Power Line Communication Based Antitheft System for Electricity, Load Management and Auto Billing

Final Year Project Report

Session 2012-2016

Power Line communication based Antitheft system for electricity,

Load management and Auto billing

Group Members

Muhammad Usman Irshad

(BEE-FA12-020)

Muhammad Abbas

(BEE-FA12-027)

Jamil Ur Rehman

(BEE-FA12-042)

Project Supervisor

Engr. Awais Hussain Shah

Project Co-Supervisor

Engr. Khizar Arshad

P

OWER

L

INE

COMMUNICATION

BASED

A

NTITHEFT SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICITY

,

L

OAD

MANAGEMENT AND

A

UTO BILLING

M

UHAMMAD

U

SMAN

I

RSHAD

(BEE-FA12-020)

M

UHAMMAD

A

BBAS

(BEE-FA12-027)

J

AMIL

U

R

R

EHMAN

(BEE-FA12-042)

BSc Report

Project report submitted in

partial accomplishment of the requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

Supervisor: Engr. Awais Hussain Shah

School of Electrical Engineering,

The University of Faisalabad

A

PPROVAL

C

ERTIFICATE

This project thesis report titled “Power Theft Line Communication Based Antitheft System for Electricity, Load Management and Auto billing ” has been found adequate in terms of possibility, eminence and demonstration as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelors of Electrical Engineering (Electronics) in The University of Faisalabad.

Project Supervisor:

Engr. Awais Hussain Shah

Signature:_________________ Date:_________________

Project Co- Supervisor:

Engr. Khizer Arshad

E

NGLISH

P

ROFICIENCY

C

ERTIFICATE

We hereby declare that this project thesis report has been submitted to Prof. Aslam Malik at The University of Faisalabad for English proficiency check of this thesis report.

Remarks:

..………

………

………....

………

………

Signature:__________________

Date:______________________

Stamp: ____________________

Group Members:

D

ECLARATION

We hereby assert that no portion of this project report has been submitted to any other university or any other institution for the purpose of getting another degree. If any such act found, we are liable to any punishment which will be given by the authorities. In severe case our degree could be terminted if such act of plagiarim is found.

C

OPYWRITE

S

TATEMENT

 Copywrite in the text of this report rests with the student authors. No copies of this project report can be made without getting permission from the authors.

 If any person wants to take advantage of this project report, he/she has to get written permission from the University of Faisalabad. Before this he/she has to apply for this permission, for this purpose he has to write to the librarian, who will put forward his application to the higher authorities.

 Any other information regarding the copyrights is available in the library of The University of Faisalabad.

 Before doing any act of plagiarism one must read the terms and condition of our copyright statement.

A

CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At first we are thankful to Allah Almighty for making this chance, a success. We thanks our project supervisor Engr. Awais Hussain Shah for providing us with the essential services and supervision required to complete this project. We are also very obliged to our project co- supervisor Engr. Khizer Arshad for their valuable technical supervision throughout this project. We are pleased to the staff members of department of Electrical Engineering for their cooperation. It is because of their support and co-operation that we are able to make this project. We are especially thankful to:

Dr.Shoaib Khalid (Head of Department)

A

BSTRACT

Electricity is the economic growth of any country, where electricity theft is occurred daily. Power Line Communication is the latest power transmission technology in which the electricity is transmitted over a communication line or we can say that the information is transmitted over a power line and that’s why this technology is called power line communication system. Now our idea is about electricity theft detection using automatic meter reading with power line communication. As we already know that the information can be transmitted over a power line then if an automatic meter reading system is setup in the way

of electrical line, we can prevent the electricity theft.

In the AMR (automatic meter reading) a digital chip is used to store the electricity energy and measures the consumed energy. The energy recorded by automatic meter reading system is then compared with the energy recorded by the main KWH meter that is set in a home for electricity unit measurement. If there is a difference between the reading s of both energy meters then the automatic meter reading system generates an error signal and it is transmitted via PLC (power line communication) network to the PLC control system and it proves that some electricity theft has occurred.

Automatic meter reading system over power line communication system has become a major equipment to stop the illegal use of electricity.

