Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe, status of the implementation

Directive on Ambient Air Quality

and Cleaner Air for Europe,

status of the implementation

Torino, Italy, 26 October 2009

Contents

„

Directive 2008/50/EC, Main new contents

„

Overview on the time extension process

„

Other implementation issues

Î

Guidance on the quantification of the contribution of natural

sources

Î

Guidance on winter salting and sanding of roads

Î

Guidance and setting up common monitoring station for

PM2.5.

New air quality directive

„

Main New Contents:

Î

most of existing legislation be merged into a

single directive

(except

for the fourth daughter directive)

Î

New air quality objectives for

PM2.5

(fine particles)

Î

possibility for

time extensions

of three years (PM10) or up to five

years (NO2, benzene)

Î

possibility to discount

natural sources

of pollution and resuspension

attributable to

winter sanding-salting

of roads when assessing

compliance against limit values

*Air quality Directives Mobile Sources Stationary sources National emissions ceilings IPPC LCP’s Road Non-road Fuels Quality

Framework Directive 1St _Daughter 2nd _Daughter 3rd _Daughter Exchange Information 4th _Daughter Concentrations Emissions Incineration VOC’s

Community Air Policy

Air Pollution

CAFE Directive

AQD*

Art. 22 - Time extension

„

Postponement of attainment deadline

Î 3 years for PM10 (mid 2011)

Î 5 years for NO2 and Benzene (2015)

„

Conditions to obtain postponement

Î all appropriate measures have been taken at national, regional and local level

to achieve compliance by the initial attainment date, i.e. 2005 or 2010

Î For PM10 there should be causality between exceedances and the occurrence

of one or more of the following factors: Site specific dispersion characteristics, Adverse climatic conditions, Transboundary contributions

Î compliance with the limit values will be achieved by the new deadline, i.e. June

2011 for PM10 and 1 January 2015 at the latest for NO₂ or benzene

Î all notifications must be accompanied by an Air Quality Plan

„

Limit value

New Contents - Time extension

NO₂ ANNUAL LIMIT VALUE TIME EXTENSION EXERCISE

60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 60 20 40 60 01 /0 1/ 0 0 01 /0 7/ 0 0 01 /0 1/ 0 1 01 /0 7/ 0 1 01 /0 1/ 0 2 01 /0 7/ 0 2 01 /0 1/ 0 3 01 /0 7/ 0 3 01 /0 1/ 0 4 01 /0 7/ 0 4 01 /0 1/ 0 5 01 /0 7/ 0 5 01 /0 1/ 0 6 01 /0 7/ 0 6 01 /0 1/ 0 7 01 /0 7/ 0 7 01 /0 1/ 0 8 01 /0 7/ 0 8 01 /0 1/ 0 9 01 /0 7/ 0 9 01 /0 1/ 1 0 01 /0 7/ 1 0 01 /0 1/ 1 1 01 /0 7/ 1 1 01 /0 1/ 1 2 01 /0 7/ 1 2 01 /0 1/ 1 3 01 /0 7/ 1 3 01 /0 1/ 1 4 01 /0 7/ 1 4 01 /0 1/ 1 5 01 /0 7/ 1 5 01 /0 1/ 1 6 01 /0 7/ 1 6 µ g/ m 3 _LV TE-LV Time Extension 2010 2015

Lower assessment threshold 26 µg/m3 Upper assessment threshold 32 µg/m3

Time extension - state of play (PM10)

„

329 zones in exceedance in 2007 – 23 MS affected by

exceedances

„

Ireland, Finland and Luxemburg in compliance

„

Lithuania – winter sanding/salting (2007)

„

18 MS notified to date, 308 zones (may not include all

their zones in exceedance)

„

Estonia, Malta, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden have not

notified

„

Decisions taken for 13 MS (NL, AT, BE,

DE

, DK, EL,

ES

,

FR, HU, SK CZ, LV,

IT

),

„

Further decisions in autumn, up to January 2009 ( PT,

DE, ES, PL, UK, BG, CY, IT)

Time extension - state of play (NO

)

