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学校编码:10384 分类号 密级

学号:12920071150239 UDC

硕 士 学 位 论 文

边沁刑事立法理论研究

Research on Bentham’s Criminal Legislative Theory

林淳

指导教师姓名: 周赟 副教授

专 业 名 称: 法学理论

论文提交日期: 2010 年 4 月

论文答辩日期: 2010 年 5 月

学位授予日期: 2010年 月

答辩委员会主席:

评 阅 人:

2010 年 月

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内 容 摘 要

内 容 摘 要

本文除引言和结语外共有三章: 第一章阐述边沁在爱尔维修、贝卡利亚等学者影响下,从批判英国法律体系 和社会制度出发,将功利原理系统地运用到人类生活各个方面。功利原理既是道 德领域的标准,又是立法应遵循的原则,还是衡量社会制度的尺度。人类由快乐 和痛苦主宰,趋利避害是人的本性,边沁认为快乐和痛苦是可以通约和排序的, 当惩罚之苦大于犯罪之乐时,犯罪行为就不会发生。功利原理的质是幸福,量是 苦乐计算法。边沁不仅是理论家,还是实践家,他打破英国传统,提出法典编纂, 推进包括英国在内的许多国家的法律改革。 第二章阐述边沁刑事立法理论中的犯罪论。应然的犯罪概念包含两个层次的 恶,边沁首创将私罪分为人身犯罪、财产犯罪、名誉犯罪、身份犯罪,影响了大 陆法系刑法典结构。每一项法律都包含民事性质和刑事性质的内容,处罚性内容 的重复适用导致法律体积膨胀,因此情节性内容和处罚性内容逐渐独立开来,民 法和刑法也就成为独立的两个部分。行为的客观危害性、应受谴责性,应受惩罚 性是认定犯罪的三个因素,“程度”决定了行为性质是犯罪还是一般违法。预防、 遏制、补偿、惩罚是四种补救犯罪的方法。 第三章阐述边沁刑事立法理论中的惩罚论。惩罚和犯罪一样,都是恶,根据 功利原理,惩罚的存在是因为它能够排除更大的恶。边沁的刑罚目的论是侧重一 般预防的双面预防论,在惩罚没有根据、惩罚必定无效、惩罚无益、惩罚不必要 的情况下,不宜适用惩罚。边沁设置了一套规则决定犯罪与惩罚的比例,推动刑 事立法向科学化发展,为了做到罪刑相称,惩罚必须具备可变性,儆戒性等特性。 关键词:功利原理;边沁;惩罚

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ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

The thesis includes three chapters except preface and conclusion:

Chapter one is an introduction about Bentham and his principle of utility. Bentham first is an ethicist then is a jurist; he studies ethics (including but not limited to human dispositions and actions) for law (including but not limited to crimes and punishments); the limits between private ethics and art of legislation are actually the boundary of morality and law. Bentham’s principle of utility which uses for criticism of English legal system and social constitution benefits from Claude-Adrien Helvetius, Cesare Becacaria etc.. Principle of utility, which sets the benchmark of morality and the standard of legislation, is a self-evident truth from Bentham’s point of view. Mankind is governed by pleasure and pain; a reasonable person will measure pleasure from crime and pain from punishment before he/she commits a crime; if pain heavier than pleasure, there will be no crime. Bentham firmly believes legislation should pursue “the greatest happiness of most people”; he insists on transforming English legal system and institution by codification which against tradition and devotes all his life to legal reform: both essence and form of law. Though it is not adopted by English government at that moment, his theory influences several countries.

Chapter two elaborates Bentham’s crime theory. His concept of crime which includes two levels of evil is from the standpoints of “should be”; defining crime is aim at establishing a code as well as people can. Six articles should be considered in examining an action: the act itself, the circumstances, the intentionality, the consciousness, the particular motive, and the general disposition. Bentham is the first person who divides private crime into crime against person, crime against property, crime against reputation and crime against condition; and this division method produces a great effect on the penal code structure of continental legal system. Civil law and penal law are the contents of jurisprudence; re-application of punishment causes the expansion, so the penalizing clauses gradually separate from