T

ABLE OF

C

ONTENTS

Approval Certificate ... v

English Proficiency Certificate ... vi

Declaration ... vi

Copywrite Statement ... viii

Acknowledgements ... ix

Abstract ... x

List of Figures ... xv

List of Tables ... xvii

List of Acronyms ... xviii

Chapter 1 Introduction ... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND: ... 1

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT: ... 1

1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT: ... 3

1.4 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION ... 3

1.5 AUTOMATIC METER READING (AMR): ... 4

1.6 ELECTRICITY THEFT ... 5

1.6.1 Methods of Stealing Electricity ... 6

1.7 REPORT OUTLINE... 7

1.7.1 Chapter 1 ... 7

1.7.2 Chapter 2 ... 7

1.7.4 Chapter 4 ... 7

1.7.5 Chapter 5 ... 7

2

Chapter 2 Objectives of the Project ... 8

2.1 OBJECTIVES ... 8

2.2 MAJOR BUILDING BLOCKS ... 8

2.3 THEFT OF ELECTRICITY ... 9

2.4 ADVANTAGES OF PLC ... 9

2.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT ... 9

3

Chapter 3 Architecture of the Project ... 10

3.1 HARDWARE ... 11

3.2 ENERGY METER ... 12

3.2.1 Block Diagram of Energy Meter ... 13

3.2.2 Picture of Energy Meter ... 14

3.3 PCINTERFACE ... 15

3.3.1 Block Diagram of PC interface ... 16

3.3.2 Picture of PC Interface ... 17

3.4 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS ... 18

3.5 MICROCONTROLLER ... 19

3.5.1 Pin Configuration of PIC18F452 ... 20

3.5.2 External Clock with Microcontroller: ... 20

3.5.3 Power On Reset Circuit ... 21

3.7.1 External View of LCD ... 24 3.7.2 Pin Configuration of LCD ... 25 3.8 OPTO COUPLER PC817 ... 25 3.8.1 Internal Structure of PC817 ... 26 3.8.2 Pin Configuration of PC817 ... 26 3.9 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LM358 ... 27 3.9.1 External View of LM358 ... 27 3.9.2 Pin Configuration of LM358 ... 27 3.9.3 Maximum Ratings of LM358 ... 28 3.10 VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM7805 ... 29 3.10.1 Pin Configuration of LM7805 ... 29

3.10.2 Internal Block Diagram of LM7805 ... 29

3.11 TRANSISTOR BD140 ... 30 3.11.1 Pin Configuration of BD140 ... 30 3.11.2 Internal Architecture of BD140 ... 30 3.11.3 Maximum Ratings of BD140 ... 31 3.11.4 Electrical Characteristics of BD140 ... 31 3.12 TVSDIODE... 32

