NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository
New York University Public Law and Legal Theory
Working Papers
New York University School of Law
10-1-2013
Big Data and Due Process: Toward a Framework to
Redress Predictive Privacy Harms
Kate Crawford
Microsoft Research; MIT Centre for Civic Media; NYU Information Law Institute, [email protected]
Jason M. Schultz
NYU School of Law, [email protected]
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Recommended Citation
Crawford, Kate and Schultz, Jason M., "Big Data and Due Process: Toward a Framework to Redress Predictive Privacy Harms" (2013). New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers.Paper 429.
BIG DATA AND DUE PROCESS: TOWARD A
FRAMEWORK TO REDRESS PREDICTIVE
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