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边沁刑事立法理论研究

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circumstantiative clauses, then penal law separates from civil law. Magnitude of damage, quantum of condemnation and punishment indicate the differences between crime and unlawful act. There are four methods of remedy: prevention, containment, compensation and punishment; prevention is primary and punishment is the last resort. Chapter three elaborates Bentham’s punishment theory. Punishment in it self is also an evil as well as crime; upon the principle of utility, punishment ought only to be admitted in as far as it promises to exclude some greater evil. In the following cases punishment ought not to be inflicted: where it is groundless, where it must be inefficacious, where it is unprofitable, where it is needless. Crime is social disease, different crime needs different treatment; so the punishment characterizes with diversity from mild to severe. Bentham’s dualism of punishment lays emphasis on general prevention, because the numbers of violators are much less than citizens who observe law and discipline in a normal nation. He sets rules of proportion between crime and punishment which take several circumstances influencing sensibility into account. The minimum is the value of punishment must not be less in any case than what sufficient to outweigh that of the profit of the crime. The maximum is the punishment ought in no case to be more than what is necessary to bring it into conformity with the rules. In order to make punishment corresponding to crime, Bentham gives punishment 12 properties, they are: variability, equability, commensurability, characteristicalness, exemplarity, frugality, subserviency to reformation, efficacy with respect to disablement, subserviency to compensation, popularity, simplicity to describe, remissibility.

Key Words: Principle of Utility; Bentham; Punishment

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目 录

目 录

引 言...1

第一章 边沁及其功利原理概说 ...3

第一节 边沁生平...3 一、教育背景...3 二、主要著作...3 三、法律改革实践...4 第二节 用边沁解读思想史...6 一、边沁对立法理论的贡献...6 二、边沁的功利原理...6 第三节 用思想史解读边沁...8 一、功利原理之源...8 二、自由主义对边沁的影响...10

第二章 边沁的犯罪论 ...12

第一节 犯罪的概念与分类...12 一、应然的犯罪概念...12 二、犯罪的类型...13 三、犯罪的两个层次的恶...15 第二节 罪与非罪的区分...17 一、民法与刑法的分离...17 二、犯罪行为与一般违法行为的区分...17 第三节 关于高利贷...18 第四节 对犯罪之恶的补救...19 一、预防方法...20 二、遏制方法...20 三、补偿方法...21

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

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边沁刑事立法理论研究 四、刑罚方法...23

第三章 边沁的惩罚论 ...24

第一节 惩罚的概念与分类...24 一、惩罚的概念...24 二、惩罚的分类...26 第二节 惩罚的发动...27 一、惩罚的目的...27 二、不适宜惩罚的情况...28 第三节 惩罚的分配...30 一、惩罚的衡量...30 二、惩罚的特性...33

