12. Systems of Measurement and Placing Dimensions, and Types of Dimensioning
13. Lines, Symbols and Rules Used in Dimensioning
Erich D. Cruz
Unit 7. Scaling Module
14. Reproduction Process
15. Reduction and Enlargement Processes
Erich D. Cruz
Unit 8. Sectioning Module
16. Lines and Symbols Used in Sectioning
17. Cross and Longitudinal Sections
18. Types of Sections
Erich D. Cruz
Unit 9. Auxiliary Views Module
19. Types of Auxiliary Views
Erich D. Cruz
Unit 10. Pattern and Surface Development Module
20. Common, Platonic and Orthogonal Solids
21. Truncated Vs. Frustum Incl. Archimedean Solids
Erich D. Cruz
Unit 11. Working Drawing Module
22. Assembly Drawing
23. Detail Drawing
24. Complete Working Drawing
Erich D. Cruz
Unit 12. Occupational Safety and Health Practices Module
25. Understanding OSH and Recognizing Safety Hazards and Appropriate Control Measures
26. Unsafe and Unhealthy Acts and Conditions
Erich D. Cruz
MODULE 5
POLYGONS
OBJECTIVES: After reading the topics and doing exercises you will learn to:
define polygon.
enumerate classifications and types of polygon.
construct regular polygons..
appreciate the significance of point, line, angle and circle as essential element in constructing polygons and solids.
OVERVIEW
Polygons like point, lines, and angles play important role in drawing and understanding production drawing. It is focused in two dimensional figures where lines are joined end-to-end to form a shape where sides are normally straight lines. In this module, one will explore the basic information on how lines or series of lines set angle/s originated from a point. The manipulation of compass will be extensively used together with protractor and ruler or triangles.
Polygon Defined
Polygons are many-sided figures, with sides that are line segments. Polygons are named according to the number of sides and angles, they have lines, The most familiar polygons are the triangle, the rectangle, and the square. A regular polygon is one that has equal sides.
A polygon is a closed figure where the sides are all line segments. Each side must intersect exactly two others sides but only at their endpoints. The sides must be noncollinear and have a common endpoint.
The Polygons are simply the two-dimensional geometric figures consisting basically with number of straight line sides connected by points forming a shape.
General Classifications of Polygon
Regular Polygon. A kind of polygon where sides and angles are the same.
Irregular Polygon. A kind of polygon where sides and angles are NOT the same.
Regular Polygon Irregular Polygon
Types of Polygon
Triangle. Polygon with three sides and angles. Sum of the interior angle is always 1800.
Common Triangles
Equilateral Triangle. Triangle with equal length of sides and all angles are equal.
Isosceles Triangle. Triangle with two equal sides and two of its angles are the same.
Scalene Triangle. Triangle with NO equal sides and NO equal angles.
Right Triangle. Triangle with one of its angle is in 900.
Equilateral Triangle (Regular) Isosceles Triangle
Scalene Triangle Right Triangle
Quadrilateral. Plane figure bounded by four sides and angles.
Common Quadrilaterals
Square. Quadrilateral with four equal sides (opposite sides are parallel) and angles (900), a regular polygon.
Rectangle. Four sided polygon, pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel with four equal angles, 900.
Rhombus. It is a flat shape with 4 equal straight sides. Opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are equal (parallelogram). The altitude is the distance at right angles to two sides.
Rhomboid. Two-dimensional figure, it is a parallelogram which adjacent sides are of unequal lengths and angles are non-right angled. Sometimes called an elongated rhombus.
Trapezoid. It has flat closed shape having 4 straight sides, with one pair of parallel sides. The parallel sides are known as the bases, and its non-parallel sides are called legs (may also have parallel legs). The parallel sides can be horizontal, vertical or slanting. The perpendicular distance between the parallel sides is called the altitude.
Trapezium. A quadrilateral with no parallel sides. Also known as a general irregular quadrilateral.
Deltoid (Kite). It is a quadrilateral in which there are two pairs of adjacent edges that are equal. It has four internal angles, two of these are the
opposite angles between the unequal edges, and two are the opposite angles between the equal edges.
Square Rectangle
Rhombus Rhomboid
Trapezoid Trapezium
Deltoid
Types of Polygon
Name Side Shape Interior Angle
Triangle (trigon)
3 600
Quadrilateral (tetragon)
4 900
Pentagon (Septagon)
Polygon with five sides and and angles.
5 1080
Hexagon
Polygon with six sides and angles.
6 1200
Heptagon
Polygon with seven sides and angles.
7 128.5710
Octagon
Polygon with eight sides and angles.
8 1350
Nonagon (Enneagon)
Polygon with nine sides and angles.
9 1400
Decagon
Polygon with ten sides and angles.
10 1440
Hendecagon (Undecagon)
Polygon with eleven sides and angles.
11 147.2730
Dodecagon
Polygon with twelve sides and angles.
12 1500
N – gon
Polygon with number of sides and angles.
n (n-2) x 1800 / n
Construction of Regular Polygons
Regular Triangle with Given Straight Line
Regular Triangle Inscribed in a Circle
With the given line AB, draw two arcs of the same radius at point C
With the given circle, draw vertical line intersecting at pt. O.
