Thorn Technical Handbook

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Technical Handbook

Lighting people and places

Technical Handbook

Australia Thorn Lighting Pty Limited 43 Newton Road, Wetherill Park NSW 2164 Tel: (02) 8786 6000 Fax: (02) 9612 2700 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.com.au Austria Thorn Licht GmbH Donau-City-Straße 11, 1220 Wien, Austria Tel: (43) 1 202 66 11 Fax: (43) 1 202 66 11 12 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.at China

Thorn Lighting (Guangzhou) Operations Ltd, No.12 Lian Yun Road, Eastern Section, GETDD, Guangzhou 510530, China Tel: (86) 20 3228 2706 Fax: (86) 20 3228 1777 E-mail: [email protected] Thorn Lighting (Tianjin) Co. Ltd 332 Hongqi Road, Tianjin 300190, China

Tel: (86) 22 8369 2303 Fax: (86) 22 8369 2302 E-mail: [email protected] Czech Republic Thorn Lighting CS spol. s.r.o., Na Březince 6/930, 150 00 Praha 5 Czech Republic Tel: (420) 224 315 252 Fax: (420) 233 326 313 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.cz Denmark

Thorn Lighting A/S Albuen 44, 6000 Kolding, Denmark Tel: (45) 7696 3600 Fax: (45) 7696 3601 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.dk France Thorn Europhane SA 156 Boulevard Haussmann, Cedex 08, Paris 75379, France Tel: (33) 1 49 53 6262 Fax: (33) 1 49 53 6240 Website: www.thornlighting.fr Hong Kong

Thorn Lighting (Hong Kong) Limited Unit 4301, Level 43, Tower 1, Metroplaza,223 Hing Fong Road, Kwai Chung, N.T., Hong Kong Tel: (852) 2578 4303 Fax: (852) 2887 0247 E-mail: [email protected]

India

Thorn Lighting India Pvt. Ltd RH-2 Nirav CHS, 636A, 90 Ft. D.P. Road, Near Thakur Polytechnic 400 101 Mumbai, India Tel: (91) 22285 41056 Fax: (91) 22285 1120 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.com Ireland

Thorn Lighting (Ireland) Limited 320 Harold’s Cross Road, Dublin 6W, Ireland Tel: (353) 1 4922 877 Fax: (353) 1 4922 724 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.co.uk Italy

Thorn Europhane Spa

Via G Di Vittorio, 2, Cadriano di Granarolo, Bologna 40057, Italy Tel: (39) 051 763391 Fax: (39) 051 763088 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.it New Zealand Thorn Lighting (NZ) Ltd 399 Rosebank Road, P O Box 71134, Rosebank, Auckland 7, New Zealand Tel: (64) 9 828 7155 Fax: (64) 9 828 7591 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.co.nz Norway Thorn Lighting AS Strømsveien 344, 1081 Oslo, Norway Tel: (47) 22 82 07 00 Fax: (47) 22 82 07 01 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.no Poland

Thorn Lighting Polska Sp.z.o.o., Ul. Gazowa 26A, Wrocław 50-513, Poland Tel: (48) 71 7833 740 Fax: (48) 71 3366 029 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.pl Russia Thorn Lighting Novoslobodskaya Str., 21, office 406 Business Center “Novoslobodskaya 21”, Moscow 127030, Russia Tel: (7) 495 981 35 41 Fax: (7) 495 981 35 42 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.ru

Thorn Lighting is constantly developing and improving its products. All descriptions, illustrations, drawings and specifications in this publication present only general particulars and shall not form part of any contract. The right is reserved to change specifications without prior notification or public announcement. All goods supplied by the company are supplied subject to the company’s General Conditions of Sale, a copy of which is available on request. All measurements are in millimetres and weights in kilograms unless otherwise stated.

Thorn Lighting Main Offices

Singapore

Thorn Lighting (Singapore) Pte Ltd 5 Kaki Bukit Crescent, 04-02 Koyotech Building, 416238 Singapore Tel: (65) 6844 5800 Fax: (65) 6745 7707 E-mail: [email protected] Sweden Thorn Lighting AB Industrigatan, Box 305, SE-261 23 Landskrona, Sweden Tel: (46) 418 520 00 Fax: (46) 418 265 74 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.se United Arab Emirates Thorn Lighting Ltd Dubai Al Shoala Building, Office 301, Block E, Airport road, P.O. Box 1200, Deira, Dubai, UAE

Tel: (971) 4 2940181 Fax: (971) 4 2948838 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.com Thorn Gulf LLC

Al Shoala Building, Office 301/2, Block E, Airport road, P.O. Box 22672, Deira, Dubai, UAE Tel: (971) 4 2948938 Fax: (971) 4 2948838 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.com United Kingdom Thorn Lighting Limited

Silver Screens, Elstree Way, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, WD6 1FE, UK Tel: (44) 20 8732 9800 Fax: (44) 20 8732 9801 E-mail: [email protected] Thorn Olympics Sports Lighting Team Tel: 07796 303176 E-mail: [email protected] International Sales

Thorn Lighting Limited

Silver Screens, Elstree Way, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, WD6 1FE, UK Tel: (44) 20 8732 1915 Fax: (44) 20 8732 1911 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.thornlighting.com www.thornlighting.com

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Editor

Peter Thorns BSc(Hons) CEng MCIBSE MSLL Contributors

Patricia El-Baamrani; Lou Bedocs; Karl Flax; Stefan Hauer; Pat Holley; Hugh King; Jan-Erik Jerleke; Iain Macrae; Robin Ostlin; Paul Stranks

This is the fifth edition of the Technical Handbook Copyright © Thorn Lighting. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, without prior permission in writing from Thorn Lighting, except for the quotation of brief passages in reviews. While Thorn has made every effort to credit the copyright owners for the illustrations and photographs used herein, there may be omissions, for which the company apologises.

Picture credits:

Danny Maddocks; Chris Gascoigne; Mike Gee; Richard Seymour and Alan Turner

Graphics: Juice Creative

Price £15 GBP/€20 EUR. Not for resale.

Spill Light

Stray light from a luminaire that incidentally illuminates nearby objects or surfaces within the public environment. Can be a cause of ‘light trespass’.

Spine

See batten

Track

A linear bus bar system providing one to three main circuits or a low voltage supply to which display lighting (spotlights) can be connected and disconnected at will along the length of the system.

Transformer

Transformers reduce the line voltage (for instance 230V) to the lower voltage required for operating low-voltage halogen lamps. This will generally be 12V.

Trunking

Trunking usually provides mechanical fixings for the luminaires as well as electrical connection.

Uniformity

The ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance over the specified area.

Visual performance

The ability to perceive detail and carry out the visual tasks.

Visual comfort

Our feeling of ease or well being within the visual field.

Visual satisfaction

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Light is life, without light we could not live. Our human physiology is based upon light and the complex structure of our earth relies upon light to function. And as we have progressed technologically we have taken this further, turning the dark into light, from using fire to the electric light. Electric lighting is the basis for our modern society, turning darkness into light in windowless or deep-plan offices, in our city streets at night, in numerous leisure and amenity facilities. Our society exists as it does because of light. Our patterns of work and leisure are made possible through our ability to control our environment and supply light on demand. As we have developed the technology of lighting we have also developed our understanding of how to use light. Through standards we lay down limits for safety and adequacy, through guides we direct lighting toward established good practice, show how to transcend the adequate. We have learnt how to give light meaning, transforming spaces by giving them a lit atmosphere, applying light to give beauty to a scene. But the use of light is constantly challenging us. It is no longer enough to ensure good task visibility, or a comfortable environment. It is not even enough to produce an environment that gives a sense of well-being. We need to do all these, but also in a way that minimises harm to the environment. Therefore stricter rules are being applied to product design, use and disposal. We have to minimise the carbon footprint of a product or an installation and maximise sustainability. Therefore, all aspects of design, whether for a luminaire or lighting installation, is a balance of factors, a balance of performance, efficiency and comfort (PEC).