3.12.1 TVS Diode External View ... 32

3.12.2 Maximum Ratings of TVS Diode ... 32

3.12.3 Electrical Characteristics of TVS Diode ... 33

3.13 TRANSISTOR BC548 ... 33

3.13.1 External View of BC548 ... 34

3.13.2 Pin Configuration of BC548 ... 34

3.14 CURRENT TRANSFORMER ... 35

3.15.1 Pin Configuration of KQ330 ... 36

3.15.2 Working of PLC Modem ... 37

3.15.3 Block Diagram of PLC Modem KQ330 ... 37

3.15.4 Data Transmission over Power Line ... 38

4

Chapter 4 Software ... 39

4.1 FLOW CHART ... 40

4.2 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) ... 41

4.2.1 Normal Working ... 42

4.2.2 Legal Load ... 43

4.2.3 Theft Detection ... 44

5

Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Work ... 45

5.1 CONCLUSION ... 45

5.2 FUTURE WORK ... 46

6

Picture of the Project ... 47

Figure 0-1 Methods of Stealing Electricity ... 6

Figure 0-2 Methods of Stealing Electricity ... 6

Figure 3-1 Block Diagram of Energy Meter ... 13

Figure 3-2 Energy Meter ... 14

Figure 3-3 Block Diagram of PC Interface ... 16

Figure 3-4 Picture of PC Interface ... 17

Figure 3-5 Pin Configuration of PIC18F452 ... 20

Figure 3-6 External Clock ... 20

Figure 3-7 Power on Reset Circuit ... 21

Figure 3-8 External View of MAX232 ... 22

Figure 3-9 Pin Configuration of MAX232 ... 22

Figure 3-10 Pin Connections of MAX232 ... 23

Figure 3-11 External View of LCD ... 24

Figure 3-12 Pin Configuration of LCD ... 25

Figure 3-13 Internal Structure of PC817 ... 26

Figure 3-14 Pin Configuration of PC817 ... 26

Figure 3-15 External View of LM358 ... 27

Figure 3-16 Pin Configuration of LM358 ... 27

Figure 3-17 Pin Configuration of LM7805 ... 29

Figure 3-18 Internal Block Diagram of LM7805 ... 29

Figure 3-19 Pin Configuration of BD140... 30

Figure 3-20 Internal Architecture of BD140 ... 30

Figure 3-21 External View of TVS Diode ... 32

Figure 3-22 External View of BC548 ... 34

Figure 3-23 Pin Configuration of BC548 ... 34

Figure 3-24 Current Transformer ... 35

Figure 3-25 Pin Configuration of KQ330 ... 36

Figure 3-26 Block Diagram of PLC Modem KQ330 ... 37

Figure 3-27 Data Transmission over Power Line ... 38

Figure 4-1 Flow Chart ... 40

Figure 4-2 Normal Working ... 42

Figure 4-3 Legal Load ... 43

Figure 4-4 Theft Detection ... 44

Table 3-1 Hardware Components ... 18

Table 3-2 Maximum Operating Conditions of MAX232 ... 23

Table 3-3 Maximum Ratings of LM358 ... 28

Table 3-4 Maximum Ratings of BD140 ... 31

Table 3-5 Electrical Characteristics of BD140 ... 31

Table 3-6 Maximum Ratings of TVS Diode ... 32

Table 3-7 Electrical Characteristics of TVS Diode ... 33

L

IST OF

A

CRONYMS

PLCC Power Line Carrier Communication

PIC Programmable Integrated Circuit Modem Modulator Demodulator

IC Integrated circuit

TBD Time Based Pricing

TVS Transient Voltage Suppressor

CT Current Transformer

PT Potential Transformer

ZCD Zero Crossing Detector GUI Graphical User Interface

AMR Automatic Meter Reading

KWh Kilo Watt hour

Pot. Potentiometer

C

HAPTER

1

I

NTRODUCTION

1.1 Background:

Different technologies are used for the communication of information from one end to another. There are many kinds of information transmission technologies, these include wireless technology, and wired networks like Ethernet cables, fiber optics cables, coaxial cables and power lines.

Power lines can be used as a medium for transmitting the data from one end to the other. The concept is that, the power lines can also be used to transmit data signals, and these are not only built for transferring electrical power. This idea is the essence of our project. The technology which we are using is not firsthand technology, but it was widely used by the grid stations in 1950’s to transmit data signals and control signals to the other grid stations. Largely the power line communication technology was used by grid stations for the telephony purposes.

The idea of transmitting data signals over the existing carrier infrastructure is not a new idea; it became patent in the 1920’s when two scientists worked on it to make it possible.

Characteristics of the power lines are not suitable for the data transmission. It was the limiting factor in our project. But researchers did not loosed there heart, but they tried to make a better technology by working on the spread spectrum and OFDM, which means orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.

1.2

Purpose of the Project:

Now days, Power theft is at its peak, due to this theft our country has to suffer from economic crisis and load shedding. If we are able to stop illegal usage of electricity, we can avoid several problems, like load shedding, etc. Power Line Communication is the latest

power transmission technology in which the electricity is transmitted over a communication line or we can say that the information is transmitted over a power line and that’s why this expertise is called power line carrier communication system. Now our idea is about electricity theft detection and automatic meter reading with power line carrier communication.

Automatic meter reading system over power line communication system has become a major equipment to stop the illegal use of electricity.

1.3 Overview of the Project:

Electrical measurement is a not very easy process but it includes complex measurements of voltages, active and reactive power, frequency and cumulative consumption. Before the advent of new technology, electrical energy was measured with the help of electro mechanical energy meters, these energy meters were not very accurate and they consume lot of energy for their own working.

Due to the advances in technology especially in the field of electronics and communications it is now possible to measure electrical energy with the help of smart energy meters, which work on the basis of microcontrollers and other new processing devices. These devices can be implemented for doing remote monitoring of the electrical energy as well as controlling the power theft. This technology has now become very common, and it has overcome all other technologies. This technology can be implemented via wireless medium or power line medium.

But, here we are using Power line carrier communication for remote metering to control power theft and for the sake of automatic meter reading.

1.4 Power Line Carrier Communication

Power line carrier communication (PLCC) is a technology which uses the existing infrastructure of electric power supply. In our country there is wide spread net of power cables for the transmission of electrical power. If we use these wires for the transmission of digital data, then it will be called as power line carrier communication.

