Trapping and the Detection, Control, and
Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies
Fly species (photo credit):
Top row (left to right): Rhagoletis pomonella(Juan Rull),Ceratitis capitata
(Giovanni Benelli), Ceratitis rosa (Robert Copeland)
Middle row: Anastrepha ludens (Ana Rodriguez), Anastrepha
fraterculus (M.Teresa Vera), Bactrocera oleae
(Giovanni Benelli)
Bottom row: Bactrocera tryoni (Jaye Newman), Bactrocera
cucurbitae (Ana Rodriguez), Bactrocera dorsalis
(Ana Rodriguez)
Todd Shelly • Nancy Epsky • Eric B. Jang •
Jesus Reyes-Flores • Roger Vargas
Editors
Trapping and the Detection,
Control, and Regulation of
Tephritid Fruit Flies
Lures, Area-Wide Programs, and
Trade Implications
Editors
Todd Shelly APHIS
United States Department of Agriculture Waimanalo, Hawaii, USA
Nancy Epsky ARS
United States Department of Agriculture Miami, Florida, USA
Eric B. Jang ARS
United States Department of Agriculture Hilo, Hawaii, USA
Jesus Reyes-Flores Insect Pest Control Section
International Atomic Energy Agency Food and Agriculture Organization Vienna, Austria
Roger Vargas ARS
United States Department of Agriculture Hilo, Hawaii, USA
ISBN 978-94-017-9192-2 ISBN 978-94-017-9193-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9193-9
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947215
©Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA) 2014
Chapters 1, 3, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 17 was created within the capacity of an US government employment. US copyright protection does not apply.
©Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Dedicated to the Memory of Robert R. Heath
[1945–2011] and Donald A. Lindquist
[1930–2011]
Bob Heath’s expertise in the development and
application of insect semiochemicals along
with Don Lindquist’s vision and coordination
of full scale multinational programs to test
novel approaches have resulted in substantial
advances in the use of trapping for tephritid
fruit fly detection and control.
Preface
This project emerged from three simple facts: (i) Certain species of tephritid fruit flies are among the world’s most notorious pests of commercially important fruits and vegetables; (ii) trapping these flies is vital to identifying infestations, control-ling detected populations, and establishing guidelines for international transport of agricultural commodities; and (iii) despite its central role, there exists no compre-hensive repository of factual or theoretical material relating specifically to trapping issues for economically important Tephritidae. While the editors (and we assume many of the authors) would admit to a scientific fascination with this group of insects, production of a volume devoted strictly to trapping of a relatively small number of pest species reflects, not just this scientific curiosity, but also the serious impact these pests have on global commerce. As Aldo Malavasi notes in his Introductory Remarks, every major fruit and vegetable growing county in the world maintains some program relating to surveillance and control of tephritid fruit fly pests. Thus, trapping issues concern scientists, regulatory agencies, and trade organizations in countries of every continent, from Australia and Brazil through the alphabet to Yemen and Zimbabwe.
We thank all the authors for their contributions, which were produced without financial compensation. Collectively, they exhibited a spirit of industry, coopera-tion, and patience that smoothed the task of editing. We extend special thanks to A. Malavasi, who graciously provided introductory remarks. TS also thanks J.C. Stewart, who allowed him time to initiate and complete this project.
Each chapter was reviewed by at least one editor and at least one external reviewer. We extend deep appreciation and gratitude to the following individuals, who served as reviewers: R. Dowell, J. Duan, R. Duthie, W. Enkerlin, Y. Gazit, S. Geib, T. Holler, P. Kendra, L. Leblanc, A. Liebhold, N. Manoukis, A. Manrakhan, D. McInnis, M. De Meyer, D. Midgarden, S. Myers, A. Norrbom, J. Pin˜ero, J. Rojas, D. Rubinoff, M. San Jose, D. M. Suckling, S. Thornsbury, M. Virgilio, T. Yamanaka, B. Yuval, and J. L. Zavala Lopez.
We also thank those who graciously provided the photos appearing in the preceding gallery.
Our goal was to produce a comprehensive synthesis of tephritid-centric trapping issues, and accordingly the topics included are far-ranging and address lures and traps, population ecology and detection, suppression and eradication strategies, and regulatory issues. We hope we have achieved this goal and that this volume proves useful for years to come.