Performance is the achievement of visual effectiveness, meeting requirements and targets. It is quantifiable through known lighting measures such as illuminance, luminance, glare rating, colour rendition and uniformity. These measures are generally defined through national and international standards and recommendations.

1 Introduction

Fig. 1.1 Amenity lighting creating a pleasant

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kg/year, percent recycled element, percent maintenance link, and many others. Some of these measures are defined through national and international standards and recommendations, such as energy efficiency or the ecodesign of products, whilst others are concerns for the end-user, such as cost.

Comfort is the achievement of complete satisfaction, providing a stimulating atmosphere that gives sustainable wellness. The criteria for assessing comfort are subjective and are the criteria that differentiate the design, that give the design its individuality, its own character. Is it calming/stimulating/inspiring, welcoming and pleasant, reassuring, fulfilling? Does it have a pleasing flow of light and give a well balanced ambient? Do all parts of the design complement each other, the architecture of the space, the lit effect, and the physical design of the luminaires? This is the point where the engineering and art are blended to produce good lighting.

So in their job the designer needs to know a wide selection of information and how to blend this to deliver better lighting, with better efficiency and a better environment in a sustainable manner. This is the PEC philosophy, and in this handbook we supply some of this information to help the designer in their task.

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Our discernment of the world is via our five senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. Of these sight is the most important. Over 80 per cent of our experience of the world comes via our sight. But how do we see?

2.1 What is light?

To see we need light, and light is an emission of

electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic spectrum varies from radio waves through infrared, ultra-violet, X-rays and finally to gamma rays, and light is a very small part of this spectrum with wavelengths from 380 to 760 nanometres (1nm=10-9_m). This is the part of the spectrum whose rays are visible to the human eye and lies between infrared and ultra-violet. Light may be further divided as the wavelength of the light relates to the colour we see. As the wavelength changes so does the colour of the light, from blue at 400nm to red at 700nm. 2.2 The eye and vision

Rays of light entering the eye are directed onto the retina, which is a layer of light sensitive cells within the eye. The retina is composed of two basic types of light sensitive cells, the rods and the cones. These cells have different properties. Cones operate during the day and enable us to see in detailed colour (photopic vision). As the light level drops, say to that of a well-lit street, the cones become less effective and are assisted by the more sensitive rods (mesopic vision). However, the rods only give black and white vision. Therefore we see a less brightly coloured view as we are using a mixture of the rod and cone cells, the relative mixture varying depending upon the actual light level. At much lower light levels, say that of dim moonlight, the cones cease to function at all, and our vision becomes totally monochromatic using just the rods (scotopic vision). The unit for this measure of light is the lumen.

These concepts are important as we consider the appearance of a space under different lighting conditions with respect to the amount of light and the colour spectrum of the light.

2 The Mechanics of Seeing

Fig. 2.1 The importance of vision

Fig. 2.2 The electromagnetic spectrum

Fig. 2.3 Photopic and Scotopic visual response

curves 380

GAMMA

RAYS RAYSX VOILETULTRA INFRARED RADIO 500 400WAVELENGHT (nanometers)600 VISIBLE LIGHT 700 760 100% 100% Photopic vision (day) Photopic vision (day) Scotopic vision (dark adapted eye) 400 500 600 700 800 400 500 600 700 800 Other senses 20% Vision 80%

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light falling onto an object, and is measured in lux. It is the amount of luminous flux (F) that is received by a surface of given area.

2.3.2 Luminance (L) - This is a measure of the amount of light reflected by an object and is measured in cd/m². It is the amount of luminous flux (F, lumens) that is emitted by a surface of given area and is dependant upon the properties of the surface (e.g. reflection, refraction and transmission. See section 3 on controlling light). The value of luminance at a point on a surface can therefore vary dependant upon the observer viewpoint.

2.3.3 Glare - Glare is the result of excessive contrasts of luminance in the field of view. The effect may vary from mild discomfort to an actual impairment of the ability to see. When the ability to see is impaired this is called disability glare. Discomfort glare refers to the discomfort or distraction caused by bright windows or luminaires.

Glare may be calculated in a variety of ways depending upon the application. So for example in interiors the Unified Glare Rating (UGR) is calculated. Similarly for sports lighting applications Glare Rating (GR) is used and for street lighting Threshold Increment (TI) is calculated. All of these methods, whilst using different parameters are essentially the ratio of luminaire brightness to background brightness.

Fig. 2.4 Illuminance

Fig. 2.5 Luminance

Fig. 2.6 Glare from indoor luminaires with poor

optical control E

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3 Controlling Light

When we light an object, be it a space such as a room or a sports field, or part of a luminaire such as a louvre or diffuser, we do not see the light that falls onto a surface or object. What we actually see is the effect of light upon the object. Different materials affect light in different ways, for example paper reflects light differently to polished metal and the lit effect is different again for glass. To understand how a surface or object will look we need a basic understanding of reflection, transmission and refraction, the principal ways materials react to light. 3.1 Reflection

As mentioned above paper reflects light differently to polished metal. This is because paper exhibits what we term matt or diffuse reflection whilst polished metal exhibits what we term specular reflection. With diffuse reflection the light reflected from a surface is scattered equally in all directions.

With specular reflection the light reflects from a surface as if from a mirror, producing a sharp-mirrored image. For any ray of light striking a specular surface the angle of incidence of the light is equal to the angle at which the ray of light is reflected. Some surfaces exhibit a mixture of diffuse and specular reflection, showing a fuzzy mirrored image. For this the peak reflection still obeys the rule of angle of incidence equals angle of reflection but light is also diffusely scattered around this peak.

Fig. 3.1 Diffuse reflection

Fig. 3.2 Specular reflection

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some light will be reflected in a specular manner, and some light will pass through the material. For a clear material, such as clear glass, the light will pass through with a minimum of scattering. However for materials such as opal plastic the light is scattered or diffused, therefore spreading the brightness of the light ray over a larger area. (See Fig.3.4)

3.3 Refraction

When light passes from one transparent medium to another of different density (e.g. air to glass) it bends. This is known as refraction and this principle is used to control light, for example using prisms. In luminaires prisms are used to direct light away from areas that could cause glare or waste light and into areas that produce more useful light, thereby making the luminaire more efficient at illuminating a task or object. (See Fig. 3.5)

Fig. 3.4 Transmission of a ray of light through a

translucent material

Fig. 3.5 Refraction of a ray of light through a

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4 Recommendations for good lighting

The recommendations for good lighting give practical values for various lighting criteria, depending upon the application. The

recommendations are drawn from a variety of documents, the principle documents being:

Section 4.1 Indoor workplaces

EN 12464-1:2002 Light and Lighting – Lighting of work places – Part 1: Indoor work places and CIE S 008:2001

Section 4.2 Outdoor workplaces EN 12464-2:2007 Lighting of work places – Part 2 : Outdoor work places and CIE S 015:2005 Section 4.3 Sports

EN 12193: 2007 Light and Lighting – Sports Lighting Section 4.4 Emergency

EN 1838:1999 and CIE S 020/E:2007 Emergency Lighting Section 4.5 Roads

EN 13201 1-4 Road lighting practice Section 4.6 Tunnel

CR 14380:2003 Lighting Applications – Tunnel Lighting Note that these recommendations are based upon the European norms and local regulations may stipulate different values.

