Process of Communication
Process of Communication
The linear Concept ² earliest formThe linear Concept ² earliest form
Involves 5 basic questions ²Involves 5 basic questions ²
Who?Who?
Says What?Says What?
On which Channel?On which Channel?
To whom?To whom?
With What effect?With What effect?
Communication was considered a one ± way Communication was considered a one ± way
process marked by the flow of information from a process marked by the flow of information from a sender to a receiver
Th
Th
e linear Concept
e linear Concept
RReceiver passively receives the messageeceiver passively receives the message o
o Acts as directed and desired by Acts as directed and desired by sendersender o
o Communication inteCommunication intended to nded to control / control / manipulatemanipulate the receiver
the receiver o
o Assumed that message while passing throughAssumed that message while passing through medium chosen by sender, reaches the
medium chosen by sender, reaches the receiverreceiver without any distortion or change
without any distortion or change
S
Shannon-Weaver model
Shannon-Weaver model
C E Shannon & W Weaver ² first pointed out that inC E Shannon & W Weaver ² first pointed out that in actual practice, messages can be changed or
actual practice, messages can be changed or blockedblocked
Basic problem is ²Basic problem is ²
He attributed loss to noiseHe attributed loss to noise
Though feed back was introduced as a corrective toThough feed back was introduced as a corrective to noise
noise
Feedback was not considered to be an Feedback was not considered to be an integralintegral component because the model conceived the component because the model conceived the communication proc
communication process as a ess as a linear act and feedbacklinear act and feedback another new act of communication
another new act of communication
m
Shannon-Weaver model
Shannon-Weaver model
IInformationnformation source source Encoding Encoding process process Decoding Decoding processprocess DestinationDestination
Channel Channel Feedback Feedback Noise Noise
Shannon-Weav
Shannon-Weaver model
er model (How
(How
Communication Takes Place)
Communication Takes Place)
InformatInformation source ² source ion source ² source of messageof message o
o Sender has raw Sender has raw informationinformation.. o
o His intentioHis intention changes that information into a n changes that information into a messagemessage to be communicated
to be communicated
1.
1. SSource createsource creates
messages messages 2 2.. SSelectselects channel channel 3 3.. SSendsends message message 6 6.. IInterpretsnterprets Messages Messages 5 5.. Filters- Filters-Experience Experience Knowledge Knowledge Feelings Feelings 4
4..Receiver getsReceiver gets
message message Noise Noise Feedback Feedback
Shannon-Weaver model
Shannon-Weaver model
Encoding ² message thought ² put into words ( verbalEncoding ² message thought ² put into words ( verbal symbols or any other symbolic form of expression «) symbols or any other symbolic form of expression «)
Channel (transmission)² oral, written, electronic,Channel (transmission)² oral, written, electronic, coded, signaling system -appropriate medium / coded, signaling system -appropriate medium / channel chosen
channel chosen
DDecoding ²ecoding ² receiver gets message by -receiving,receiver gets message by -receiving,
understandin
understanding and g and interpretininterpreting the g the messagemessage
AActingcting ² communication process ends with receiver² communication process ends with receiver
putting the interpreted message int
putting the interpreted message into action ² o action ² asas
intended
Shannon-Weaver model
Shannon-Weaver model
Thus Communication completes full
Thus Communication completes full
circle.
circle.
Both sender and receiver become 2
Both sender and receiver become 2
aspects of a single purpose
aspects of a single purpose
N
N
oise
oise
Process open to ´noiseµProcess open to ´noiseµ
Prevents / distortsPrevents / distorts
communication communication
NNoiseoise ² distortion or² distortion or
hindrance, preventing hindrance, preventing transmission of message transmission of message from (mind of) sender to from (mind of) sender to (mind of) receiver
(mind of) receiver
For some noise stands onlyFor some noise stands only
for external disturbances for external disturbances ² physical environment, ² physical environment, machine ² telephone, poor machine ² telephone, poor printout or bad
printout or bad handwriting
Filters
Filters
-Communication distortions caused by subjective factors such as-Communication distortions caused by subjective factors such as mind sets of sender and receivermind sets of sender and receiver
MMentalental in nature - Caused byin nature - Caused by mindsetmindset ofof
sender and receiver sender and receiver
Include attitudes, beliefs, experiences,Include attitudes, beliefs, experiences,
consciousness of personal status, ability to consciousness of personal status, ability to think clearly etc
think clearly etc
Misunderstanding & other problems mayMisunderstanding & other problems may
arise as sender·s message passes through the arise as sender·s message passes through the filters of the receiver, which comprise ²the filters of the receiver, which comprise ²the sender·s filters + low interest / involvement + sender·s filters + low interest / involvement + distraction / fatigue causing loss of
distraction / fatigue causing loss of concentration
2-way communication process
2-way communication process
More contemporary in nature
More contemporary in nature
RReceivereceiver also acts as thealso acts as the sendersender ofof
feedback to sender feedback to sender
Both sender and receiver play reciprocalBoth sender and receiver play reciprocal
and reversible roles and reversible roles
2 way concept considers communication to2 way concept considers communication to
be a
be a reciprocal processreciprocal process and aand a mutualmutual exc
exchhangeange of messagesof messages
NNo distinction between roles of sender ando distinction between roles of sender and
receiver because same person plays both receiver because same person plays both roles
2-way communication process
2-way communication process
The two way concept involves receiver
The two way concept involves receiver
as an active a
as an active agent in the construction
gent in the construction
of meaning of the message.
of meaning of the message.