Waimanalo, HI, USA Todd Shelly
Miami, FL, USA Nancy Epsky
Hilo, HI, USA Eric B. Jang
Vienna, Austria Jesus Reyes-Flores
Hilo, HI, USA Roger Vargas
Introductory Remarks
From an economic point of view, true fruit flies are, by far, the most important insect family attacking horticultural crops. Tephritid flies cause both direct losses and also indirect losses as their presence can result in major international trading constraints. Total damage caused in all production, harvesting, packing, and mar-keting worldwide is estimated to amount to more than 2 billion dollars annually. Their economic and trading importance is so high that in every fruit growing country there is at least one unit dedicated to fruit fly detection and control under the National Plant Protection Organization.
In this context, an essential issue is to determine the density and distribution of fruit fly populations in the field. In all cases, fly populations vary from zero to high numbers, depending on many factors, but mainly host availability and climate conditions. All this critical information, obtained mainly through trapping, is required to design the most effective strategies in order to suppress or eliminate the population.
The big challenge for researchers and managers of action programs is to choose the best trapping system available for a particular growing area or region and for a specific fruit fly species or group of species. Four critical parameters are involved: trap type, fly attractant, trap density, and service interval. Once such parameters are defined, the operation and logistics of the surveillance network need to be planned to provide the most accurate possible estimates of the actual fruit fly populations in the field – whether an orchard or vegetable field, natural vegetation or an urban area, or an area-wide landscape that includes a mosaic of these different types of areas.
Defining the optimal trap type and fly attractant is an endless task. Both by chance or by active search, many researchers in all countries are deeply involved in developing more effective, selective, inexpensive, and easier to handle combina-tions of trap and attractant. A huge number of solucombina-tions can be found in the literature or in local/regional fruit fly manuals. However, there is a worldwide effort to harmonize the solutions in order to have comparable data that can be internationally recognized.
The fruit fly trapping system selected affects a wide range of stakeholders and interests, from the government officer in charge of a detection program, to the grower that needs to know the population density in his orchard to start control measures, and up to the packers and trading partners who import or export horti-cultural products.
With the ever increasing invasive process linked to globalization, resulting in the movement of exotic fruit flies to all corners of the world, reliable detection pro-grams are essential to plant protection services with the responsibility to safeguard their countries from unwanted new fruit fly pests.
Furthermore, many exporting programs must have in place an efficient trapping system to help both growers and inspectors make the right decisions regarding the fresh fruit to be exported. Also, in cases of a systems approach, where a low resident adult population is acceptable, the monitoring of fruit flies is a critical issue to guarantee the quality of the commodity. In countries or regions considered fruit fly free, an essential component is a surveillance system to demonstrate to trading partners the absence of the target species.
In conclusion, the establishment of a trapping system should take into consid-eration many elements from natural history to genetics and modeling, from design to cost and logistics, from international plant protection standards to international trade, and this exhaustive book will be an extremely valuable source of information for all readers in this respect.
Many experts with deep knowledge and actual field experience on fruit fly trapping contributed to this book. Here, for the first time, very valuable information often not found in the refereed literature is consolidated, reviewed and synthesized, not only for the fruit fly community – fruit fly technical officers, plant protection inspectors, trappers in charge of surveillance and managers that need to update their trapping program – but also for common growers and academic researchers with interest on fruit fly biology. The editors of this book are commended for their comprehensive effort.