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Whilst these limiting values may be considered to be the minimum design criteria additional factors should be taken into account to ensure a good lighting installation. Some of these factors are described in other sections of this book. The criteria used in the recommendations are defined below. Em This is the maintained average illuminance, that is the

minimum value for average illuminance provided during the maintenance cycle of the installation.

Emin This is the minimum value of illuminance that is permissible within any calculation or measurement grid. GRL This is maximum value of glare rating that is permissible in any direction within any measurement or calculation grid.

Lm This is the maintained average luminance, that is the minimum value for average luminance provided during the maintenance cycle of the installation.

Ra This is the colour rendering index for a lamp and defines the ability of a lamp to show different colours correctly. SR This is the surround ratio, which is a value used in

the design of road lighting applications. It is the ratio of the average illuminance of a strip just outside the carriageway compared to the average illuminance of a strip just inside the carriageway

TI This is the threshold increment, which is a measure of the loss of visibility caused by the disability glare of the luminaires in an installation.

UGRL This is the limiting maximum value of glare calculated by the unified glare rating method.

Ul This is the uniformity of illuminance along a line, being defined as the minimum illuminance value within a line of measurement points divided by the average illuminance value of the line of measurement points (Emin_line/Em_line).

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4.1 Indoor workplaces

Recommendations for good lighting

Type of task or activity Em UGRL Ra

Traffic zones and general areas inside buildings Traffic Zones

Circulation areas and corridors 100 28 40

Stairs, escalators, travalators 150 25 40

Loading ramps/bays 150 25 40

Rest, sanitation and first aid rooms

Canteens, pantries 200 22 80

Rest rooms 100 22 80

Rooms for physical exercise 300 22 80

Cloakrooms, washrooms, bathrooms, toilets 200 25 80

Sick bay 500 19 80

Rooms for medical attention 500 16 90

Control rooms

Plant rooms, switch gear rooms 200 25 60

Post room, switchboard 500 19 80

Store rooms, cold stores

Store and stockrooms 100 25 60

Dispatch packing handling areas 300 25 60

Storage rack areas

Gangways : unmanned 20 - 40

Gangways : manned 150 22 60

Control stations 150 22 60

Industrial activities and crafts Agriculture

Loading and operating of goods, handling equipment and machinery 200 25 80

Buildings for livestock 50 - 40

Sick animal pens, calving stalls 200 25 80

Food preparation, dairy, utensil washing 200 25 80

Bakeries

Preparation and baking 300 22 80

Finishing, glazing, decorating 500 22 80

Cement, cement goods, concrete, bricks

Drying 50 28 20

Preparation of materials, work on kilns and mixers 200 28 40

General machine work 300 25 80

Rough forms 300 25 80

Ceramics, tiles, glass, glassware

Drying 50 28 20

Preparation, general machine work 300 25 80

Enamelling, rolling, pressing, shaping simple parts, glazing, glass blowing 300 25 80 Grinding, engraving, glass polishing, shaping precision parts, manufacture of glass instruments 750 19 80 Grinding of optical glass, crystal, hand grinding and engraving 750 16 80

Precision work e.g. decorative grinding, hand painting 1000 16 90

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Remote-operated processing installations 50 - 20 Processing installations with limited manual intervention 150 28 40 Constantly manned work places in processing installations 300 25 80

Precision measuring rooms, laboratories 500 19 80

Pharmaceutical production 500 22 80

Tyre production 500 22 80

Colour inspection 1000 16 90

Cutting, finishing, inspection 750 19 80

Electrical industry 300 25 80

Cable and wire manufacture 300 25 80

Winding -Large coils 300 25 80 -Medium-sized coils 500 22 80 -Small coils 750 19 80 Coil impregnating 300 25 80 Galvanising 300 25 80 Assembly work

-Rough e.g. large transformers 300 25 80

-Medium e.g. switchboards 500 22 80

-Fine e.g. telephones 750 19 80

-Precision e.g. measuring equipment 1000 16 80

Electronic workshops, testing, adjusting 1500 16 80

Food stuffs and luxury food industry Work places and zone in

-Breweries, malting floor 200 25 80

-For washing, barrel filling, cleaning, sieving, peeling 200 25 80

-Cooking in preserve and chocolate factories 200 25 80

-Work places and zones in sugar factories 200 25 80

-For drying and fermenting raw tobacco, fermentation cellar 200 25 80 Sorting and washing of products, milling, mixing, packing 300 25 80 Work places and critical zones in slaughter houses, butchers, dairies mills, on filtering floor in

sugar refineries 500 25 80

Cutting and sorting of fruit and vegetables 300 25 80

Manufacture of delicatessen foods, kitchen work, manufacture of cigars and cigarettes 500 22 80 Inspection of glasses and bottles, product control, trimming, sorting, decoration 500 22 80

Laboratories 500 19 80

Foundries and metal casting

Man-size underfloor tunnels, cellars, etc. 50 - 20

Platforms 100 25 40

Sand preparation 200 25 80

Dressing room 200 25 80

Work places at cupola and mixer 200 25 80

Casting bay 200 25 80

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Hand and core moulding 300 25 80

Die casting 300 25 80

Model building 500 22 80

Hairdressers

Hairdressing 500 19 90

Jewellery manufacturing

Working with precious stones 1500 16 90

Manufacture of jewellery 1000 16 90

Watch making (manual) 1500 16 80

Watch making (automatic) 500 19 80

Laundries and dry cleaning

Goods in, marking and sorting 300 25 80

Washing and dry cleaning 300 25 80

Ironing, pressing 300 25 80

Inspection and repairs 750 19 80

Leather and leather goods

Work on vats, barrels, pits 200 25 40

Fleshing, skiving, rubbing, tumbling of skins 300 25 80

Saddlery work, shoe manufacturer, stitching, sewing, polishing, shaping, cutting, punching 500 22 80

Sorting 500 22 90

Leather dyeing (machine) 500 22 80

Quality control 1000 19 80

Shoe making 500 22 80

Glove making 500 22 80

Metal working and processing

Open die forging 200 25 60

Drop forging 300 25 60

Welding 300 25 60

Rough and average machining: tolerances ≥ 0.1mm 300 22 60

Precision machining, grinding: tolerances < 0.1mm 500 19 60

Scribing, inspection 750 19 60

Wire and pipe drawing shops, cold forming 300 25 60

Plate machining: thickness ≥ 5mm 200 26 60

Sheet metalwork: thickness < 5mm 300 22 60

Tool making, cutting equipment manufacture 750 19 60

Assembly • Rough 200 25 80 • Medium 300 25 80 • Fine 500 22 80 • Precision 750 19 80 Galvanising 300 25 80

Surface preparation and painting 750 25 80

Tool, template and jig making, precision mechanics, micromechanics 750 25 80 Paper and paper goods

Edge runners, pulp mills 200 25 80

Paper manufacture and processing, paper and corrugating machines, cardboard manufacture 300 25 80 Standard bookbinding work e.g. folding, sorting, gluing, cutting, embossing, sewing 500 22 80

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Fuel supply plant 50 - 20

Boiler house 100 28 40

Machine halls 200 25 80

Side rooms e.g. pump rooms, condenser rooms, etc., switchboards (inside buildings) 200 25 60

