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THE ILLEGAL TRADE
IN WILD ANIMALS AND PLANTS
Collaborative Actions with the
Transport and Logistics sector
James Compton, Senior Director – Asia, TRAFFIC
FIATA World Congress 2015, Taipei
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• Economic growth forecasts
• Vessel upsizing, container
shipping alliances
• Expansion of physical
infrastructure
• Free Trade agreements
• Growth of e-Commerce
• Local ‘touch’ or cultural context
• Logistics service models
• Industry values
• Identifying bottlenecks
• Regulatory transparency
• Compliance
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Wildlife Trade – What Is It?
‘ Wildlife trade is the buying, selling, bartering, exchanging, importing,
exporting, re-exporting of wild animals and plants – alive or as parts and
derivatives’
Traded for…..
Food
(e.g. fisheries,
wild meat)
Building materials and
Building materials and
Fuel
(e.g. timber for
furniture)
Collectors and
Trophies
Health care
(e.g.
Traditional and Western
Medicine)
Decorations and
Decorations and
Fashion
(e.g. Luxury
Items)
Zoos, Exhibitions
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The Legal Trade in Wildlife
• Worth around USD 320 billion/year
(majority in timber and fisheries)
• Can provide economic incentives for
sustainably managed harvests
• Contributes significantly to local
livelihoods and sustainable
development
• Some international trade regulated by
CITES (the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora)
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The
Illegal
Trade in Wildlife
• Perceived as high-profit and
low-risk
• Hugely adaptable, using legal
loopholes and sophisticated
techniques to smuggle wildlife
• Clear links to organized crime
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http://na.unep.net/geas/getUNEPPageWithArticleIDScript.php?article_id=95
Estimated Value Of Illegal Wildlife Trade
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
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Currently, every 7
hours a rhino is
illegally killed in
South Africa.
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Elephant Ivory Crisis
• More than 30,000 elephants
are killed every year to supply
demand for ivory
• Illegal trade in African
elephant ivory at its highest
levels
• African ivory is illegally moved
into Asian countries where
market demand persists
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Why Does It Matter to FIATA Members?
• Wildlife traffickers highly rely on legitimate logistics, land, air
and sea carrier services to move their commodities nationally
and transnationally
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Transport Supply Chains
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Regional Trends of Supply and Demand
• Significance of Asia’s rapid
economic growth
• Expanding transport,
finance & communications
infrastructure
• Higher demand for:
Traditional Medicine
Luxury goods
Wild meat
Pets
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Illegal Ivory Trade Routes
Large-scale (>500kg) seizures of ivory where trade routes were known, 2012 - 2013 (ETIS November 2013)
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• 2.3 tons of
African pangolin scales
hidden in two shipping containers
• Believed to have come from more than 8,000 animals
• Declared as timber
• Shipment route: Central Africa, via East Africa, Southeast Asia and seized in Hong
Kong
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©Pornchai Kittiwongsakul (AFP)
Complex Trafficking Routes (2)
• 3 tonnes of
ivory
tusks
• The cargo container
was declared as ‘11
tonnes of TEA
LEAVES’
• Cargo moved from
East Africa, through
South Asia, into
Southeast Asia
bound for Lao PDR
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Viet Nam - three seizures in August 2015 in Da Nang
• From Mozambique – 593kg ivory, 142kg rhino horn
(MZ-MY-VN tbc)
• From Nigeria (full route tbc) – 2.2 tonnes ivory
• From Malaysia (full route tbc) – 1t ivory, 4t pangolin
scales
Concealed in cargoes of marble, wood and red beans
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Complex Trafficking Routes (3)
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Part of 850 kg of ivory seized in Hong Kong in May 2014 from 16
Vietnamese ‘mules’ traveling by air from Angola – Ethiopia – Hong
Kong – South Korea – Cambodia in 32 suitcases.
Credit: Hong Kong government
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WHAT CAN THE TRANSPORT AND
LOGISTICS SECTOR DO?
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Awareness of Wildlife Trafficking ...
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Learning To Speak The Same Language
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AIR
SEA
Passenger airlines
Air cargo carriers
and couriers
Shipping lines
Small shipments of live
animals or high-value,
low-weight animal products
typically hidden in carry-on or
checked-in luggage, or on
passengers.
Examples:
Rhino horns,
elephant ivory curios and live
reptiles.
Larger shipments, live animals.
Airmail parcels of relatively
small and light to medium
weight wildlife products.
Examples:
Pangolin products,
elephant ivory, animal skins,
tortoises, rare plants, tiger and
lion bones.
Bulky, heavy weight shipments
mixed with legal commodities in
sealed containers. Nearly 3/4
of large-scale ivory seizures by
weight in sea containers.
Examples:
Elephant ivory,
timber, large live animals.
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Regulatory Checks and Transport Channels
Import
COUNTRY B
Export
COUNTRY A
TECHNIQUES:
Custom Evasion
Concealment /
Fraud
Falsification of
Documents
Forging of
Documents
A strategic alliance of and Local transport Local transport Mail/Express courier Passenger airline Trucking, railroad, air & sea cargo carriers
Processing of wildlife products might take place at different points along the chain Processing of wildlife products might take place at different points along the chain
© M. Zavagli/TRAFFIC
Sender forwarderFreight Customs
Broker Customs Broker
Buyer
CITES Management
Authority*
Air, sea, land port
Bank Bank Port authority Terminal operators Subcontracted pre-inspection companies Cargo handlers Courier (‘passenger mule’) Courier Insurance Freight forwarder Port authority Terminal operators Subcontracted pre-inspection companies Cargo handlers Airport security Sub-contracted companies
(e.g. luggage handling and security services)
Air, sea, land port
*For export of CITES-listed species only
Source Country
International Transit
Consumer Country
Market
(medicine, food, pets, luxury goods)
Customs Customs
Supplier
(Poacher)
Middle man Middle man
Middle man
Logistics companies
Airport security Sub-contracted
companies
(e.g. luggage handling and security services)
Consolidation & local transport Consolidation & local transport
Analysing the Supply Chain
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Turning Risks Into Opportunities
REPUTATIONAL
RISK
LEGAL RISK
ECONOMIC RISK
OPPORTUNITIES
OPPORTUNITIES
Demonstrate a sector/company’s commitment to an illegal wildlife-free business, through
for example:
Adoption of approaches and policies that address wildlife conservation and trade
concerns (e.g. codes of conduct)
Awareness raising among partners and employees
‘Know your clients’ and Red Flag on unusual behavior/patterns
Information sharing & capacity building – vocational training programmes
‘Responsible trade management’ marketing and company profile benefits
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Read the Report :
Read the Report :
Promoting Industry-led Actions
Download the report at:
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…and Public-Private Sector Partnerships
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REDUCE MOTIVATION FOR CRIMINAL
INVOLVEMENT IN POACHING AND ILLEGAL TRADE
Increase the effort
criminals need to
make
Increase the indirect
and direct risks
Reduce the rewards
Protective interventions at source Private Sector Avoidance Visibility and exposure Law, enforcement and judicial action Consumer demand reduction
Stop the Poaching:
Helping to strengthen field
protection, including by
strengthening community
incentives for protection
Stop the Trafficking: prompting and
supporting stronger governance and
enforcement action to suppress trafficking
Stop the Buying:
Motivating change in
consumer behaviour
International Policy:
Mobilising policy pressure, ensuring transparency and compliance
A Holistic Approach
Community support for conservation Seize criminal assetsA strategic alliance of and