„

240 zones in exceedance in 2007 (57 zones in

exceedance of LV and 183 of LV+MOT) – 22 MS affected

by exceedances

„

Cyprus, Estonia, Ireland, Lithuania and Slovenia were in

compliance in 2007

„

2 MS notified to date NL (9 zones) and CZ (1 zone)

„

Decisions taken for 2 MS

„

NO

wave expected in 2010, additional discussion in WG

Time extension and Workshop in preparation

Time extension - assessment

„

Assessment 1st condition

Î

Source apportionment

Î

First occurrence of an exceedance triggering

abatement action pursuant to Directive 1999/30/EC

Î

The relevance of the measures taken in relation to

the identified sources

Î

The impact of the external factors, such as

Time extension - assessment

„

Assessment 2nd condition

Î

Criteria as defined in COM(2008)403 or equivalent

Generally well substantiated

Î

More details are needed when other

indicators/criteria are used than those in the

Communication

Time extension

- assessment

„

Assessment 3rd condition

Î

Source apportionment

Î

Projected concentration levels at the expiry of the

exemption period

Î

Estimated impact of additional measures

Time extension

-

Exemptions

„

Exemptions apply until 10 June 2011

Î

Air quality zones delimitation – reference year

„

Annual air quality report shall include

Î

Information on compliance with limit values plus

margin of tolerance from 2008

„

2012 specific information about the exceedance

situations – to confirm compliance

Time extension - Grounds for objections

The Member State

„

has not fully demonstrated that the conditions in

Article 22 are satisfied

„

has not satisfied one or more of the conditions

Time extension – Summing up

„ No objection:

Î 25 zones are exempt from applying the daily PM10 limit value (NL, AT, DE, HU,

IT, CZ).

Î 4 zones are exempt from applying the annual PM10 limit value but not the daily

(HU, IT).

„ Objections raised in respect of AT, BE, DK, EL, ES, FR, HU, SK, IT, CZ, LV as follows:

Î 1st condition: 35 zones because the condition is not satisfied in 7 zones, and not

sufficiently substantiated in 28 zones;

Î 2nd condition: 57 zones because the condition is not satisfied in 4 zones, and not

sufficiently substantiated in 53 zones;

Î 3rd condition: 126 zones because the condition is not satisfied in 4 zones, and not

sufficiently substantiated in 122 zones

„ Compliance has been achieved in 46 zones

Î 29 zones comply with the annual limit value Î 17 zones comply with the daily limit value

Time extension

-

Objections - consequences

„

Infringement proceedings to be launched

Î

if limit values are exceeded

„

New notification possible?

Î

Yes! - if the new notification contains:

y

Clear and unambiguous indication of the new

information

y

If necessary, justification of why this information

was not available earlier

Time extension

–

First impression

„

Significant effort in planning and managing air quality especially in

recent years

„

Often the formal status of air quality plan, funding for identified

measures not clear

„

Limited information on reflection why compliance was not

achieved by 2005

„

Quantification of projected impact of measures often missing, this

hamper reliable projection of air quality levels

„

In few cases: info on short term action, coherence with climate,

noise policy

„

No information on IPPC application of Article 10

New Guidance

„

Under the New air quality directive several guidance

documents have to be published in order to facilitate the

implementation process

Î Guidelines for demonstration and subtraction of exceedances attributable to

natural sources - Art 20 (3)

Î Guidelines for determination of contributions from the re-suspension of

particulate following winter –sanding or -salting or roads Art 21(5)

Î Guidelines for the agreements on setting up common measuring stations for

PM2.5 measurement at rural background station Art 6(5)

Guidance on the quantification of the contribution

of natural sources

„

JRC Workshop + report on “Contribution of natural sources to air

pollution levels in the EU”

„

Six key principles

Î Natural contributions must have natural origin and be due to a natural

event. (A non-exhaustive list of sources of which contributions can be eligible for subtraction is proposed)

Î Quantification of the natural contribution must be sufficiently precise and

accurate.

Î Quantification of the natural contribution must be consistent to the

averaging period of the limit value.

Î Quantification of the natural sources must be spatially described. Î Contributions must be demonstrated in a process of systematic

assessment.