Control rooms 500 16 80

Outdoor switch gear 20 - 20

Printers

Cutting, gilding, embossing, block engraving, work on stones and platens, printing machines,

matrix making 500 19 80

Paper sorting and hand printing 500 19 80

Type setting, retouching, lithography 1000 19 80

Colour inspection in multicoloured printing 1500 16 90

Steel and copper engraving 2000 16 80

Rolling mills, iron and steel works

Production plants without manual operation 50 - 20

Production plants with occasional manual operation 150 28 40

Production plants with continuous manual operation 200 25 80

Slab store 50 - 20

Furnaces 200 25 20

Mill train, coiler, shear line 300 25 40

Control platforms, control panels 300 22 80

Test, measurement and inspection 500 22 80

Underfloor man-sized tunnels, belt sections, cellars, etc. 50 - 20

Textile manufacture and processing

Work places and zones in baths, bale opening 200 25 60

Carding, washing, ironing, devilling machine work, drawing, combing, sizing, card cutting,

pre-spinning, jute and hemp spinning 300 22 80

Spinning, plying, reeling, winding 500 22 80

Warping, weaving, braiding, knitting 500 22 80

Sewing, fine knitting, taking up stitches 750 22 80

Manual design, drawing patterns 750 22 90

Finishing, dyeing 500 22 80

Drying room 100 28 60

Automatic fabric printing 500 25 80

Burling, picking, trimming 1000 19 80

Colour inspection, fabric control 1000 16 90

Invisible mending 1500 19 90

Hat manufacturing 500 22 80

Vehicle construction

Body work and assembly 500 22 80

Painting, spraying chamber, polishing chamber 750 22 80

Painting, touch-up, inspection 1000 19 90

Upholstery manufacture (manned) 1000 19 80

Final inspection 1000 19 80

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4.1 Indoor workplaces (continued)

Polishing, painting, fancy joinery 750 22 80

Work on wood working machines e.g. turning, fluting, dressing, rebating, grooving, cutting,

sawing, sinking 500 19 80

Selection of veneer woods 750 22 90

Marquetry, inlay work 750 22 90

Quality control, inspection 1000 19 90

Offices Offices

Filing, copying, etc. 300 19 80

Writing, typing, reading, data processing 500 19 80

Technical drawing 750 16 80

CAD work stations 500 19 80

Conference and meeting rooms 500 19 80

Reception desk 300 22 80 Archives 200 25 80 Retail premises Retail premises Sales area 300 22 80 Till area 500 19 80 Wrapper table 500 19 80

Places of public assembly General areas

Entrance halls 100 22 80

Cloakrooms 200 25 80

Lounges 200 22 80

Ticket offices 300 22 80

Restaurants and hotels

Reception/cashier desk, porters desk 300 22 80

Kitchen 500 22 80

Restaurant, dining room, function room - - 80

Self-service restaurant 200 22 80

Buffet 300 22 80

Conference rooms 500 19 80

Corridors 100 25 80

Theatres, concert halls, cinemas

Practice rooms, dressing rooms 300 22 80

Trade fairs, exhibition halls

General lighting 300 22 80

Libraries

Bookshelves 200 19 80

Reading area 500 19 80

Counters 500 19 80

Public car parks (indoor)

In/out ramps (during the day) 300 25 20

In/out ramps (at night) 75 25 20

Traffic lanes 75 25 20

Parking areas 75 - 20

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Nursery school, play school

Play room 300 19 80

Nursery 300 19 80

Handicraft room 300 19 80

Educational buildings

Classrooms, tutorial rooms 300 19 80

Classroom for evening classes and adult education 500 19 80

Lecture hall 500 19 80

Black board 500 19 80

Demonstration table 500 19 80

Art rooms 500 19 80

Art rooms in art schools 750 19 90

Technical drawing rooms 750 16 80

Practical rooms and laboratories 500 19 80

Handicraft rooms 500 19 80

Teaching workshop 500 19 80

Music practice rooms 300 19 80

Computer practice rooms (menu driven) 300 19 80

Language laboratory 300 19 80

Preparation rooms and workshops 500 22 80

Entrance halls 200 22 80

Circulation areas, corridors 100 25 80

Stairs 150 25 80

Student common rooms and assembly halls 200 22 80

Teachers rooms 300 19 80

Library: bookshelves 200 19 80

Library: reading areas 500 19 80

Stock rooms for teaching materials 100 25 80

Sports halls, gymnasiums, swimming pools (general use) 300 22 80

School canteens 200 22 80

Kitchen 500 22 80

Health care premises 500 22 80

Rooms for general use 750 22 80

Waiting rooms 200 22 80

Corridors (during the day) 200 22 80

Corridors (at night) 50 22 80

Day rooms 200 22 80

Staff rooms

Staff office 500 19 80

Staff rooms 300 19 80

Wards, maternity wards

Reading lighting 300 19 80

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Examination rooms (general)

Examination and treatment 1000 19 90

Eye examination rooms

Examination of the outer eye 1000 - 90

Reading and colour vision tests with vision charts 500 16 90

Ear examination rooms 750 22 80

Ear examination 1000 - 90

Scanner rooms

Scanners with image enhancers and television systems 50 19 80

Delivery rooms

Treatment rooms (general)

Dialysis 500 19 80

Dermatology 500 19 90

Endoscopy rooms 300 19 80

Plaster rooms 500 19 80

Medical baths 300 19 80

Massage and radiotherapy 300 19 80

Operating areas

Pre-op and recovery rooms 500 19 90

Operating theatre 1000 19 90

Intensive care unit

Simple examinations 300 19 90

Night watch 20 19 90

Dentists 200 25 80

At the patient 1000 - 90

Operating cavity 5000 - 90

White teeth matching 5000 - 90

Laboratories and pharmacies

Decontamination rooms 300 22 80

Sterilisation rooms 300 22 80

Disinfection rooms 300 22 80

Autopsy rooms and mortuaries

Autopsy table and dissecting table 5000 - 90

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Airports

Arrival and departure halls, baggage claim areas 200 22 80

Connecting areas, escalators, travolators 150 22 80

Information desks, check-in desks 500 19 80

Customs and passport control desks 500 19 80

Waiting areas 200 22 80

Luggage store rooms 200 25 80

Security check areas 300 19 80

Air traffic control tower 500 16 80

Testing and repair hangers 500 22 80

Measuring areas in hangers 500 22 80

Railway installations

Covered platforms and passenger subways 50 28 40

Ticket hall and concourse 200 28 40

Ticket and luggage offices and counters 300 19 80

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Type of area, task or activity Em Ra Uo GRL General circulation areas

Walkways exclusively for pedestrians 5 20 0.25 50

Traffic areas for slowly moving vehicles (max 10km/h) e.g. bicycles, trucks

and excavators 10 20 0.40 50

Regular vehicle traffic (max 40km/h) 20 20 0.40 45

Pedestrian passages, vehicle turning, loading and unloading points 50 20 0.40 50 Airports

Hanger apron 20 20 0.10 55

Terminal apron 30 40 0.20 50

Loading areas 50 40 0.20 50

Fuel depot 50 40 0.40 50

Aircraft maintenance stands 200 60 0.50 45

Building sites

General lighting at building sites 50 20

Clearance, excavation and loading 20 20 0.25 55

Drain pipes mounting, transport, auxiliary and storage tasks 50 20 0.40 50 Framework element mounting, light reinforcement work, wooden mould and

framework mounting, electric piping and cabling 100 40 0.40 45

Element jointing, demanding electrical, machine and pipe mountings 200 40 0.50 45 Canals, locks and harbours