Biofabrica Moscamed Brazil, Juazeiro, BA, Brazil Aldo Malavasi
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Fruit Fly Alphabets. . . 3 Todd E. Shelly
Part II Lures and Traps
2 Pheromones, Male Lures, and Trapping of Tephritid
Fruit Flies. . . 15 Keng Hong Tan, Ritsuo Nishida, Eric B. Jang, and Todd E. Shelly
3 History and Development of Food-Based Attractants. . . 75 Nancy D. Epsky, Paul E. Kendra, and Elena Q. Schnell
4 Plant Odors as Fruit Fly Attractants. . . 119 Serge Quilici, Toulassi Atiama-Nurbel, and Thierry Bre´vault
5 Interactions Between Tephritid Fruit Fly Physiological State and Stimuli from Baits and Traps: Looking for the Pied Piper
of Hamelin to Lure Pestiferous Fruit Flies. . . 145 Francisco Dı´az-Fleischer, Jaime C. Pin˜ero, and Todd E. Shelly
Part III Ecology and Detection
6 Trapping to Monitor Tephritid Movement: Results, Best
Practice, and Assessment of Alternatives. . . 175 Christopher W. Weldon, Mark K. Schutze, and Minette Karsten
7 Fruit Fly Invasion: Historical, Biological, Economic Aspects
and Management. . . 219 Nikos T. Papadopoulos
8 Fruit Fly Detection Programs: The Potentials and Limitations
of Trap Arrays. . . 253 A. Meats
9 Spatial Analysis of Tephritid Fruit Fly Traps. . . 277 David Midgarden, Estuardo Lira, and Micha Silver
10 Using Molecules to Identify the Source of Fruit Fly Invasions. . . 321 Norman Barr, Raul Ruiz-Arce, and Karen Armstrong
11 Modeling Trapping of Fruit Flies for Detection, Suppression,
or Eradication. . . 379 Hugh J. Barclay and Jorge Hendrichs
Part IV Attract and Kill
12 Priorities in Formulation and Activity of Adulticidal Insecticide
Bait Sprays for Fruit Flies. . . 423 Robert L. Mangan
13 Recent Developments and Applications of Bait Stations
for Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies. . . 457 Jaime C. Pin˜ero, Walther Enkerlin, and Nancy D. Epsky
14 Male Annihilation, Past, Present, and Future. . . 493 Roger I. Vargas, Luc Leblanc, Jaime C. Pin˜ero,
and Kevin M. Hoffman
15 Mass Trapping for Fruit Fly Control. . . 513 Vicente Navarro-Llopis and Sandra Vacas
Part V Phytosanitary Programs and Regulations
16 Integrating Tephritid Trapping into Phytosanitary Programs. . . 559 D.R. Lance
17 Trapping Related to Phytosanitary Status and Trade. . . 589 Eric B. Jang, Walther Enkerlin, Charles “Ed” Miller,
and Jesus Reyes-Flores Part VI Coda
18 The Complexities of Knowing What It Is You Are Trapping. . . 611 Anthony R. Clarke and Mark K. Schutze
Index. . . 633
Contributors
Karen Armstrong Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Christchurch, New Zealand
Toulassi Atiama-Nurbel CIRAD, UMR PVBMT CIRAD/Universite´ de La Re´union, Saint-Pierre, La Re´union, France
Hugh J. Barclay Victoria, BC, Canada
Norman B. Barr Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Mission Laboratory, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Edinburg, TX, USA
Thierry Bre´vault CIRAD, UR AIDA, Montpellier, France
Anthony R. Clarke School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Francisco Dı´az-Fleischer Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Me´xico
Walther Enkerlin Programa Regional Moscamed, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
Nancy D. Epsky Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA-ARS, Miami, FL, USA
Jorge Hendrichs Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
Kevin M. Hoffman California Department of Food and Agriculture, Pest Detec-tion/Emergency Projects, Sacramento, CA, USA
Eric B. Jang USDA-ARS, Daniel K. Inouye, U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA
Minette Karsten Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Univer-sity of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
Paul E. Kendra Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA-ARS, Miami, FL, USA
David R. Lance USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Otis Laboratory, Buzzards Bay, MA, USA
Luc Leblanc Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, Col-lege of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Hono-lulu, HI, USA
Estuardo Lira USDA-APHIS-IS Medfly Program, Guatemala City, Guatemala Aldo Malavasi Biofabrica Moscamed Brazil, Juazeiro, BA, Brazil
Robert L. Mangan Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA-ARS, Miami, FL, USA
Alan Meats School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
David Midgarden USDA-APHIS-IS Medfly Program, Guatemala City, Guatemala
Charles “Ed” Miller Frederick, MD, USA
Vicente Navarro-Llopis Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterra´neo-Universidad Polite´cnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Ritsuo Nishida Graduate School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Pesticide Research Institute, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
Nikos T. Papadopoulos Department of Agriculture, Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Magnisias, Greece
Jaime C. Pin˜ero Cooperative Research and Extension, Lincoln University, Jef-ferson City, MO, USA
Serge Quilici CIRAD, UMR PVBMT CIRAD/Universite´ de La Re´union, Saint-Pierre, La Re´union, France
Jesus Reyes-Flores Insect Pest Control Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
Raul Ruiz-Arce Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Mission Lab-oratory, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Edinburg, TX, USA
Elena Q. Schnell Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA-ARS, Miami, FL, USA
Mark K. Schutze School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Todd E. Shelly USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Waimanalo, HI, USA Micha Silver Arava Development Company, Sapir, Israel
Keng Hong Tan Tan Hak Heng, Tanjong Bungah, Penang, Malaysia
Sandra Vacas Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterra´neo-Universidad Polite´cnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Roger I. Vargas United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA
Christopher W. Weldon Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