Î Quantification of the natural sources must be demonstrated for each

Guidance on assessing the contribution of

winter-sanding and –salting

„

based on the results of a study conducted by the

Umweltbundesamt of Austria for the European Commission

(Spangl et al., 2009

)

„

5 key principles

Î Contributions must be attributed unequivocally to wintersanding or

-salting activities

Î Quantification must be sufficiently precise and accurate and appropriate

to the averaging period of the limit value

Î Spatial representativeness of the affected monitoring station shall be

defined

Î The contribution of winter-sanding or -salting to the measured PM10

concentration has to be quantified in µg/m³ for each exceedance day

Guidance on common measuring stations for

PM2.5 at rural background

„

This guidance has been drafted on the results of a study

conducted by the Umweltbundesamt of Austria under a contract

with the European Commission.

„

metodology

Î Identify the large-scale representative areas covering the territory. Î Calculate the required number of stations.

Î Identify existing stations (e.g. EMEP sites) or potential new locations

which fulfill the criteria for rural background sites – with the objective to maximize the number of covered different representative (i.e. climatic) areas and also to cover the maximum percentage of the Member State’s territory.

Î Find agreement with neighbouring Member States for appropriate

Guidance on demonstration of equivalence

„

guide to the demonstration of equivalence of ambient air

monitoring methods

ÎDocument produced by the EC Working Group on Demonstration of

Equivalence.

Îassess the ambient air quality in Member States on the basis of common

methods and criteria’.

„

Definition of equivalence

ΑAn equivalent method to the reference method for the measurement of a

specified air pollutant, is a method meeting the data quality objectives for fixed measurements specified in the relevant air quality directive’

ÎThe document is available at the EC web site

Conclusion

„

Implementation of directive 2008/50/EC is following the scheduled

agenda

„

PM10 time extension and enforcement in full swing

ÎSome work remains to be done

y in many Member States there are some weak points in the air quality

management, Impact of planned air quality measures is often unknown this hamper reliable projection of air quality levels.

Îpositive feedback received

y increasing awareness of the need to take action

y widespread will to improve the tools used for air quality management

y the quality of the plans has improved significantly compared to those communicated to the Commission in previous years

Some Data

PM10 - number of exceedances of daily limit value

Comparison between highest hot spots and highest background concentrations 15 major European cities

(2006) 0 50 100 150 200 250 AMST ERDA M ATHE NS BERL IN BRUS SELS BUCH ARES T BUDA PEST LISBO A LOND ON MAD RID PARIS PRAG UE ROM A STO CKHO LM WAR SZAW A WIE N Torin o

Some Data

NO2 - annual average

Comparison between highest hot spots and highest background concentrations 15 major European cities

(2006) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 AMST ERDA M ATHE NS BERL IN BRUS SELS BUCH ARES T BUDA PEST LISB OA LOND ON MAD RID PARI S PRAG UE ROM A STO CKHO LM WAR SZAW A WIE N Torin o

Some Data – Hot spot

country station_city NO2 Annual mean 1 RO BUCHAREST 126,409 2 GB LONDON 110,613 3 IT ROMA 99,659 4 IT TORINO 94,007 5 RO BUCHAREST 90,416 6 IT ROMA 89,539 7 IT ROMA 86,661 8 IT PERUGIA 86,226 9 ES MADRID 85,806 10 GR ATHENS 85,686 11 IT TRIESTE 83,193 12 GB LONDON 83,085 13 DE STUTTGART 82,559 14 IT ROMA 81,054 15 IT ROMA 81,025 16 DE MUNCHEN 78,733 17 IT PESCARA 78,654 18 IT PALERMO 77,667 19 IT MILANO 77,625 20 IT ROMA 76,673 21 IT TRIESTE 76,35 22 AT SCHW AZ 76,011 23 IT MILANO 75,801 24 IT LATINA 75,095 25 CZ PRAGUE 74,729 26 ES BARCELONA 74,534 27 AT W IEN 73,87 28 IT 37006 73,859 29 DE MUNCHEN 73,827 30 IT PAVIA 73,758 country station_city PM10 n. exceedance 1 IT SIRACUSA 276 2 BG Pernik 251 3 PL KRAKOW 250 4 HU MISKOLC 223 5 ES BAILÉN 217 6 RO BUCHAREST 217 7 ES ZARAGOZA 215 8 IT PALERMO 211 9 SK RUZOMBEROK 204 10 RO BUCHAREST 203 11 PL KRAKOW 199