Waiting quays at canals and locks 10 20 0.25 50

Gangways and passages exclusively for pedestrians, waiting areas 10 20 0.25 50

Outport embankment ballasting at canals and locks 20 20 0.25 55

Lock control area 20 20 0.25 55

Cargo handling, loading and unloading 50 20 0.25 55

Passenger areas in passenger harbours 50 20 0.40 50

Coupling of hoses, pipes and ropes 50 20 0.40 50

Dangerous part of walkways and driveways (see also parking areas) 50 20 0.40 45 Farms

Farm yard 20 20 0.10 55

Equipment shed (open) 50 20 0.20 55

Animals sorting pen 50 20 0.20 45

Fuel filling service stations

Vehicle parking and storage areas 5 20 0.25 50

Entry and exit driveways – dark environment 20 20 0.40 45

Entry and exit driveways – light environment (i.e. urban) 50 20 0.40 45 Air pressure and water checking points and other service areas 150 20 0.40 45

Meter reading area 150 20 0.40 45

Industrial sites and storage areas 500 80

Short term handling of large units and raw materials, loading and unloading of

solid bulk goods 20 20 0.25 55

Continuous handling of large units and raw materials, loading and unloading of

freight, lifting and descending location for cranes, open loading platforms 50 20 0.40 50 Reading of addresses, covered loading platforms, use of tools, ordinary

reinforcement and casting tasks in concrete plants 100 20 0.50 45

Demanding electrical, machine and piping installations, inspection 200 60 0.50 45

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Drill floor and monkey board 300 40 0.50 40

Rotary table 500 40 0.50 40

Regular vehicle traffic (max 40km/h) 20 20 0.40 45

Pedestrian passages, vehicle turning, loading and unloading points 50 20 0.40 50

Derrick 100 40 0.50 45

Mud sampling room 300 40 0.50 40

Test station, shale shaker, wellhead 200 40 0.50 45

Process areas

Pumping areas 200 20 0.50 45

Crude oil pumps 300 40 0.50 45

Treatment areas 100 40 0.50 45

Ladders, stairs, walkways 100 20 0.25 45

Plant areas 300 40 0.50 40

Boat landing areas transport areas 100 20 0.25 50

Life boat areas 200 20 0.40 50

Sea surface below the rig 30 20 0.25 50

Helideck 100 20 0.40 45

Parking lots

Light traffic e.g. parking areas of shops, schools, churches, terraced

and apartment houses 5 20 0.25 55

Medium traffic e.g. parking areas of department stores, office buildings, sports

and multipurpose building complexes 10 20 0.25 50

Heavy traffic e.g. parking areas of major shopping centres, major sports and

multipurpose building complexes 20 20 0.25 50

Petrochemical and other hazardous industries

Handling of servicing tools, utilisation of manually regulated valves, starting and

stopping motors, lighting of burners 20 20 0.25 55

Filling and emptying of container trucks and wagons with risk free substances,

inspection of leakage, piping and packing 50 20 0.40 50

Filling and emptying of container trucks and wagons with dangerous substances,

replacements of pump packing, general service work, reading of instruments 100 40 0.40 45

Repair of machines and electrical devices 200 60 0.50 45

Fuel loading and unloading sites 100 20 0.40 45

Power, electricity, gas and heat plants

Pedestrian movements within electrically safe areas 5 20 0.25 50

Handling of servicing tools, coal 20 20 0.25 55

Overall inspection 50 20 0.40 50

General servicing work and reading of instruments 100 40 0.40 45

Wind tunnels – servicing and maintenance 100 40 0.40 45

Repair of electric devices 200 60 0.50 45

Railway areas

Open platforms - small stations, rural and local trains 15 20 0.25 50 Open platforms - medium size stations, suburban and regional trains 20 20 0.40 45

Open platforms - large stations, inter-city services 50 20 0.40 45

Covered platforms - medium size stations, suburban and regional trains 50 40 0.40 45 Covered platforms - large stations, inter-city services 100 40 0.50 45

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Type of area, task or activity Em Ra Uo GRL

Freight areas

Freight track – short duration operations 10 20 0.25 50

Freight track – continuous operation 20 20 0.40 50

Open platforms 20 20 0.40 50

Covered platform – short duration operations 50 20 0.40 45

Covered platform – continuous operation 100 40 0.50 45

Railway yards handling areas 30 20 0.40 50

Railway yards – flat marshalling, retarder and classification yards 10 20 0.40 50

Hump areas 10 20 0.40 45

Wagon inspection pit 100 40 0.50 40

Coupling area 30 20 0.40 45

Tracks in passenger station areas, including stabling 10 20 0.25 50

Servicing trains and locomotives 20 40 0.40 50

Level crossings 20 20 0.40 45

Saw mills

Timber handling on land and in water, sawdust and chip conveyors 20 20 0.25 55 Sorting of timber on land or in water, timber unloading points and sawn timber

loading points, mechanical lifting to timber conveyor 50 20 0.40 50

Reading of addresses and marking of sawn timber 100 40 0.40 45

Grading and packaging 200 40 0.50 45

Feeding into stripping and chopping machines 300 40 0.50 45

Shipyards and docks

Short term handling of large units 20 20 0.25 55

Cleaning of ship hull 50 20 0.25 50

Painting and welding of ship hull 100 60 0.40 45

Mounting of electrical and mechanical components 200 60 0.50 45

General lighting of shipyard area, storage areas for prefabricated goods 20 40 0.25 55 Water and sewage plants

Handling of service tools, utilisation of manually operated valves, starting and

stopping of motors, piping packing and raking plants 50 20 0.40 45

Handling of chemicals, inspection of leakage, changing of pumps,

general servicing work, reading of instruments 100 40 0.40 45

Repair of motors and electric devices 200 60 0.50 45

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of competition of a sport, and therefore requirements are shown for different lighting classes. There are three lighting classes: Class I Top level competition that will generally involve a large amount of spectators and may involve long viewing distances

Class II Medium level competition that will generally involve a medium amount of spectators and may involve medium viewing distances. Professional level training may also be class II.

Class III Low level competition that will generally involve small amounts

Level of competition Lighting Class

I II III International or national 3 Regional 3 3 Local 3 3 3 Training 3 3 Recreational/education 3

Type of area, task or activity Class Em Ra Uo GRL

Aerobics (recreational) 200 20 0.50

Archery (lane/target) 200/Ev 750 60 0.5/0.8

Athletics (indoor)

Class I 500 60 0.70

Class II 300 60 0.60

Class III 200 20 0.50

Athletics (outdoor, all disciplines)

Class I 500 60 0.70 50

Class II 200 60 0.50 55

Class III 100 20 0.50 55

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Type of area, task or activity Class Em Ra Uo GRL Basketball (indoor) Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Basketball Class I 500 60 0.70 50 Class II 200 60 0.60 50 Class III 75 20 0.50 55 Billiards Class I 750 80 0.80 Class II 500 80 0.80 Class III 500 80 0.80 Boccia (indoor) Class I 300 60 0.70 Class II 200 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Boccia (outdoor) Class I 200 60 0.70 50 Class II 100 20 0.70 50 Class III 50 20 0.50 55 Boules (indoor) Class I 300 60 0.70 Class II 200 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Boules (outdoor) Class I 200 60 0.70 50 Class II 100 20 0.70 50 Class III 50 20 0.50 55