In this type of communication the digital data is transmitted by overlaying it on the analog signal which has 50-60 Hz frequency. This technology is not new, but in old days it was used by grid stations for communication between power grids. But at that time the data rates were very low, and the communication was limited. But now it has very high bandwidth

which means that now we can send huge amount of data to very large distances. Another example of this technology being used in the industries is the SCADA system which stands for supervisory control and data acquisition system. Due to this technology all the instruments in the industry are connected to a control system, which can instruct them to perform the given task in a good manner.

The power line communication technology is also used in various fields of life an example is home automation as well as providing internet network which works on PLCC. In this type of communication, power line modules are used to send and receive the data. These modules work on the principle that whenever a zero crossing is reached in the sine wave, it will generate a burst of data bits. It means that it will send data only at zero crossing.

1.5 Automatic Meter Reading (AMR):

Most of the countries in the world are suffering from the ever growing problem of power theft. Due to this theft the governments have to lose a large amount of revenue. And they are helpless in this context.

We have developed a system in which the system will automatically perform meter reading. Due to this system, a large amount of work needed to get the readings from consumers will be saved. The human effort will also be eliminated in this system. Due to this elimination, the human error can be corrected. It will also help to stop the corruption, which was either done by the consumers or the employees. It will make a good effect on collecting revenue.

consumed by the user. This energy meter will automatically tell the grid station about its readings. This is the working of automatic meter reading.

The grid station will compare the output energy with the consumed energy, if there comes some difference, then it will alerts the system that some power theft has occurred.

To ensure that it was power theft, the system can shut down the consumer’s energy meter, if by doing so the difference is not removed then it is clear that theft is occurring. There are different methods through which automatic meter reading can be done are:

 Wireless meter reading  Optical fibre meter reading  Power line meter reading

1.6 Electricity Theft

As we have already discussed about the power theft but now we are discussing about the methods of electricity theft. The most common method of theft is connecting the consumer’s home with the overhead power lines without connecting them to the energy meter. In this case the energy meter will be unable to record any energy because it was not connected. So it becomes a simplest method for doing this. Another method of power theft is energy meter tampering, it can be tampered in different ways, and it can be reversed so that it tells less amount of consumed energy.

 Swapping the input and output ports of the meter.  Changing the meter reading.

1.6.1 Methods of Stealing Electricity

Figure 0-1 Methods of Stealing Electricity

1.7 Report Outline

1.7.1 Chapter 1

1.7.2 Chapter 2

1.7.3 Chapter 3

1.7.4 Chapter 4

1.7.5 Chapter 5

2

C

HAPTER

2

O

BJECTIVES OF THE

P

ROJECT

2.1 Objectives

The main objectives of this project are as follows:  Real-time Power checking at houses.

 Identifying the power theft.

 Communicating the information to control room.  Automatic Meter Reading

The project provides us exposure on the following  PCB designing

 Embedded C program

 Serial communication between the micro controller and PC  Execution of TTL and RS232 protocol

2.2 Major building blocks

 Two Micro controller boards  PLC modules

 Serial Port interfacing  PC

2.3 Theft of Electricity

Theft of electricity is the criminal practice. By doing this crime the consumer is punishable and he can be heavily fined or may be caught by the law enforcing agency. Usually theft is done by connecting the consumer’s wires to the power lines passing nearby the house or industry. But this type of theft can be easily detected, so thieves try to adopt other intelligent methods of power theft which are not easily detectable. We are developing a system to stop the illegal usage of electric power. For this purpose we are making use of the power line communication technology.

2.4 Advantages of PLC

 The system consumes very little power for its operation.

 System operation is independent of time (functional for 24 hours).  Automatic information update

2.5 Limitations of the Project

 Since the procedures employed in this module are based on simple electronics, the chances of making the system defective are greater. But, if a microcontroller chip is used for feeding the modulating input, we can make the system more effective and efficient.  Wide range of frequencies is required to facilitate large number of users. To overcome this

problem, carrier signal can be changed from one region to the other.

 Presently, it requires a power supply of 230V for its operation, but a small battery with automatic charging can be provided in real time.

 Signal attenuation is also the limiting factor in our project’s efficiency, but we have overcome this problem by using a carrier signal of 125-135 KHz frequency.

