Landscape fragmentation

Landscape

Landscape

fragmentation

fragmentation

due

due

to

to

transportation

transportation

infrastructure

infrastructure

and urban

and urban

development

_development

Dr. Jochen Jaeger Dr. Jochen Jaeger

ETH

ETH ZurichZurich, , SwitzerlandSwitzerland, May 2004, May 2004

[email protected]

20 years later:

Motorway intersection „Singen“ in 1988

Baden-Wurttemberg

(Jaeger et al. 2001)

How much has the degree of landscape fragmentation

increased?

How can the

consequences be assessed?

Black Forest

Structure of this talk

Structure of this talk

„

„

Measuring landscape fragmentation

Measuring landscape fragmentation

„

„ Effective mesh size_{Effective mesh size}

„

„ Time series_{Time series}

„

„ Use as environmental indicator_{Use as environmental indicator}

„

„

Effects of roads on animal populations

_{Effects of roads on animal populations}

„

„ Road-_Road-density threshold_{density threshold}

„

„ Suitability of fencing_{Suitability of fencing}

„

How to measure the degree of

How to measure the degree of

landscape fragmentation

landscape fragmentation

„

„ 9 suitability criteria_{9 suitability criteria}

„

„ Serious problems with existing landscape indices_{Serious problems with existing landscape indices}

„

„ New measure: _{New measure:} effective mesh size_{effective mesh size},_, m_meffeff

„

„ Based on the probability that two randomly chosen _{Based on the probability that two randomly chosen}

points can be connected: points can be connected:

„

„ m_meffeff now available in F_{now available in F}RAGSTATS_RAGSTATS (on the www)_{(on the www)}

Jaeger (2000),

Spatial

Spatial

comparisons

comparisons

m

m

_effeff

in the

in the

44 rural districts

44 rural districts

in Baden

in Baden

-

-W

W

urttemberg

urttemberg

Jaeger et al. (2001) Jaeger et al. (2001) 30.26 24.61 24.60 18.65 17.26 15.91 15.48 14.80 14.16 13.05 12.17 11.61 10.25 10.22 8.98 8.87 8.83 8.69 8.18 8.09 7.96 7.78 7.46 7.25 7.24 7.13 7.11 6.89 6.63 6.21 6.17 5.51 5.42 5.01 4.96 4.62 4.29 3.82 2.68 2.55 2.37 2.31 1.74 1.63 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 Ortenaukreis Emmendingen Freudenstadt Breisgau-Hochschw. Rastatt Reutlingen Zollernalbkreis Tübingen Calw Baden-Baden Lörrach Tuttlingen Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis Heidenheim Alb-Donau-Kreis Ostalbkreis Waldshut Main-Tauber-Kreis Rottweil Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis Göppingen Freiburg i. B., St. Böblingen Karlsruhe Esslingen Biberach Sigmaringen Heilbronn Rhein-Neckar-Kreis Rems-Murr-Kreis Ravensburg Schwäbisch Hall Enzkreis Hohenlohekreis Konstanz Heidelberg, Stadt Ludwigsburg Bodenseekreis Heilbronn, Stadt Pforzheim Karlsruhe, Stadt Ulm Mannheim Stuttgart km2

Landscape change: Time series

Landscape change: Time series

„

„ Used as indicator (impact on biodiversity) in the _{Used as indicator (impact on biodiversity) in the}

Environmental Report of Baden

Environmental Report of Baden--WuWurttemberg (2003)rttemberg (2003)

0 10 20 30 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Year m_eff [km2_] Year Baden-Wurttemberg 1930 1940 1950 1966 1977 1989 1998 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 P L U K B R H Pforzheim Ludwigsburg Ulm Konstanz Bodenseekreis Ravensburg Hohenlohekreis m_eff [km2_]

Useful for m

Useful for measurementseasurements and

and assessmentsassessments::

Results published in:

Results published in:

Jaeger, J. 2002: Jaeger, J. 2002: Landschaftszerschneidung Landschaftszerschneidung. . Ulmer, Stuttgart. Ulmer, Stuttgart.

(English translation in planning)

(English translation in planning) „

„ time _time series_series (₍environmental_{environmental}

indicator

indicator))

„

„ setting_setting environmental_{environmental}

standards

standards

„

„ management_management and _and regulation_regulation

for

m

m

_effeff

currently used in

_{currently used in}

„

„ 5 states of Germany:_{5 states of Germany:}

„

„ Baden_Baden-_-Wu_Wurttemberg,_rttemberg,

„

„ Hesse_Hesse, _,

„

„ Bavaria,_Bavaria,

„

„ Thu_Thuringia_ringia,_,

„

„ Schleswig_Schleswig-_-Holstein._Holstein.

„

„ Ongoing discussion about using it in all states of _{Ongoing discussion about using it in all states of}

Germany as one of 24 core indicators of Germany as one of 24 core indicators of

sustainability. sustainability.