10 pin/9 pin bowling

Lanes 200 60 0.50 Pins 25m lane Ev 1000 0.80 Pins 50m lane Ev 2000 0.80 Boxing Class I 2000 80 0.80 Class II 1000 80 0.80 Class III 500 60 0.50 Climbing Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 300 20 0.50 Cricket (infield/outfield) Class I 750/500 60 0.70 50 Class II 500/300 60 0.70 50 Class III 300/200 20 0.70 55 Cricket nets Class I 1500 60 0.80 50 Class II 1000 60 0.80 50 Class III 750 20 0.80 55

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Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Cycling (outdoor) Class I 500 60 0.70 50 Class II 300 60 0.70 50 Class III 100 20 0.50 55 Dancing Class I 500 60 0.70 Class II 300 60 0.60 Class III 200 20 0.50 Darts Class I Eh 200/Ev 750 60 Class II Eh 100/Ev 500 60

Class III Eh 50/Ev 300 20

Fencing 750 60

Class I Eh 750/Ev 500 60 0.70

Class II Eh 500/Ev 300 60 0.70

Class III Eh 300/Ev 200 20 0.70

Football (indoor) Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Football (outdoor) Class I 500 60 0.70 50 Class II 200 60 0.60 50 Class III 75 20 0.50 55 Gymnastics Class I 500 60 0.70 Class II 300 60 0.60 Class III 200 20 0.50 Handball (indoor) Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Handball (outdoor) Class I 500 60 0.70 50 Class II 200 60 0.60 50 Class III 75 20 0.50 55 Hockey (indoor) Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 300 20 0.70

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Type of area, task or activity Class Em Ra Uo GRL

Ice hockey (indoor)

Class I 750 60 0.70

Class II 500 60 0.70

Class III 300 20 0.70

Ice hockey (outdoor)

Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Ice skating Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 300 20 0.70 Judo Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Kendo / Karate Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Netball (indoor) Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Netball (outdoor) Class I 500 60 0.70 50 Class II 200 60 0.60 50 Class III 75 20 0.50 55 Petanque (indoor) Class I 300 60 0.70 Class II 200 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Petanque (outdoor) Class I 200 60 0.70 50 Class II 100 20 0.70 50 Class III 50 20 0.50 55 Racketball Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 300 20 0.70 Roller skating Class I 500 60 0.70 Class II 300 60 0.60 Class III 200 20 0.50 School sports Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50

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Class II 500 80 0.80 Class III 500 80 0.80 Speed skating Class I 500 60 0.70 Class II 300 60 0.60 Class III 200 20 0.50 Squash Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 300 20 0.70 Swimming Class I 500 60 0.70 Class II 300 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Table tennis Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 300 20 0.70 Tennis (indoor) Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 300 20 0.50 Tennis (outdoor) Class I 500 60 0.70 50 Class II 300 60 0.70 50 Class III 200 20 0.60 55 Weight lifting Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50 Wrestling Class I 750 60 0.70 Class II 500 60 0.70 Class III 200 20 0.50

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4.4 Emergency

Illuminance limits (CEN 1838:1999 and CIE S 020/E:2007)

Disability glare limits (CEN 1838:1999 and CIE S 020/E:2007)

Description of space Illuminance limits (lux) Diversity limits

(Imin / Imax)

Escape route Along centre line ≥ 1.0lx

In central band ≥ 0.5lx 0.025 (1:40)

Open area Across area ≥ 0.5lx 0.025 (1:40)

High risk task area ≥ 10% maintained level but not less than15.0lx 0.1 (1:10)

Mounting height above floor level

H in m

Escape route and open area (anti panic) lighting maximum luminous

intensity Imax in cd

High risk task area lighting maximum luminous intensity Imax in cd H < 2.5 500 1000 2.5 ≤ H < 3.0 900 1800 3.0 ≤ H < 3.5 1600 3200 3.5 ≤ H < 4.0 2500 5000 4.0 ≤ H < 4.5 3500 7000 4.5 ≤ H 5000 10000

For escape routes and open areas response times and durations are;

CEN 1838:1999

50% of the required illuminance within 5s, and 100% within 60s with a minimum duration of 1 hour

CIE S 020/E:2007

50% of the required illuminance within 20s, and 100% within 60s (if the visual task or risk to people requires a shorter response time then it should be shortened to 50% of the required illuminance within 5s) with a minimum duration of 1 hour (if the visual task or risk to people requires a longer duration then it should be extended to 3 hours) For high risk task areas response times and durations are;

CEN 1838:1999

Either 100% required illuminance permanently or within 0.5s, depending upon the application with a minimum duration covering the time the risk exists

CIE S 020/E:2007

Either 100% required illuminance permanently or within 0.5s, depending upon the application with a minimum duration of 1 hour

Note that these values may differ across countries. For example; UK (CEN 1838:1999)

Escape route along centre line ≥ 0.2lx in central band ≥ 0.1lx

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Certified luminaires only may be used

On escape routes maximum spacing of luminaires is 15m For open areas 5lm/m2_{(luminaire lumens) is required and} luminaires may not be spaced more than 4 times their mounting height apart, with a minimum of 2 luminaires per room Therefore, whilst these values may be used for guidance local regulations should be consulted.

4.5 Roads

For road lighting the lighting criteria are selected dependant upon the class of road being lit. The class has a range of sub-classes, from the strictest to the most relaxed, and these are chosen dependant upon factors, such as typical speed of users, typical volumes of traffic flow, difficulty of the navigational task, etc. The basic lighting classes are defined as:

ME This class is intended for users of motorised vehicles on traffic routes. In some countries this class also applies to residential roads. Traffic speeds are medium to high. The ME classes go from ME1 to ME6, with ME1 defining the strictest requirements. For wet road conditions the MEW classes go from MEW1 to MEW6.

Luminance Lm U0 UL SR TI ME1 ≥ 2.0 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.70 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 10% ME2 ≥ 1.5 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.70 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 10% ME3A ≥ 1.0 cd/m2 _{≥ 0.40} _{≥ 0.70} _{≥ 0.50} _{≤ 15%} ME3B ≥ 1.0 cd/m2 _{≥ 0.40} _{≥ 0.60} _{≥ 0.50} _{≤ 15%} ME3C ≥ 1.0 cd/m2 _{≥ 0.40} _{≥ 0.50} _{≥ 0.50} _{≤ 15%} ME4A ≥ 0.75 cd/m2 _{≥ 0.40} _{≥ 0.60} _{≥ 0.60} _{≤ 15%} ME4B ≥ 0.75 cd/m2 _{≥ 0.40} _{≥ 0.50} _{≥ 0.50} _{≤ 15%} ME5 ≥ 0.50 cd/m2 _{≥ 0.35} _{≥ 0.40} _{≥ 0.50} _{≤ 15%} ME6 ≥ 0.3 cd/m2 _{≥ 0.35} _{≥ 0.40} _{≥ 0.50} _{≤ 15%} MEW1D ≥ 2.0 cd/m2 ≥ 0.40 ≥ 0.60 ≥ 0.50 ≤ 10% MEW1W - ≥ 0.15 - ≥ 0.50 -MEW2D ≥ 1.5 cd/m2 _{≥ 0.40} _{≥ 0.60} _{≥ 0.50} _{≤ 10%} MEW2W - ≥ 0.15 - ≥ 0.50 -MEW3D ≥ 1.0 cd/m2 _{≥ 0.40} _{≥ 0.60} _{≥ 0.50} _{≤ 15%}

KEY Emin - minimum illuminance Em - maintained average illuminance Lm - maintained average luminance Uo - overall uniformity Ul - longitudinal uniformity TI - threshold increment SR - surround ratio