3

C

HAPTER

3

A

RCHITECTURE OF THE

P

ROJECT

Our project works by sending data signals and command which are superimposed on the power lines this arrangement allows us to perform power theft and automatic meter reading. In the start of this project, we had to make a choice that what protocol should we use, because there are a large number of protocols available for use. Another option is that, we can built our own protocol for this project, but after working onto this option we come to know that this option will be of no use, because it will be like that we are inventing a new wheel in today’s world which is a global village, so we decided to use an existing protocol. This works on the principle of zero crossing detection. We will later discuss this protocol in detail.

After deciding the protocol, we started to work on the projects different parts, keeping some points in mind:

 Low project price  Ease in design

 Productivity and reliability  General purpose

 Security

Our project can be divided into two portions:  Hardware

3.1 Hardware

Our project’s hardware consists of two main parts; one part is the energy meter which is located at consumer’s house and other is located at the substation. Both parts acts as transceiver i.e. these parts can send and receive information at the same time. When one part is sending data, other is acting as receiver and vice versa.

 Energy Meter  PC Interface

3.2 Energy Meter

Energy meter is the main part of our project. This meter is used to measure the consumed energy at the consumer side. The soul of the energy meter is the power line module, this module is used to send and receive data via power lines. This module is powered by 5V, which is given to it with the help of 5V power adapter. Potential transformer is the step down transformer, which takes input of 220V and gives an output of 12V AC.

After coming out from the transformer, AC current is then entered into the Wheatstone bridge rectifier which converts it into 5V DC. This current is used to give power supply to the microcontroller PIC18F452 and LCD.

Microcontroller takes information from PLC module. This information is the data which is sent by the control room from substation. Microcontroller gives its feedback to the substation i.e. consumed energy, current and voltage ratings.

The main purpose of the energy meter is the measurement of electrical energy which is consumed by the user. It measures this energy by getting voltage from potential transformer and current from current transformer. The product of voltage and current is the energy. Microcontroller does this calculation and sends this data to the substation’s control room.

3.2.1 Block Diagram of Energy Meter

Figure 3-1 Block Diagram of Energy Meter

3.2.2 Picture of Energy Meter

3.3 PC Interface

This part of the project is built for the control room which is located at the substation. Personal computer is attached with this interfacing part so that all the information can be collected on the computer.

In the same manner, the control room can send different commands to the energy meters in order to stop power theft. This circuit is connected to the PC with the help of MAX232 integrated circuit. This IC uses the TTL and RS logic to connect computer with the circuit. MAX232 IC gives all the data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then decides what to do. Microcontroller not only gets information from the computer but it also gives information to the computer, i.e. the information of delivered watts and used watts, if there comes difference which is beyond the limit, the computer will tell that some power theft is occurring.

Now, we will discuss the structure of circuit, in the circuit we can see a current transformer which is connected in series with the power lines. This current transformer is used to measure the total current given by the substation. Microcontroller uses this current and voltage rating to measure the energy in watts.

Microcontroller needs 5V DC to operate, this voltage is provided to it with the help of power adapter. This power adapter not only gives power supply to the microcontroller but also to the PLC Module. We used this power adapter because, PLC module needs 5V, 300mA.While, and the voltage regulator provides 5V, 100mA. Resultantly, there is a shortage of 200mA. To overcome this problem, we decided to use 5V power adapter.

3.3.1 Block Diagram of PC interface

3.3.2

Picture of PC Interface

3.4 Hardware Specifications

The main components used in the project are as follows:

Components Details Resistors 8.2K, 1.8M, 8.2K, 10K, 15K, 1M VAR, 82Ω,470K, 1K, 10K, 2.2K, 10Ω Capacitors 1µF, 0.1µF, 470µF, 1000 µF, 0.01 µF, 1 µF, 100 µF, 470 µF, 10 µF, 100 µF Transistors BC548, BD140, BC549 Integrated Circuits PIC18F452, LM358, LM7805, PC817

Display 16 character, 2 line LCD Relay 12V, 5A relay

Transformer 12 V Potential transformer, Current Transformer Power supplies 220V AC

3.5 Microcontroller

The microcontroller used is PIC18F452. It has 40 pins which are used for different purposes.  It is high performance microcontroller.

 It has enhanced architecture of C compiler

 PIC18’s source code is compatible with PIC16 and PIC17 order set.  It has program memory addressing which is up to 32Kbytes.

 It can have data memory addressing which is up to 1.5 Kbytes.

Peripheral Features:

 PIC microcontroller has addressable UART module which also supports RS232 logic  PSP module is enabled, which stands for parallel slave port

 It has very fast sampling rate, which makes it very high speed microcontroller  It can perform conversions even in its sleep condition.