12 ES SANTA CRUZ DE TENERIFE 198

13 BG Pernik 194 14 PL WARSZAWA 190 15 SK VELKA IDA 188 16 RO TIMISOARA 187 17 RO IASI 185 18 IT TORINO 184 19 RO BUCHAREST 180 20 CZ CESKY TESIN 179 21 GR ATHENS 178 22 BE CHARLEROI 176 23 PL WODZISLAW SLASKI 176 24 DE 175 25 BG Sofia 174 26 IT REZZATO 173 27 IT TORINO 172 28 BG Plovdiv 169 29 CZ BOHUMIN 168 30 CY NICOSIA 167

Some Data – Background station

country city NO2 Y 1 IT MILANO 68,834 2 IT TORINO 67,63 3 IT TRENTO 67,265 4 NL AMSTERDAM 64,914 5 RS BELGRADE 58,742 6 IT GENOVA 57,796 7 GB LONDON 56,832 8 GB LONDON 54,541 9 IT TORINO 52,845 10 MK SKOPJE 52,815 11 IT MILANO 52,348 12 IT BRESCIA 51,939 13 IT ERBA 51,096 14 GB LONDON 50,882 15 IT RIMINI 50,868 16 GB LONDON 50,754 17 IT BOLOGNA 50,74 18 GB LONDON 50,656 19 IT PIOLTELLO 49,663 20 IT MODENA 48,891 21 GB LONDON 48,806 22 IT MEDA 48,806 23 GB LONDON 48,731 24 IT LA SPEZIA 47,727 25 IT SARONNO 47,371 26 IT VINOVO 47,303 27 ES BARCELONA 47,298 28 GR PIREAS 47,109 29 GB GLASGOW 46,92 30 IT PADOVA 46,867 country city PM10 d 1 SK RUZOMBEROK 204 2 PL KRAKOW 199 3 BG Pernik 194 4 RO TIMISOARA 187 5 IT TORINO 184 6 CZ CESKY TESIN 179 7 BE CHARLEROI 176 8 PL W ODZISLAW SLASKI 176 9 BG Sofia 174 10 IT REZZATO 173 11 IT TORINO 172 12 BG Plovdiv 169 13 CZ BOHUMIN 168 14 BG Veliko Tarnovo 164 15 IT TREZZO SULL'ADDA 164 16 PL OLESNO 164 17 HU BUDAPEST 161 18 PL KRAKOW 160 19 GR LYKOVRISI 158 20 PL RYBNIK 156 21 BG Plovdiv 155 22 BA SARAJEVO 154 23 PL ZABRZE 153 24 BG Sofia 152 25 BG GORNA ORIAHOVICA 152 26 ES SEVILLA 152 27 IT MEDA 151 28 IT MILANO 148 29 IT 148 30 RO BUCHAREST 148

Thank you

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/index.htm

New Contents - PM2.5

Standards for reducing concentrations of fine particles

PM2.5

Concentration cap (limit value 2015 - target value 2010)

Concentration cap of 25µg/m3 annual average to apply everywhere.

Exposure reduction target

Target to reduce national average measured urban background

concentration by a variable percentage fixed in annex XIV between 2010 and 2020

Exposure concentration obligation:

AEI 20 µg/m3 by 2015

Exposure concentration target:

New Contents - PM 2.5

Average exposure indicator

The AEI expressed in µg/m3 shall be based upon measurements in urban

background locations in zones and agglomerations throughout the territory of a Member State.

It should be assessed as a three-calendar year running annual mean, The AEI for the reference year 2010 shall be the mean concentration of the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 for the 2015 shall be the mean concentration of the years 2013 2014 2015

Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurement to assess compliance with the PM2,5 exposure reduction target for the protection of human health

One sampling point per million inhabitants summed over agglomerations and additional urban areas in excess of 100 000 inhabitants shall be operated for this purpose.

New Contents - PM 2.5

Measurements at rural background

measurements shall be made, at rural background locations away from significant sources of air pollution

one sampling point shall be installed every 100,000 km2 each Member State shall set up at least one measuring station or may, by agreement with adjoining Member States, set up one or several common measuring stations, covering the relevant neighbouring zones, to achieve the necessary spatial resolution;

Measurement of PM2,5 must include at least the total mass concentration and

concentrations of appropriate compounds to characterise its chemical composition. At least the list of chemical species given below shall be included.