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Horizontal illuminance Em Emin Uo CE0 ≥ 50.0 lux - ≥ 0.40 CE1 ≥ 30.0 lux - ≥ 0.40 CE2 ≥ 20.0 lux - ≥ 0.40 CE3 ≥ 15.0 lux - ≥ 0.40 CE5 ≥ 7.50 lux - ≥ 0.40 Horizontal illuminance Em Emin Uo

S1 ≥ 15.0 lux; ≤ 22.5 lux ≥ 5.0 lux -S2 ≥ 10.0 lux; ≤ 15.0 lux ≥ 3.0 lux -S3 ≥ 7.5 lux; ≤ 11.25 lux ≥ 1.5 lux -S4 ≥ 5.0 lux; ≤ 7.5 lux ≥ 1.0 lux -S5 ≥ 3.0 lux; ≤4.5 lux ≥ 0.6 lux -S6 ≥ 2.0 lux; ≤ 3.0 lux ≥ 0.6 lux

-Hemispherical illuminance Em Uo A1 ≥ 5.0 lux ≥ 0.15 A2 ≥ 3.0 lux ≥ 0.15 A3 ≥ 2.0 lux ≥ 0.15 A4 ≥ 1.5 lux ≥ 0.15 A5 ≥ 1.0 lux ≥ 0.15 Semi-cylindrical illuminance Emin ES1 ≥ 10.0 lux ES2 ≥ 7.5 lux ES3 ≥ 5.0 lux ES4 ≥ 3.0 lux ES5 ≥ 2.0 lux ES6 ≥ 1.5 lux ES7 ≥ 1.0 lux ES8 ≥ 0.75 lux ES9 ≥ 0.50 lux Vertical illuminance Emin EV1 ≥ 50.0 lux EV2 ≥ 30.0 lux EV3 ≥ 10.0 lux EV4 ≥ 7.5 lux EV5 ≥ 5.0 lux EV6 ≥ 0.5 lux

CE This class is intended for users of motorised vehicles in conflict areas such as road intersections, roundabouts, etc. These areas also allow provision for cyclists and pedestrians.

The CE classes go from CE0 to CE5, with CE0 defining the strictest requirements.

S This class is intended for cyclists and pedestrians on footpaths, cycle paths, residential roads, pedestrian streets, parking areas, etc. The S class and the A class are for similar situations, but the S class criteria are defined in terms of horizontal illuminance as preferred by certain countries.

The S classes go from S1 to S6, with S1 defining the strictest requirements.

A This class is intended for cyclists and pedestrians on footpaths, cycle paths, residential roads, pedestrian streets, parking areas, etc. The A class and the S class are for similar situations but the A class criteria are defined in terms of hemispherical illuminance as preferred by certain countries.

The A classes go from A1 to A5, with A1 defining the strictest requirements.

ES This class is an extension of the A and S classes for those situations where the identification of people or objects is particularly necessary, for example in high crime risk areas. The criteria are in terms of semi-cylindrical illuminance and are used in addition to the S or A class criteria.

The ES classes go from ES1 to ES9, with ES1 defining the strictest requirements.

EV This class is an extension of the CE, A and S classes for those situations requiring good visibility of vertical surfaces, for example toll booths. The criteria are in terms of vertical illuminance and are used in addition to the CE, S or A class criteria.

The EV classes go from EV1 to EV6, with EV1 defining the strictest requirements.

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the area with the highest recommended lighting level being taken as the reference area.

To help apply this when adjacent area are lit to different lighting classes the table below shows lighting classes for comparable lighting levels.

Lighting classes of comparable lighting level

In some countries there is a preference for a particular measure of illuminance over others (for example hemispherical illuminance in preference to horizontal illuminance). The following two tables show comparable alternative lighting classes to aid in designing to local preferences.

A class (hemispherical illuminance) compared to S class (horizontal illuminance)

ES class (semi-cylindrical illuminance) and EV class (vertical illuminance) compared to CE and S class (horizontal illuminance)

ME1 ME2 ME3 ME4 ME5 ME6

MEW1 MEW2 MEW3 MEW4 MEW5

CE0 CE1 CE2 CE3 CE4 CE5

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

Reference class S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

Alternative class A1 A2 A3 A4 A5

Reference class CE0 CE1 CE2 CE3 _S1 CE4 _S2 CE5_S3 _S4 _S5 _S6

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4.6 Amenity

There is little standardised information for lighting requirements in amenity areas, and therefore this information should be considered guidance. Local standards and regulations should be checked to ensure compliance.

Lighting classes for pedestrian areas in urban centres (see road section above)

Pedestrian zones

Lighting levels for underground, multi-storey and outdoor car parks zones

Traffic flow pedestrians

Normal High

Environmental zone Environmental zone

E3 E4 E3 E4

Pedestrian only traffic CE3 CE2 CE2 CE1

Mixed pedestrian and vehicular traffic CE2 CE1 CE1 CE1

Area (lux)Em Eminimum(lux) (EDiversitymin/Emax)

Pedestrian precincts 5.0 - 0.08

Squares/open areas 5.0 - 0.10

Squares (high pedestrian use) 10.0 - 0.10

Level footpaths - 1.0

Footpaths with steps - 5.0

-Outdoor staircase 15.0 - 0.30

Underpass 60.0 - 0.30

Type Area (lux)Em Eminimum(lux)

Underground and multi-storey

excluding roof level Parking bays, access area 75 50

Ramps, corners, intersections 150 75

Entrance/exit zones (vehicular) 75 night

300 day

-Pedestrian areas, stairs, lifts 100 50

Outdoor and multi-storey roof

level _{Rural zones E1 and E2} 60.0₁₅ ₅

-Urban zones E3 and E4 30 10

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Glare restriction

Traffic flow classification

Interior zone average luminance levels (Lav)

Time of day Threshold zone Interior zone Exit zone

Day-time TI <15% TI <15%

-Night TI <15% TI <15% TI <15%

Traffic flow One way traffic

(vehicles/hour.lane) (vehicles/hour.lane)Two way traffic

High > 1500 > 400

Medium 500 – 1500 100 – 400

Low < 500 < 100

Stopping distance Traffic flow

(≅ speed in m/s) Low Medium High

160m ≥ 5 cd/m² ≥ 10 cd/m² ≥ 15 cd/m²

100m ≥ 2 cd/m² ≥ 4 cd/m² ≥ 6 cd/m²

60m ≥ 1 cd/m² ≥ 2 cd/m² ≥ 3 cd/m²

Threshold zones average luminance levels (Lav) Maximum permitted average luminance ratio passing between transition zones is 3:1

Maximum permitted average luminance ratio passing from transition zones to interior zone is 1.5:1

Note: During night hours the entire tunnel is treated as one interior zone

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4.8 Lighting scheme surveys

When a lighting scheme has been designed and installed it is normally necessary to perform a survey as part of the commissioning process. A survey would also be necessary in the case of any dispute over the performance of an installation. When performing a survey a grid of points is generally placed over the area to be surveyed. These grid points are the measurement points at which a reading of light will be taken. To perform a survey adequate equipment is required. This is generally either an illuminance meter or a luminance meter, dependant upon the criteria used during the design of the installation. It is essential that the equipment used is suitable for the task. It therefore needs to be calibrated, with a current calibration certificate from a competent company with traceability to national standards. It also needs to have a suitable range of sensitivity to be able to measure the light levels present in the installation. So to measure emergency light levels a more sensitive meter would be necessary that could measure low light levels.