 Generates an interrupt signal whenever a low voltage signal is given to it.

Special Microcontroller Features:

 It has special feature which allows it to perform 1, 00,000 times erase/write.  It has oscillator timer, as well as power timer and power on reset timer.  It has main feature of watch dog timer for its reliability.

 It uses CMOS technology, due to its low power consumption

 It can operate up to the range of 2.0 V to 5.0 V which is very wide range  power consumption ratings, 1.6 mA at 5 V, 4MHz

3.5.1 Pin Configuration of PIC18F452

Figure 3-5 Pin Configuration of PIC18F452

3.5.3 Power On Reset Circuit

3.6 IC MAX232

IC MAX232 is used for connecting the PCB circuit with the personal computer. It is used to convert the TTL logic into the RS232 logic. Both are the protocols which are used for data transmission. TTL logic is that logic which has operating range of 0v to 5 V.

On the other hand RS logic is that logic which has an operating range which is very wide range i.e. -25 v to +25 v. these are the data encapsulation protocols, in TTL 5V means “1” and 0V means “0”. While in RS logic it is inverse -25V is for “1” and +25V are for “0”.

This IC is connected with single 5V supply, so to provide -25 and +25V it uses capacitors to provide large voltage.

Figure 3-8 External View of MAX232

3.6.1 Pin Configuration of MAX232

3.6.2 Pin Connections of MAX232

Figure 3-10 Pin Connections of MAX232

3.6.3

Maximum Operating Conditions of MAX232

3.7 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Liquid Crystal Displays are used to display any information which is given to them. These are the simplest electronic devices which are easily available in the market. We are using 16x2 LCD; it can display all kinds of integers as well as characters of any kind. It has got no limitations regarding its operation. It is very reliable device, that’s why we used this device.

As stated earlier, we are using 16x2 LCD, which means that it can display 16 characters on a line and it can display maximum 2 lines, which are sufficient for our displaying purpose.

It has got two internal registers named as command register and data register. Command register is mainly used to save the commands given to the LCD.

Data registers are those registers which are used to store the data which is to be displayed on the screen. This data is very important. So data register stores this data.

3.7.2 Pin Configuration of LCD

Figure 3-12 Pin Configuration of LCD

3.8 Opto Coupler PC817

Opto coupler or Opto isolator are used to provide electrical isolation between input and output. Because there is very large difference between input current and output current, to avoid any circuitry damage Opto couplers are used.

They work on the principle that, when a voltage signal is given to the LED, the LED turns on and it emits infrared radiations which move towards the photo transistor, when these radiation reach transistor, the transistor detects them and give rise to a current on it collector end. This current is used to run the circuit which is connected with it. Basically this is used to provide electrical isolation between input and output.

3.8.1 Internal Structure of PC817

3.8.2 Pin Configuration of PC817

Figure 3-14 Pin Configuration of PC817 Figure 3-13 Internal Structure of PC817

3.9 Integrated Circuit LM358

This integrated circuit is termed as ‘Dual Low Power Operational Amplifier’. It has two stages, which means that it amplifies the current in two stages, one stage amplifies to a fixed limit after that, the amplified signal is further fed into the 2nd stage of amplifier. After this a final and desired output is achieved. This is the output which is required for the circuit to perform its operation.

To provide each amplifier with good temperature characteristics it is biased from an internal voltage regulator, which has good temperature coefficients so it provides good characteristics.

3.9.1 External View of LM358

Figure 3-15 External View of LM358

3.9.2 Pin Configuration of LM358

3.9.3 Maximum Ratings of LM358

Table 3-3 Maximum Ratings of LM358

The integrated circuit LM358 is basically used in order to convert the electrical analogue signal into digital signal, the current or voltage coming from current transformer and potential transformer respectively are converted into digital form, so that they can be fed into the microcontroller.

The microcontroller then decides and reads the energy coming from the source. This circuitry is basically designed to measure the input power, which is the product of voltage and

3.10 Voltage Regulator LM7805

LM7805 is a voltage regulator; it regulates the voltage up to the level of 5V. In our circuit this voltage regulator is used to give power supply to the PIC microcontroller. But a problem arises when we use this regulator, and the problem is heat. When the regulator is operating, it dissipates a lot of heat energy. This heat energy can cause damage to the other circuit, so a heat sink is usually used with this kind of voltage regulator to avoid any damage to the regulator and other circuitry.