2 way communication also known as
2 way communication also known as
´transactional
Example-2-way communication process
2-way communication process
Ideation Ideation Encoder Encoder Message Message Channel Channel Decoder / Receiver Decoder / Receiver Feedback
Feedback EEmployee¶mployee¶s reaction to s reaction to the policy communicatedthe policy communicated The audience of the message ± for
The audience of the message ± for whom the policy
whom the policy
is intended & who read the bulletin is intended & who read the bulletin
The medium ± the news bulletin The medium ± the news bulletin The content (policy details) & the The content (policy details) & the
words/pictures used to
words/pictures used to conveyconvey the policy to the employees the policy to the employees
E
Editor / person who writes the policyditor / person who writes the policy An organization¶s policy to be circulated An organization¶s policy to be circulated among all employees through news bulletin among all employees through news bulletin
Elements of Communication
Elements of Communication
Elements of Communication
Elements of Communication
1.
1. MM
essage
essage
Information - written or spoken
Information - written or spoken
To be sent from one ´personµTo be sent from one ´personµ to anotherto another
´´PersonPersonµµ - represents the 2 ends of a- represents the 2 ends of a
system ² could be an individual / a
system ² could be an individual / a group /group / electronic machines
electronic machines
MostMost imimpor por tatan n tt elemen elemen tt ² it is organized,² it is organized,
structured, shaped and selective ² product structured, shaped and selective ² product of
of pre-wr pre-wr itiiting ng or or pre-speak pre-speak iing ng
2. Sender
2. Sender
Transmits / spreads / communicates ²Transmits / spreads / communicates ²
message or operates the electronic device message or operates the electronic device
Conceives and initiates the message withConceives and initiates the message with
purpose of informing/ persuading / purpose of informing/ persuading /
influencing / changing the attitude / opinion influencing / changing the attitude / opinion or behaviour of the receiver
or behaviour of the receiver
Decides the symbols, channel, time ofDecides the symbols, channel, time of
sending the message after carefully sending the message after carefully
considering the total situation in which considering the total situation in which communication takes place
3
3
. Encoding
. Encoding
C
C
hhanging
anging
message from mental form to
message from mental form to
symbols ² putting ideas,
symbols ² putting ideas, facts, feelings,
facts, feelings,
opinions into words, actions,
opinions into words, actions, signs,
signs,
pictures & audio-visuals
pictures & audio-visuals
Communication
Communication
symbols selected
symbols selected
keeping in mind the receiver·s ability to
keeping in mind the receiver·s ability to
understand & interpret correctly
4
4
. Channel
. Channel
V
Veehhicle or mediumicle or medium which facilitates the senderwhich facilitates the sender to convey the message to the receiver
to convey the message to the receiver M
Mediumedium ² written, oral, audio-visual² written, oral, audio-visual
WWritten mediumritten medium ² letters, memos, reports,² letters, memos, reports, manuals, notices, circulars, questionnaires, manuals, notices, circulars, questionnaires, minutes etc.
minutes etc.
OOral mediumral medium ² ² dialogue, face-to-face interview,dialogue, face-to-face interview, telephone conversation, conference recording telephone conversation, conference recording etc.
etc.
VVisualsisuals - Hoardings, posters, slides,- Hoardings, posters, slides, documentary films, TV programs & documentary films, TV programs & advertisements
5.
5.
RReceiver
eceiver
Targeted audience
Targeted audience
RR
eceives, understands, interprets and
eceives, understands, interprets and
tries to perceives total meaning of the
tries to perceives total meaning of the
message as transmitted by sender
6
6
. Decoding
. Decoding
Act of translating symbols into their
Act of translating symbols into their
ordinary meanings
ordinary meanings
Total meaning ² meaning of words
Total meaning ² meaning of words
(symbols) with tone, attitude of sender
(symbols) with tone, attitude of sender
reflected by the structure of message
reflected by the structure of message
& choice of words used by sender
Message manipulates receiver to act in a
Message manipulates receiver to act in a
desired manner
desired manner
RR
esponse action shows that he has
esponse action shows that he has
understood the message
understood the message
RR
eceiver completes chain of
eceiver completes chain of
communication by responding to the
communication by responding to the
message
message
7. Acting
7. Acting
8
8
. Feedback
. Feedback
Loop that connects the receiver in the
Loop that connects the receiver in the
communication process with the sender
communication process with the sender
Sender acts as the feedback receiver
Sender acts as the feedback receiver
and gets to know that communication
and gets to know that communication
has been accomplished
has been accomplished