Connect pt. C and pt.
A with straight line.
Draw an arc at the lower pt. producing pts. B and C.
Connect pt. C and pt.
B to complete the figure.
Connect the points end to end to complete the regular triangle
Visit:https://www.yo utube.com/watch?v=o LCWE-YFeZw
Visit:https://www.yo utube.com/watch?v=
hXF9x18A6Mo
Square Square
Regular Pentagon Regular Hexagon
Bisect line OB at pt. E Given
Using pt. E and distance EC, draw an arc at pt. F.
Using pt. C and distance FC, draw an arc at pt. G.
Using distance GC, transfer that 5 times around the circle.
Complete the pentagon by tracing visible edges.
Visit:https://www.yo utube.com/watch?v=X pAhLgPp2Dc
Using the same process as regular pentagon.
Connect points AC, AD, EC, BD and EB with a straight line.
Complete the star by tracing the visible edges.
Regular Heptagon Regular Octagon
Visit:
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=n- luQRrlXSA
Visit:
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=rWiyO UIjesE
Construction of Regular Polygon Using Ray Method
Visit Ray Method: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rt7qTvPYVXE
Other readings and demonstration, visit the following:
http://www.iitg.ac.in/rkbc/ME111/Lecture2%20Geometrical%20construction.pdf
https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture_notes/env_health_science_s tudents/engineeringdrawing.pdf
I. Directions: IDENTIFICATION. Identify the following geometric figures:
__________ __________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________ __________
II. Directions: ENUMERATION. Enumerate the following by writing your answer on the space provided for:
1 – 4 Types of Triangles
5 – 8 Aside from Dodecahedron, list down four other regular polyhedra.
9 – 15 Common Types of Quadrilaterals
1. _______________ 6. _______________ 11. ________________
2. _______________ 7. _______________ 12. ________________
3. _______________ 8. _______________ 13. ________________
4. _______________ 9. _______________ 14. ________________
5. _______________ 10._______________ 15. ________________
NAME________________________________ DATE____________________
COURSE: _________________YR. & SEC.: _______ SCORE: ____________
DRAWING EXERCISE NO. 11 REGULAR POLYGONS – 1
Directions: Draw regular pentagon and a five-point star using the given circle.
NAME________________________________ DATE____________________
COURSE: _________________YR. & SEC.: _______ SCORE: ____________
DRAWING EXERCISE NO. 12 REGULAR POLYGONS – 2
Directions: Draw the following regular polygons.
Heptagon Nonagon
Hexagon Nonagon
(ASAQ of Module 5) I. Identification
1. CYLINDER 2. TRAPEZOID
3. CUBE / HEXAHEDRON 4. PENTAGON
5. ELLIPSE / OVAL 6. RECTANGLE
7. RIGHT TRIANGLE / SCALENE 8. RHOMBUS
9. DODECAGON 10. DELTOID
II. Enumeration
1. EQUILATERAL 2. ISOSCELES 3. SCALENE 4. RIGHT
5. TETRAHEDRON 6. HEXAHEDRON 7. OCTAHEDRON 8. ICOSAHEDRON 9. SQUARE
10. RECTANGLE 11. RHOMBUS 12. RHOMBOID 13. TRAPEZOID 14. TRAPEZIUM 15. DELTOID
Rubrics for Drawing Exercises
Criteria Excellent Good Fair Poor
Accuracy and Correctness
of Work (50%)
Drawing exercise is engagingly organized and presents correct and complete.
Drawing exercise is somewhat organized, complete.
Drawing exercise is disorganized and incomplete at times and is somewhat able to hold the attention of the viewer.
Drawing exercise is incomplete and not easy to read.
Speed (15%)
The drawing exercise was completed with minimum effort
The student finished the drawing exercise but it could have been improved with more effort.
The student worked hard and completed the drawing exercise but with a bit more effort it might have been outstanding.
The drawing exercise was continued until it was complete as the student could make it; gave it effort far beyond that required.
Neatness (15%)
Exceptionally attractive and particularly neat in design and layout
Attractive and neat in design and layout
Acceptably attractive but may be messy at times and/or show lack of organization
Distractingly messy or very poorly designed.
Does not show pride in work.
Legibility (20%)
The drawing exercise was beautiful and patiently done;
lettering printed accordingly.
With a little more effort, the work could have been outstanding;
lacks the finishing touches.
The student showed average competence;
adequate, but not as good as it could have been, a bit careless.
The student showed average competence, lack of pride in finished work
Score Range
Interpretation (Grade)
Description 91- 100 Outstanding
(1.5 – 1.0) Conditions and provision is excellent and the standard of function meets quality.
81 - 90 Very Satisfactory
(2.0 – 1.6) Conditions and provision is extensive and the standard of function is above average.
71 – 80 Satisfactory
(2.5 – 2.1) Conditions and provision is adequate and meets the normal function.
61 – 70 Moderately Satisfactory (3.0 – 2.6)
Conditions and provision is limited and functions are temporarily acceptable.
51 – 60 Needs
Improvement (3.5 – 3.1)
Conditions and provision needs improvement and functions are missing.