3.10.1

Pin Configuration of LM7805

Figure 3-17 Pin Configuration of LM7805

3.10.2

Internal Block Diagram of LM7805

3.11 Transistor BD140

These are PNP transistors and are used with audio amplifiers and drivers operating opposite or pseudo complementary circuits. In our circuit this transistor is used with LCD, so that it can supply sufficient voltages so as to turn on the LCD. It is also used to control the backlight of the LCD; this BD140 is controlled via Microcontroller. PIC microcontroller gives the command and gives signal to BD140 to perform its operation.

3.11.1

Pin Configuration of BD140

Figure 3-19 Pin Configuration of BD140

3.11.3

Maximum Ratings of BD140

Table 3-4 Maximum Ratings of BD140

3.11.4

Electrical Characteristics of BD140

3.12 TVS Diode

TVS stands for Transient Voltage Suppressor. This is a kind of diode. These diodes are used to provide protection to the devices against the high voltage surges and transient voltages. These diodes can withstand 400 watts. TVS diodes provide exceptional protection to the devices which are connected with it. It is more reliable than the Zener diode.

TVS diodes have low capacitance as well as low clamping voltage and these diodes use solid state silicon avalanche technology.

3.12.1

TVS Diode External View

Figure 3-21 External View of TVS Diode

3.12.3

Electrical Characteristics of TVS Diode

Table 3-7 Electrical Characteristics of TVS Diode

3.13 Transistor BC548

A transistor is an electronic device, made up of semiconductor material. It is mainly used for amplification as well as switching. It has 3 terminals named as collector, emitter and base. It has 2 junctions, PN and NP, P type material is sand witched between two N types. As we have discussed earlier that a transistor is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. So, we will discuss its gain, it can amplify the current from 1 mA to 100 mA or 200 mA. In some cases it can have a gain of 800, which is very large as compared to other amplification devices.

All the transistors have some features common, for example, they need a fixed DC voltage supply all the time of work in their desired characteristics curve. This scheme of applying constant dc voltage is called biasing. There are many biasing techniques, which are developed for different purposes, i.e. some are developed for amplification purposes and some are developed for switching purposes. All these biasing techniques make a transistor to work properly. For switching purposes transistor is connected in voltage divider configuration in

which the base current is provided all the time, when base current is removed, transistor turns off thus switching off the circuit which is connected to it.

3.13.1

External View of BC548

Figure 3-22 External View of BC548

3.14 Current Transformer

CT is the acronym of current transformer. Current transformers are basically used for the measurement of current in a given circuit. By measuring the current through current transformer it is possible to measure the total power drawn through the circuit, because voltages can be found by using potential transformer, and their product is the power. Current transformers come in 3 different shapes, according to their configuration.

 Ring Core Current Transformers  Split Core Current Transformers  Wound Primary Current Transformer

Ring core current transformer is used to measure large currents which have range from 50 to 1000 amps. These are circular in shape.

Split core current transformer have split core, and it is also used to measure large currents but it has range less than ring core transformer.

Wound primary current transformer is that transformer in which the load current passes from the primary windings. This type of current transformer allows us to measure current from 1A to 100A.

Figure 3-24 Current Transformer

3.15 PLC Modem KQ330

PLC stands for Power Line Communication. And here we are discussing the PLC modem the world. PLC modems are developed with the help of new technology, which enables us to make a communication setup between consumers and the grid stations. Due to these PLC modems the smart grid technology came into being.

KQ330 series is a small size thick film integrated power line carrier communication modem. It has operating frequency of 120 ~ 135 KHz. It works on the principle of Zero Crossing Transmission. It can work effectively at the temperature range of -25C ~ +70C and at humidity of 95%.

3.15.2

Working of PLC Modem

The data given to the PLC Modem will be encoded into a carrier frequency of 120 KHz and modulated with 50 Hz AC signal (Frequency Modulation). The modulated signal can travel up to long distance through live AC 230V power line. The modulated AC signal is given to this module at AC terminals.

Capacitors allows only carrier frequency and blocks 50Hz signals, as XC= 1/2πfC (capacitor allows high frequency signal). Two level capacitor based demodulation is done. Inductors/coils are used to block the high frequency signal, and bypasses the low frequency signals and derives 5V, 2A DC power source required for the modem.

Inductor blocks high frequency signals and allows low frequency signals as we know that XL= 2πfL.