结 语...36

参考文献 ...37

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Preface...1

Chapter 1 General Introduction about Bentham and His Principle

of Utility...3

Subchapter 1 A Biographical Note on Bentham...3

Section 1 Education Background...3

Section 2 Major Literature ...3

Section 3 Practice of Legal Reform ...4

Subchapter 2 Reading Intellectual History by Bentham...6

Section 1 Bentham’s Contribution to Legislative Theory...6

Section 2 Bentham’s Principle of Utility ...6

Subchapter 3 Reading Bentham by Intellectual History...8

Section 1 Source of Principle of Utility...8

Section 2 Liberalism Influence on Bentham...10

Chapter 2 Bentham’s Crime Theory...12

Subchapter 1 Concept and Classification of Crime...12

Section 1 Concept of Crime: View from the Standpoints of “should be”...12

Section 2 Kinds of Crime...13

Section 3 Two Levels of Evil of Crime...15

Subchapter 2 Distinction between Crime and No Crime ...17

Section 1 Separation between Civil Law and Criminal Law...17

Section 2 Differences between Criminal Behavior and Unlawful Act ...17

Subchapter 3 On Usury ...18

Subchapter 4 Remedy for Crime ...19

Section 1 Prevention ...20

Section 2 Restraint ...20

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边沁刑事立法理论研究

Section 3 Compensation ...21

Section 4 Punishment...23

Chapter 3 Bentham’s Punishment Theory ...24

Subchapter 1 Concept and Classification of Punishment ...24

Section 1 Concept of Punishment ...24

Section 2 Kinds of Punishment...26

Subchapter 2 Start of Punishment...27

Section 1 Purpose of Punishment ...27

Section 2 Cases Unmeet for Punishment ...28

Subchapter 3 Distribution of Punishment ...30

Section 1 Criterion of Punishment...30

Section 2 Characters of Punishment ...33

Conclusion ...36

Bibliography ...37

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引 言 1

引 言

一、选题的意义 边沁是近代功利主义的奠基人,他主张功利原理不仅是制定法典的依据,还 是衡量社会制度的标准,他把功利原理积极地应用到各种实际问题中。边沁的立 法理论不仅在西方法学理论中占有重要地位,而且对一些国家的立法实践产生深 远影响,我们可以借鉴其中合理部分完善我国的立法理论,特别是完善立法科学 性的理论研究;边沁的刑事立法理论讲究科学性和精确性,我们可以借鉴并完善 我国刑法罪刑相适应原则;研究此选题对立法学和刑法学有理论意义。边沁不仅 是理论家,也是实践者,他在英国发起的法律改革,特别是刑法轻刑化的改革对 英国法治现代化产生了巨大影响。我国也正处于法治现代化的进程之中,就刑法 而言,刑法应当朝着越来越人道,越来越宽容的趋势发展,边沁关于刑法界限的 研究有助于抑制刑法的膨胀,研究此选题有实践意义。 为什么研究边沁的刑事立法理论而非民事立法理论?理由有二:第一,在边 沁的立法理论中,刑事立法理论占据比民事立法理论更重要的位置,《立法理论》 一书中,民法典原理的篇幅约是刑法典原理的二分之一,而且边沁还专门针对惩 罚撰写了《惩罚的一般原理》这篇论文,更详细地阐述了他对惩罚的研究。《为 高利贷辩护》论述高利贷不能入罪的原因,可以看作是刑法与民法分界线的典型 例子,既可以归属于刑事立法理论,也可以归属于民事立法理论。第二,刑事立 法涉及人的生命、自由、身份、财产,民事立法只涉及人的身份、财产,人的生 命和自由失去了就无法挽回,而身份和财产是可以恢复和补偿的。就个人而言, 刑法对他产生的影响比民法更深远,也更难以消除。在整个法律体系中,刑法是 最后的屏障、最后的武器,刑事立法肩负着守好最后一道防线的重担。 二、选题的研究现状

边沁的主要著作《道德与立法原理导论》(An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation)、《立法理论》(Theory of Legislation)、《政府片论》(A Fragment on Government)都已经翻译成中文并出版发行,学者主要是通过阅读 这三本译著来研究边沁的立法理论。

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边沁刑事立法理论研究 2 前人对边沁的研究主要集中在对功利主义理论的研究,较少具体到刑事立法 理论。就著作类的文献而言,法律史、立法学的著作中会提及边沁,但篇幅有限, 一般只提到边沁的功利主义理论,没有深入到部门法领域。就论文类的文献而言, 专门论述边沁刑事立法理论的文章由于篇幅及论述重点不同,对边沁思想解读角 度和深度也各不相同。 本文在文献查找方面比前人详实的地方在于:《论一般法律》(Of Law in General)的中文译本出版于 2008 年,是边沁译著中最新的一本,在中文译本还 未出版之前,极少文章引用了此书的英文版。《惩罚的一般原理》(The Rational of Punishment)2004 年由邱兴隆在《比较刑法(第二卷):刑罚基本理论专号》中 翻译出版,前人的研究却没有提到此篇论文。Thomson Gale 集团在线数据库 Eighteenth Century Collections Online(ECCO,十八世纪作品在线)中有《为高 利贷辩护》(Defence of Usury)的英文版,《为高利贷辩护》是边沁短篇论文中最 重要最有名的一篇,它没有正式出版的中文译本,前人的研究没有引用过此篇论 文。本文在撰写过程中引用参考了上述三处文献。 三、论文的创新之处 在内容方面,边沁的立法理论及功利主义前人已经研究很多了,难以创新, 因此我试着从分析角度上寻找新的切入点,将边沁的刑法理论与刑事立法科学性 联系起来研究。我认为刑事立法的科学性体现在罪刑相适应原则,设置合理的刑 罚体系,使有限的刑罚与无限的犯罪相适应。边沁从研究快乐和痛苦入手,他分 析快乐和痛苦的类型,快乐和痛苦的值如何计算,都是为研究罪和刑作准备,将 罪和刑量化成快乐和痛苦,他设置一套规则决定罪刑比例,以达到罪刑分层次相 称的目的,这些都是我们在刑事立法中可以借鉴的。

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Degree papers are in the “Xiamen University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Database”. Full texts are available in the following ways:

1. If your library is a CALIS member libraries, please log on http://etd.calis.edu.cn/ and submit requests online, or consult the interlibrary loan department in your library.

2. For users of non-CALIS member libraries, please mail to [email protected] for delivery details.

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