„

„ European Environmental Agency (EEA)_{European Environmental Agency (EEA)}

„

0.00 2500.00 5000.00 7500.00 10000.00 B elgium Denmark Netherlands Luxembo urg Germany Czech Republic Hugary Slo venia A ustria Cro atia P o rtugal Switzerland Slo vakia France B ulgaria Ireland P o land United Kingdo m Yugo slavia Spain Italy B o snia and Herzego wina M acedo nia Ro mania Greece A lbania Latvia No rway Lithuania Sweden Esto nia Finland Collaboration Collaboration with the with the European European Environmental Environmental Agency (EEA) Agency (EEA) „

„ since Nov. 2003_{since Nov. 2003}

„

„ 32 European _{32 European}

countries countries

Jaeger et al.,

Jaeger et al., in prepin prep..

Effects of roads and railroads

Effects of roads and railroads

„

„ Road _Road Ecology_Ecology: an _{: an}

emerging

emerging newnew and and relevant

relevant disciplinediscipline

„

„ Road _Road Ecology_Ecology is_is

“

“thethe sleepingsleeping giantgiant of of conservation

conservation biologybiology““ (Forman 2002)

(Forman 2002)

Buch

Buch Forman et al. (2003) Forman et al. (2003) scannen

scannen hierhier

Reduced Population Persistence Reduced Population Size

Roads and Traffic

Habitat Loss Traffic Mortality

R.I.P.

Road Avoidance

Population Subdivision

Increasing road density

Increasing road density

…

_…

…

…reduces probability of population persistence: reduces probability of population persistence: Linearly or with a threshold?

Linearly or with a threshold?

. . .

The

The

road

road

density

density

threshold

threshold

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Number of roads Probability of population persistence

Jaeger, J., Fahrig, L., Ewald, K., in prep.

Behavior at the road

Behavior at the road

road avoidance

road avoidance = animals don= animals don’’t try to crosst try to cross traffic mortality

traffic mortality = percent of animals killed on the road= percent of animals killed on the road

proportion of animals avoiding the road

proportion of animals killed 100% proportion of succeeding animals 1- R R 1- K _K road

Spatially explicit individual

Spatially explicit individual

-

-based simulation model

based simulation model

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 _0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Pers. prob. traffic mortality road avoidance Persistence probability effect of a fence

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 _0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Pers. prob. traffic mortality road avoidance Persistence probability

0 _{0.2 0.4 0.6} 0.8 ₁0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 traffic mortality road avoidance

When do fences enhance population survival?

fence reduces survival

fence enhances survival

Fence

Fence threshold line

Jaeger and Fahrig (2004),

Future research questions

Future research questions

„

„ Bundling of roads _{Bundling of roads}

„

„ Relative importance of road configuration and _{Relative importance of road configuration and}

road length road length

„

„ Response times to new roads_{Response times to new roads}

„

„ Landscape connectivity_{Landscape connectivity}

„

„ Effect of different matrix types_{Effect of different matrix types}

„

„ Time series of landscape fragmentation in _{Time series of landscape fragmentation in}

Switzerland Switzerland

„

„ Comparison with _{Comparison with} metapopulation_{metapopulation} models_models

„

„ Empirical data_{Empirical data}

„

Collaboration

Collaboration

„

„ L. _L. Fahrig_Fahrig, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada_{, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada}

„

„ A. Clevenger_{A. Clevenger}, Montana State Univ., USA_{, Montana State Univ., USA}

„

„ A. Seiler_{A. Seiler}, Univ. of Uppsala, Sweden_{, Univ. of Uppsala, Sweden}

„

„ S. _S. Kleeschulte_Kleeschulte, EEA, Univ. _{, EEA, Univ.} Auton_Auton. de Barcelona, Spain_{. de Barcelona, Spain}

„

„ K. Frank_{K. Frank}, UFZ Leipzig, Germany_{, UFZ Leipzig, Germany}

„

„ H._H.-_-G. Schwarz_{G. Schwarz}-_-von _von Raumer_Raumer, Univ. of Stuttgart, Germany_{, Univ. of Stuttgart, Germany}

„

„ R. _R. Serrouya_Serrouya, _, Kokanee_Kokanee Forest_Forest Consulting_Consulting, _, BC, Canada_{BC, Canada}

„

„ S. Alexander_{S. Alexander}, Univ. of Calgary, AB, Canada_{, Univ. of Calgary, AB, Canada}

„

„ M. Percy_{M. Percy}, Banff National Park, BC, Canada_{, Banff National Park, BC, Canada}

„

Summary

Summary

„

„ Monitoring landscape fragmentation _{Monitoring landscape fragmentation}

(as environmental indicator) (as environmental indicator)

„

„ Effects of roads: Thresholds in _{Effects of roads: Thresholds in}

response to road density and response to road density and

suitability of fences suitability of fences

„

„ Individual_Individual-_-based _based

population models population models