At first the PLC Modem senses the zero crossing of sine wave 220V with the help of optocoupler. After detection it injects the burst of 400-1200 bps data at 125 KHz- 135 KHz having 5V. Burst is counted as ‘0’ and non-burst is counted as ‘1’. PLC modem has a high pass filter to accept the high frequency burst.

3.15.3

Block Diagram of PLC Modem KQ330

3.15.4

Data Transmission over Power Line

4

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HAPTER

4

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OFTWARE

In this chapter we will discuss our project’s flow chart and the GUI software. So, we can divide this chapter in two portions:

 Flow Chart  GUI Software

Flow chart is the graphical representation of any process occurring in the project. It uses blocks and different closed shape boxes to represent the flow of data and process. It uses a round shaped box in order to show the START/END of the process. It has diagonal shaped boxes to show the decision making in the process. In the same ways it has many other shapes for different purposes.

4.2 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Graphical user interface is also the part of our project. GUI provides the interface between user and the computer, without using this GUI; nobody could know what is happening in the process. The user can give commands and instructions to the system to do a specified work, in the same way; user can see the response of the system.

In our project GUI is used to display the data which is received from the consumer’s energy meter. Likewise, the operator at the grid station can also send the commands to the energy meter so as to check if any power stealing is being done on the consumer side.

We used visual studio in order to make this GUI’s software. On the display screen, we can see several things like:

 Output Watts  Used Watts  Difference

 Total units consumed  Energy Meter’s ID  Switching Controls

4.2.1 Normal Working

Figure 4-2 Normal Working

This is the view of dial box which is displayed on the GUI. We can see on the display that normal operation is being done, and energy meter is recording 1 watt of energy, while grid station says that it is delivering 10 Watts of energy. So difference becomes 9 Watts. But we don’t have to worry, this energy is being used to overcome line losses, or in

4.2.2 Legal Load

Figure 4-3 Legal Load

In this case we can see that output power is 84 Watts and consumed power is 73 Watts. And difference is 11 Watts. As this difference is smaller than the limit so green light is on, this shows that no power theft is occurring.

We are also recording the total number of KWh so that we do automatic meter reading. So, the system identifies this load as legal load.

4.2.3 Theft Detection

Figure 4-4 Theft Detection

In this case system is recording 153 Watts as output and energy meter is recording 74 Watts. Difference becomes 79 which are far beyond the limit of 25 Watts. So the system’s red light turns on automatically, which shows that some power pilfering is occurring.

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ONCLUSION AND

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UTURE

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ORK

Tests in PLC have been carried out in 20 countries. The test results were found pleasing; due to these results of the tests we decided to use power line carrier communication. Power line communication technology is definitely an exciting unconventional method to perform automatic meter reading.

5.1 Conclusion

Our purpose in this project was to design a system which detects power theft as well as performs automatic meter reading. We used power line carrier communication for this project, and this is done by using PLC module KQ330. This PLC module works on the principle of zero crossing detectors. It transmits the data by encapsulating the data signal into 125-135 KHz modulated signal. This data signal travels on the power line and reaches the grid station, where it is analysed and automatic meter reading is done. If any theft is occurring on the transmission line, this system alerts the grid station about this theft.

This system will allow grid stations to reduce the man effort required for the billing process and also for checking the faults on the transmission line. Now, it is possible to locate where the power theft is occurring. Also a circuit breaker in the form of relay is connected to our circuit to allow the grid station to remotely cut off the power supply for the consumer who tries to indulge in power theft.

In this project we developed a wise and intelligent system due to which the power theft can be controlled and automatic meter reading can be done. The fruit of this project comes in the form of revenue collection.

5.2 Future Work

In addition to the power theft detection, two way communication can be designed in such a way that the grid station can disconnect the energy meter of a consumer if he did not pay the bill till due date. In our project meter reading is done by recording the total number to consumed KWh. In future this project can be further enhanced by recording instantaneous value of consumed KWh. If this task is achieved then we will be able to do peak hour billing.

In peak hour billing, the tariff is different from normal hours. So this can be a solution to save the energy, because people will try to reduce their load in peak hours to avoid extra charges. This whole process of peak hour billing is also termed as “Time Based Pricing” (TBP).

TBP is a very good technique used to manage to electric power. In this kind of management the prices of units will greater when the grid station is working on heavy loads. In the same way, the prices of the units would be normal when grid station is not working on heavy loads. The units are measured in KWh.

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ICTURE OF THE

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EFERENCES

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