When making a scheme survey it is essential to keep a complete and accurate record of the state of the whole installation at the time of the survey, which is the lighting equipment and the space the lighting is in. (Photographs are a valuable addition to a written record.) Examples of information of note are:

With regard to the measuring equipment

− Type of meter, manufacturer, model, serial number and calibration date

− Details of any additional equipment, such as tripods, tape measures, etc. should be noted

With regard to the luminaires

− The luminaire manufacturer and manufacturers’ code − Details of the lamps (number, type and age) − The supply voltage (value and stability)

− The state of maintenance of the installation (lamps and luminaires)

− Details of luminaire control systems being used − Geometric details of the luminaire positioning

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− The presence/absence of daylight, including a background reading of luminance/illuminance with daylight only (luminaires turned off). Note that the quantity of daylight may vary significantly over time so ideally daylight should be excluded from measurements of electric light unless the aim is to measure a constant illuminance installation (daylight control)

− The ambient temperature in the space

− Any other factors which could influence the measurement Before taking any measurements it is important that the output of the luminaires is stable. Therefore the lighting should ideally be operated for one hour before taking any measurements, and at least 30 minutes. Additionally to ensure the stability of the meter photocell it should be exposed to the stable light levels for approximately five minutes before taking any measurements. When defining a measurement grid this is dependant upon the application being surveyed.

Interior measurement grids

Frequently for sports lighting the grid definition is defined by the sports governing body, so for an indoor sports facility any requirements specific to a particular sport should be used. However, if no specific requirements exist, or the installation is not a sports facility, the measurement points for verification of the design should be in the same location and plane as the calculation points used during the design. Therefore, if a measurement plane was calculated which was tilted to mimic the orientation of the task, the same measurement plane should be used for verification.

Note that during design it should be ensured that the grid spacing does not coincide with the spacing of the luminaires in the installation as this can distort the calculated results, and therefore the scheme performance.

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Exterior measurement grids – sports and area

Frequently for sports lighting the grid definition is defined by the sports governing body, so any requirements specific to a particular sport should be used. However, if no specific requirements exist, or the installation is not a sports facility, the measurement points for verification of the design should be in the same location and plane as the calculation points used during the design. Therefore, if a measurement plane was calculated which was tilted to mimic the orientation of the task, the same measurement plane should be used for verification. Exterior measurement grids – road

For road lighting the grid is normally defined in the relevant standard and is generally related to the spacing of the road lighting lanterns. Therefore the relevant standard should be referenced for the grid definition which should be the same as the grid used for calculation during design.

When marking the measurement grid in the area to be measured the method of marking is dependant upon the measurements to be taken. When measuring illuminance small markers (such as sticky dots) may be placed upon the surface to show the measurement point. However when measuring luminance this would invalidate the reading and so for luminance readings markings should be used to sight the luminance meter, and then moved before the reading is taken. When taking luminance readings in a road lighting installation the position of the meter will be a significant distance from the measurement point. This has two implications:

− The luminance meter must be able to restrict the angle of measurement to allow only the relevant grid position to be measured, typically to two minutes of arc in the vertical plane and 20 minutes of arc in the horizontal plane. − The grid markings must be visible from a large distance.

Therefore three-dimensional objects should be used to mark the grid points and removed individually as each grid point is measured.

The method of marking out the grid should be recorded with details of equipment used and fixed reference points used to locate the grid. To record the measured values a diagram should be used to assign reference numbers to each grid point. A table of values may then be completed containing the grid reference number and the measured value.

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− When taking measurements it is advisable to wear dark matt clothing to prevent light reflecting from clothing onto the photocell, giving abnormally high readings. However, if safety requirements require high visibility clothing, care should be taken to minimise light reflection onto the photocell.

− The use of a tripod is advisable, especially for luminance readings or readings using heavy equipment.

− For measurement grids that are not at ground level the use of a stand, at the correct height and orientation for the task plane, can help ensure a photocell is correctly positioned at a measurement position.

− It is good practice to measure the background light levels without the lighting installation turned on. Even moonlight can have a noticeable effect on light levels. Also to take these measurements after measuring the installation with the lights turned on, as the background light levels may vary considerably during the warm-up time for the lighting. − When measuring horizontal illuminance it cannot be

assumed that the ground is horizontal, especially in outdoor applications. Care must be taken to ensure the photocell is horizontal, even if this is not a true representation of the ground.

− Correction factors should be applied to readings to compensate for the lamp type used in the schemes. However, highly coloured or monochromatic light sources will give erroneous readings using conventional light meters.

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5 Applications and Techniques

5.1 General Considerations

The application of the right light is paramount in lighting design. The simple golden rule for design considerations is to provide the right light to the right place at the right time. This rule is valid for all places where lighting for people is needed so that they can see and perform the visual tasks efficiently and in comfort. The specific lighting requirements of people and places vary according to the type of place, activity and people involved. The visual tasks can differ in character, location, size, colour, duration, dynamics and ergonomics. It is very important to assess these parameters and to formulate the right design objectives for the specific lighting application area. Once the task analyses have been completed and listed the required lighting design criteria can be selected and the lighting design process can start. See also the list of recommendations within the appropriate lighting application standards referenced in this book.

This section of the handbook gives an insight to the activities and visual tasks found in the various lighting application segments and gives advise on the important points to consider. It recommends the most appropriate lighting design techniques and suitable lighting solutions. The list of application segments is not exhaustive but the main types covered include the lighting of indoor and outdoor industry, offices, education buildings, super and hypermarkets, roads, amenity areas, architectural elements and healthcare premises. For each case the lighting techniques employed should start by considering a holistic approach to design and should include PEC – performance, efficiency and comfort - attributes and fulfilment. This means addressing all the lighting design parameters and balancing the requirements and constraints to yield the best possible solution. In the holistic framework the key elements for consideration are visual function, visual amenity, architectural integration, energy efficiency, installation costs and maintenance. The individual elements may not carry equal weight, but they

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all need consideration separately and combined with each other. PEC extends this consideration to include the changing human factors and environmental challenges. By fulfilling PEC we ensure that quality lighting will be provided that gives effective light for visual performance, with high operating energy efficiency, be sustainable and kind to the environment, and give people comfort, stimulation and total satisfaction. It is well proven that good lighting is essential to mankind, without this the human activity will be seriously impaired and valuable energy and resource will be wasted. It is also important to recognise that this lighting not only illuminates the task but will also contribute to the quality of the visual environment and wellbeing of the people.

Much of the success of a lighting installation depends on making the right decisions at the design stage, selecting the right equipment and providing adequate instructions on how to operate, manage and service the scheme through it’s life. In the section “Specific Techniques” guidance is given on techniques that are applicable to several application segments. These include, lighting for display screen equipment, lighting for education, emergency lighting, road and amenity lighting, controlling obtrusive light, lighting for crime prevention, lighting for health, lighting controls, lighting maintenance and tunnel lighting. The consideration of these form an integral part of the design process to yield the most appropriate lighting solution.

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Healthcare Section 5.6 Urban – decorative roadlighting & amenity areas Section 5.9 Education Section 5.3 Sports lighting Section 5.11 Office Section 5.2 Super/ Hypermarket Section 5.7 Road lighting Section 5.8 Urban – architectural floodlighting Section 5.10 Industry – indoor Section 5.4 Industry – outdoor Section 5.5

Fig. 5.1 City plan showing the diversity of

lighting needs. This section gives hints on lighting techniques for each of these application areas, helping the reader to tackle such everyday projects with greater understanding.

Thorn Technical Handbook

Technical Handbook

Technical Handbook

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The Mechanics of Seeing

3 Controlling Light

4 Recommendations for good lighting

Recommendations for good lighting

5 Applications and Techniques